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  /Title (intro-to-psych.pdf)
  /Creator (Cheatography)
  /Author (ches (chesbaillie))
  /Subject (Intro to Psych Cheat Sheet)
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    \vspace{-2pt}\large{\bf{\textcolor{DarkBackground}{\textrm{Intro to Psych Cheat Sheet}}}} \\
    \normalsize{by \textcolor{DarkBackground}{ches (chesbaillie)} via \textcolor{DarkBackground}{\uline{cheatography.com/177222/cs/38776/}}}
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  \mymulticolumn{2}{p{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cheatographer}}  \\
  \vspace{-2pt}ches (chesbaillie) \\
  \uline{cheatography.com/chesbaillie} \\
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  \mymulticolumn{1}{p{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cheat Sheet}}  \\
   \vspace{-2pt}Not Yet Published.\\
   Updated 21st May, 2023.\\
   Page {\thepage} of \pageref{LastPage}.
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  Measure your website readability!\\
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\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{x{3.52 cm} x{4.48 cm} }
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Motivation}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{{\emph{approach motivation propels engagement in behaviour whilst avoidance motivation repels behaviours}}} \tn 
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{\bf{Historical Aproaches}} & - Frued = Id (unconscious, irrational), Superego (preconscious, morally aware), Ego (conscious, rational, compromises) \{\{nl\}\} - Thematic Apperception Tests (TATs) measure unconscious desire \tn 
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{\bf{Drive Reduction Theory}} & - 1940s \{\{nl\}\} - Hierarchy of drives \{\{nl\}\} - Psychological homeostasis \tn 
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{\bf{Yerkes-Dodson Law}} & - 1908 \{\{nl\}\} - Arousal levels affect drive strength \{\{nl\}\} - Easy tasks require more arousal \{\{nl\}\} - Under arousal = stimulus hunger \tn 
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{\bf{Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs}} & - Physiological Needs (breathing, food, etc.) \{\{nl\}\} - Safety and Security (income, health, family stability) \{\{nl\}\} - Love and Belonging (friendship, intimacy) \{\{nl\}\} - Self Esteem (confidence, achievement, sense of uniqueness) \{\{nl\}\} - Self Actualization (purpose, creativity, spontaneity) \tn 
% Row Count 36 (+ 14)
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Motivation (cont)}}  \tn
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{\bf{Sexual Motivation}} & - Libido \{\{nl\}\} - testosterone and protein (DRD4) related to dopamine \{\{nl\}\} - Men desire sex more than women \{\{nl\}\} - Desire phase, Excitement/plateau phase, Orgasm phase, Resolution phase \{\{nl\}\} - healthy people ages over 70 are still sexually active \tn 
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{\bf{Goal Setting}} & Specific, Measurable, Action-orientated, Realistic, Time dependant \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{{\emph{Primary (biological) motives incl. thirst, hunger, sleep, oxygen, sex, temperature regulation, waste elimination}} \newline  \newline {\emph{Secondary (social) motives incl. achievement, aggression, power, autonomy, curiosity, play, affiliation}}}  \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{3}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Bio-psychology of Eating}}  \tn
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 & {\bf{Impacts on Society}} &  \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{3}{x{8.4cm}}{By 2025 - 1 in 3 Australian adults will be obese} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{3}{x{8.4cm}}{poor health -{}-\textgreater{} disease and illness} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{3}{x{8.4cm}}{EDs are costly and difficult to treat} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{3}{x{8.4cm}}{Leading cause of preventable death in the US (incl. alcohol \& smoking)} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{3}{x{8.4cm}}{Processed food manufacture has a turnover of around \$74 Billion/year} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{3}{x{8.4cm}}{Food exports are worth \$30 Billion/year – 11\% of our total exports} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{3}{x{8.4cm}}{Fast food sales alone are worth \$17 Billion/year} \tn 
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 & {\bf{Controls of Food Intake}} \{\{ac\}\} &  \tn 
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Body (biological) & Environment (external forces) & Brain (biological and \seqsplit{physiological)} \tn 
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energy levels \{\{nl\}\} -  {\emph{energy stored short term as glucose and long term as fat}} \{\{nl\}\} - {\emph{fat cells secrete leptin, more leptin = appetite suppression}} & food \{\{nl\}\} - {\emph{seeing food causes a {\bf{cephalic phase response}} (salivation, insulin release etc)}} \{\{nl\}\} - {\emph{In the US 4.2 Billion dollars is spent per year advertising just fast  food}} & \seqsplit{neurochemicals} \{\{nl\}\} - {\emph{dopamine and seretonin suppress appetite}} \{\{nl\}\} - {\emph{leptin -{}-\textgreater{} {\bf{CRH}} \seqsplit{(corticotrophin}  releasing hormone) = suppressed appetite}} \{\{nl\}\} - {\emph{Ghrelin-{}-\textgreater{} {\bf{NY}} \seqsplit{(neuropeptide} Y) = increasing appetite}} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{3}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Bio-psychology of Eating (cont)}}  \tn
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sensation \{\{nl\}\} - {\emph{sensory specific satiety drives diet variety and slows intake near end of a meal}} & time and place \{\{nl\}\} - {\emph{eating is socially acceptable in most times and places}} \{\{nl\}\} - {\emph{routines can trigger hunger cues}} & brain structure \{\{nl\}\} - {\emph{Hypothalamus • Ventromedial nucleus (stop eating) • Lateral hypothalamus (start eating) § CRH and NY exert their effects here}} \{\{nl\}\} - {\emph{Cortical Regions § Frontal \seqsplit{(impulsivity)} § Insula (interoception)}} \{\{nl\}\} - {\emph{Limbic system § Hippocampus (memory) • Eating and Henry Molaison}} \tn 
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signals from digestive organs \{\{nl\}\} - {\emph{stomach is distended or empty}} \{\{nl\}\} - {\emph{gut and stomach taste receptors}} \{\{nl\}\} - {\emph{Stomach is emptying its nutrient rich  content (chyme) into the small intestine}} \{\{nl\}\} - {\emph{gut bacteria detect fat content}} \{\{nl\}\} - {\emph{signals communicated through Nerves (e.g., {\bf{vagus}}), Hormones (e.g., {\bf{CCK \& ghrelin}}), Nutrients (e.g., {\bf{blood lipoproteins}})}} & people and leisure \{\{nl\}\} - {\emph{people eat {\bf{more}} when with others}} \{\{nl\}\} - {\emph{TV can increase food intake by association and by distraction}} & \seqsplit{conscious/unconscious} \{\{nl\}\} - {\emph{brain probably plays the most cruical and larger part in food intake}} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{3}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Bio-psychology of Eating (cont)}}  \tn
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 & portion and plate \{\{nl\}\} - {\emph{portion sizes have grown over time}} \{\{nl\}\} - {\emph{larger plate =larger food intake}} &  \tn 
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 & {\bf{Eating Disorders}} &  \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{3}{x{8.4cm}}{1. Anorexia Nervosa,  2. Bulimia Nervosa,  3. Binge Eating Disorder (B.E.D.),  4. Avoidant Restrictive Food Intake  Disorder (A.R.F.I.D.), and  5. Other Specified Feeding or Eating  Disorder (O.S.F.E.D.)} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{3}{x{8.4cm}}{EDs are internalizing disorders characterised by specific negative thought patterns} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{3}{x{8.4cm}}{80\% of ED patients have another internalizing disorder} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{3}{x{8.4cm}}{only 40-60\% of ED patients recover} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{3}{x{8.4cm}}{{\emph{Normal BMI is 18.5-25; 25-30 is overweight and 30+ is obese}} \newline {\emph{around a billion people are experiencing starvation}} \newline  \newline {\emph{-{}-\textgreater{} leads to/stimulates}}}  \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Psychological Approaches}}  \tn
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{\bf{Structuralism}} & The analysis of the mind in terms of it's basic  elements \{\{nl\}\} Studied the basic elements of consciousness:  sensations \{\{nl\}\} introspective method \{\{nl\}\} 1879: Wundt and Titchener; first Experimental  Psychology Lab \tn 
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{\bf{Functionalism}} & understanding the adaptive purpose of our  thoughts, feelings, and behaviour \{\{nl\}\} based on evolution \{\{nl\}\} William James (1842-1910) \tn 
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{\bf{Behaviourism}} & The proper subject matter of psychology is behaviour, not unobservable inner consciousness \{\{nl\}\} classical and operant conditioning \tn 
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{\bf{Cognitivism}} & Studies mental processes, including perception, thinking, memory, and judgment \{\{nl\}\} Thinking has a powerful influence on behaviour \{\{nl\}\} the current dominant framework that has led to cognitive neuroscience \tn 
% Row Count 32 (+ 10)
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Psychological Approaches (cont)}}  \tn
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{\bf{Psychodynamic perspective}} & Freud \{\{nl\}\} large influence on therapy methods \{\{nl\}\} relationship between conscious and  unconscious mental processes \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Principles of Scientific Thinking}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{extraordinary claims require extraordinary evidence} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{claims must be testable} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{occam's razor (parsimony/simplicity)} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{replicated} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{exclude rival hypothesis} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{correlation does NOT equal causation} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{4}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Learning}}  \tn
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{\bf{Noticing and Ignoring}} of events & \seqsplit{Sensitization} and \seqsplit{Habituation} & \{\{width=30\}\} {\emph{repeated mild stimulus -{}-\textgreater{} habituation}} {\emph{increasing intensity of stimulus -{}-\textgreater{} sensitisation}} & \{\{width=30\}\} \tn 
% Row Count 11 (+ 11)
% Row 1
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Knowing what events {\bf{Signal}} & Classical \seqsplit{Conditioning} \seqsplit{(Contingency} Theory by Robert A.  Rescorla) & {\emph{Pavlov's Dogs}} \{\{nl\}\} US = UR \{\{nl\}\} CS + US = UR \{\{nl\}\} CS = CR \{\{nl\}\} {\emph{must be Neutral Stimulus}} \{\{nl\}\} \textasciicircum{}phobias?\textasciicircum{} & - Delayed \seqsplit{conditioning} (CS first overlaps with US) \{\{nl\}\} - Trace \seqsplit{conditioning} (gap between US and CS) \{\{nl\}\} - \seqsplit{Simultaneous} \seqsplit{conditioning} (US and CS at the same time) \{\{nl\}\} - backward \seqsplit{conditioning} (US before CS) \tn 
% Row Count 33 (+ 22)
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\mymulticolumn{4}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Learning (cont)}}  \tn
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Learn Positive and Negative {\bf{Consequences}} of Behaviour & Operant \seqsplit{Conditioning} & {\emph{Biphasic Emotional Reactions}} (Solomon and Corbit (1974)) \{\{nl\}\} Responce A decreases and responce B increases \{\{nl\}\} {\emph{Addiction}} \{\{nl\}\} \seqsplit{Compensatory-Response} Model Siegel, Hinson, Krank \& McCully (1982) \{\{nl\}\} context specific \{\{nl\}\} E.L. Thorndike \seqsplit{(1874-1949)} Law of Effect \{\{nl\}\} Premack Principle = Grandma's Rule & {\emph{stimulus -\textgreater{} behaviour -\textgreater{} reinforcement}} \{\{nl\}\}- Positive \seqsplit{Reinforcement} (sticker + effort = more effort) \{\{nl\}\} - Negative \seqsplit{Reinforcement} (no strength + effort = more effort) \{\{nl\}\} - Positive \seqsplit{Punishment} (strength + \seqsplit{misbehaviour} = less \seqsplit{misbehaviour)} \{\{nl\}\} - Negative \seqsplit{Punishment} (no sticker \seqsplit{+misbehaviour} = less \seqsplit{misbehaviour)} \{\{nl\}\} *Partial \seqsplit{Intermittent} \seqsplit{Reinforcement}, Fixed Ratio, Variable Ratio, Fixed Interval, Variable Interval) \tn 
% Row Count 44 (+ 44)
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\mymulticolumn{4}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Learning (cont)}}  \tn
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Notice aspects of {\bf{Other's}} \seqsplit{behaviours} & \seqsplit{Observational} Learning & \seqsplit{local/stimulus} \seqsplit{enhancement} (look where others are looking) \{\{nl\}\} more modelling with more \seqsplit{appropriateness} and \seqsplit{similarity} of subject \{\{nl\}\} Albert Bandura & \seqsplit{-attention} \{\{nl\}\} - retention \{\{nl\}\} - \seqsplit{reproduction} \{\{nl\}\} - \seqsplit{motivation} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{4}{x{8.4cm}}{{\bf{What is NOT learning?}}} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{4}{x{8.4cm}}{Instincts, reflexes, behavioural changes due to fatigue, drugs, illness, or maturation} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{4}{x{8.4cm}}{{\emph{Learn by association: Aristotle, John Locke and David Hume}} \newline  \newline Acquisition - Extinction - Spontaneous Recovery \newline  \newline {\emph{Stimulus Generalisation = transfer of knowledge}} \newline {\emph{Stimulus Discrimination}}}  \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{3}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{History of Psychology}}  \tn
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\{\{width=20\}\} & \{\{width=30\}\} & \{\{width=50\}\} \tn 
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1500 BCE & {\bf{Egyptian Scrolls}} &  \tn 
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700 BCE & {\bf{Pharaoh}} &  \tn 
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\seqsplit{600-400} BCE & {\bf{Ancient Greece}} & 4 humours? \tn 
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1649 & {\bf{René Descartes}} & mind-body problem \tn 
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late 1700s & {\bf{Frans Anton  Mesmer}} & hypnosis \tn 
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early 1800s & {\bf{Franz Joseph  Gall and Joseph Spurzheim}} & phrenology \tn 
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1850 & {\bf{Gustav Fechner}} & psychophysics \tn 
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1859 & {\bf{Charles Darwin}} & {\emph{On The Origin Of Species}} \tn 
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1875 & {\bf{William James}} & creates small psych lab at Harvard \tn 
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1879 & {\bf{Wilhelm Wundt}} & establishes first formal psychological lab \tn 
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1889 & {\bf{Sir Francis Galton}} & concept of correlation \tn 
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1890 & {\bf{William James}} & {\emph{Principles of Psychology}} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{3}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{History of Psychology (cont)}}  \tn
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1900 & {\bf{Sigmund Freud}} & {\emph{The Interpretation of Dreams, landmark book in the history of psychoanalysis}} \tn 
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1905 & {\bf{Alfred Binet and  Henri Simon}} & first intelligence test \tn 
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1907 & {\bf{Oscar Pfungst}} & counting horse \tn 
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1910 & {\bf{Ivan Pavlov}} & classical conditioning \tn 
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1911 & {\bf{E. L. Thorndike}} & operant conditioning \tn 
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1913 & {\bf{John B. Watson}} & psychology as behaviour \tn 
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1920s & {\bf{Gordon Allport}} & personality trait psychology \tn 
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1920s & {\bf{ Jean Piage}} & {\emph{The Child's Concept of the World}} \tn 
% Row Count 18 (+ 2)
% Row 21
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1924 & {\bf{Hans Berger}} & Human EEG \tn 
% Row Count 19 (+ 1)
% Row 22
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1935 & {\bf{Kurt Koffka}} & {\emph{Principles of Gestalt Psychology}} \tn 
% Row Count 21 (+ 2)
% Row 23
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1938 & {\bf{B. F. Skinner}} & {\emph{The Behaviour of Organisms}} \tn 
% Row Count 23 (+ 2)
% Row 24
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1949 & {\bf{ University of Colorado at Boulder}} & Scientific Clinical Psychology Training \tn 
% Row Count 26 (+ 3)
% Row 25
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1952 & in France & Antipsychotic drug Thorazine \tn 
% Row Count 28 (+ 2)
% Row 26
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1953 & {\bf{Francis Crick and James Watson}} & DNA model, REM discovered \tn 
% Row Count 30 (+ 2)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\vfill
\columnbreak
\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{x{0.988 cm} x{3.344 cm} x{3.268 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{History of Psychology (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 27
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1954 & {\bf{Paul Meeh}} & {\emph{Clinical vs.Statistical Prediction}} \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 3)
% Row 28
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1958 & {\bf{ Joseph Wolpe}} & {\emph{Psychotherapy by Reciprocal Inhibition}} \& behavioural therapy \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 4)
% Row 29
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1963 & {\bf{Stanley Milgram}} & lab studies of obedience \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 2)
% Row 30
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1967 & {\bf{Ulric Neisser}} & {\emph{Cognitive Psychology}} \tn 
% Row Count 11 (+ 2)
% Row 31
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1974 & {\bf{Elizabeth Loftus and Robert Palmer}} & memory \& Positron emission tomography (PET) \tn 
% Row Count 14 (+ 3)
% Row 32
\SetRowColor{white}
1977 &  & Statistical Meta-analysis \tn 
% Row Count 16 (+ 2)
% Row 33
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1980 &  & Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Third Edition (DSM-III) \tn 
% Row Count 21 (+ 5)
% Row 34
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1990 & {\bf{Thomas Bouchard and  colleagues}} & Minnesota Twins Study \tn 
% Row Count 24 (+ 3)
% Row 35
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1992 & {\bf{Ogawa and Kwong}} & fMRI BOLD signals \tn 
% Row Count 26 (+ 2)
% Row 36
\SetRowColor{white}
1995 & {\bf{Task force of Division 12 (Society of Clinical Psychology)}} & list of empirically supported therapies \tn 
% Row Count 30 (+ 4)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\vfill
\columnbreak
\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{x{0.988 cm} x{3.344 cm} x{3.268 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{History of Psychology (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 37
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2002 & {\bf{Daniel Kahneman}} & first PhD psychologist to win nobel prize \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 3)
% Row 38
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2012 &  & Human Brain Project established (Lausanne, Switzerland) \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 4)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}---}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{x{4 cm} x{4 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Personality}}  \tn
% Row 0
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{\bf{Clinical}} \{\{nl\}\} \{\{nl\}\} {\emph{through observations}} & - Charcot (in France) \{\{nl\}\} - Janet (1859-1947) \{\{nl\}\} - Morton Prince \{\{nl\}\} - Freud \{\{nl\}\} - Murray \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 6)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}


% That's all folks
\end{multicols*}

\end{document}