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  /Title (biology-paper-2.pdf)
  /Creator (Cheatography)
  /Author (Cheetography)
  /Subject (Biology Paper 2 Cheat Sheet)
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\begin{multicols}{3}
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    {\parbox{\dimexpr\textwidth-2\fboxsep\relax}{\noindent
        \hspace*{-6pt}\includegraphics[width=5.8cm]{/web/www.cheatography.com/public/images/cheatography_logo.pdf}}
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\begin{tabulary}{11cm}{L}
    \vspace{-2pt}\large{\bf{\textcolor{DarkBackground}{\textrm{Biology Paper 2 Cheat Sheet}}}} \\
    \normalsize{by \textcolor{DarkBackground}{Cheetography} via \textcolor{DarkBackground}{\uline{cheatography.com/203278/cs/43516/}}}
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  \mymulticolumn{2}{p{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cheatographer}}  \\
  \vspace{-2pt}Cheetography \\
  \uline{cheatography.com/cheetography} \\
  \end{tabulary}
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  \mymulticolumn{1}{p{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cheat Sheet}}  \\
   \vspace{-2pt}Not Yet Published.\\
   Updated 30th May, 2024.\\
   Page {\thepage} of \pageref{LastPage}.
\end{tabulary}
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  \mymulticolumn{1}{p{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Sponsor}}  \\
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  %\includegraphics[width=48px,height=48px]{dave.jpeg}
  Measure your website readability!\\
  www.readability-score.com
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\begin{multicols*}{3}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{B5: HOMEOSTASIS \& RESPONSE}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{} \tn 
% Row Count 0 (+ 0)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{1.84149 cm} x{3.13551 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Homeostasis}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Homeostasis \{\{literal\}\} & an organism's ability to regulate/control its internal conditions so crucial reactions (including those involving enzymes) can happen at optimal rates \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 6)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{What needs to be regulated?} \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 1)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{- Blood glucose concentration} \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 1)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{- Internal temperature} \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 1)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{- Water levels} \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 1)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{1.34379 cm} x{3.63321 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{The Nervous System}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
CNS & Central Nervous System (brain and spinal cord) \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
PNS & Peripheral Nervous System (all other nerves) \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 2)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Normal Response & Stimulus \{\{nl\}\} Receptor \{\{nl\}\} Sensory Neurone \{\{nl\}\} Relay Neurone \{\{nl\}\} CNS \{\{nl\}\} Motor Neurone \{\{nl\}\} Effector \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 4)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
Synapse & the gap between two neurones \{\{nl\}\} - electrical messages get converted into chemical neurotransmitters which diffuse across the synapse to the other neurone \tn 
% Row Count 14 (+ 6)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Reflex Arc & Stimulus \{\{nl\}\} Receptor \{\{nl\}\} Sensory Neurone \{\{nl\}\} Relay Neurone \{\{nl\}\} Motor Neurone \{\{nl\}\} Effector \{\{nl\}\} Response \tn 
% Row Count 19 (+ 5)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
Effectors & glands or muscles \tn 
% Row Count 20 (+ 1)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{Mnemonic for Reflex Arc = SRSRMER  \newline Remember that a reflex arc BYPASSES THE CNS. It is an UNCONSCIOUS ACTION.}  \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{1.69218 cm} x{3.28482 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Reaction Time Practical}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{- drop ruler between finger and thumb} \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{- measure distance fallen before caught} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 1)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{- repeat and calculate mean} \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 1)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
Independent Variables & - stimulant (eg coffee) which increases neurotransmission \{\{nl\}\} - depressant (eg alcohol) which decreases neurotransmission \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 5)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
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\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{1.34379 cm} x{3.63321 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{The Brain}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Cerebral Cortex & - higher function \{\{nl\}\} - memory \{\{nl\}\} - speech \{\{nl\}\} - problem-solving \{\{nl\}\} TOP PART THAT IS FOLDED \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 4)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\seqsplit{Cerebellum} & - motor skills \{\{nl\}\} - movement \{\{nl\}\} - balance \{\{nl\}\} - coordination \{\{nl\}\} BACK PART THAT LOOKS LIKE A LUMP \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 4)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Medulla & - unconcious actions \{\{nl\}\} - heart and breating rate \{\{nl\}\} - signals to adrenal glands to release adrenaline \{\{nl\}\} PART THAT CONNECTS TO AND INCLUDING BRAIN STEM \tn 
% Row Count 14 (+ 6)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
MRI Scans & allow doctors to see brain activity without surgery \tn 
% Row Count 16 (+ 2)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{Issues with the brain are difficult/impossible to treat safely due to: \{\{nl\}\} - limited knowledge about the brain \{\{nl\}\} - delicate nature of the brain} \tn 
% Row Count 20 (+ 4)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
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\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{1.14471 cm} x{3.83229 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{The Eye}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{To view near objects, {\bf{ciliary muscles CONTRACT}} and {\bf{suspensory ligaments SLACKEN}} which leads to a thick lens} \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 3)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{To view far away objects, {\bf{ciliary muscles RELAX}} and {\bf{suspensory ligaments SLACKEN}} which leads to a thin lens} \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 3)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Retina Cells & - rods only detect light intensity \{\{nl\}\} - cones are sensitive to red, blue or green wavelengths of light and provide colour information \{\{nl\}\} - these signals travel to the brain via the optic nerve \tn 
% Row Count 13 (+ 7)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
Myopia & short-sightedness \tn 
% Row Count 14 (+ 1)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\seqsplit{Hyperopia} & long-sightedness \tn 
% Row Count 15 (+ 1)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{To remember which way round it is for accomodation:  \newline - near objects =\textgreater{} {\bf{C}}iliary muscles {\bf{C}}ontract and {\bf{S}}uspensory ligaments {\bf{S}}lacken  \newline and the opposite must be true for far away objects}  \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{2.38896 cm} x{2.58804 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Thermoregulation}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{The brain detects blood temperature and then sends nervous and hormonal signals to effectors} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
TOO HOT & - vasodilation \{\{nl\}\} - sweating \{\{nl\}\} - hairs lie flat on skin \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 4)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
TOO COLD & - vasoconstriction \{\{nl\}\} - shivering \{\{nl\}\} - hairs stand up \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 4)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\seqsplit{Vasodilation/constriction} \{\{literal\}\} & increases or decreases blood flow to the skin which leads to more or less heat dissipated to the surroundings respectively \tn 
% Row Count 17 (+ 7)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{To remember which way round it is, think about what happens when someone has a fever (too hot) or is very very cold. Fever = hot to touch = vasodilation. Cold = cold to touch = vasoconstriction}  \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
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\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{1.34379 cm} x{3.63321 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Endocrine System}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{A system of glands that secrete hormones to send signals to effectors, transported via blood making it slower than the nervous system} \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 3)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
Pituitary gland & "master gland" which sends hormonal signals to other glands \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 3)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Thyroid & controls growth and basal metabolic rate \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 2)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
Pancreas & secretes insulin and glucagon to control blood sugar \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 2)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Adrenal Glands & release adrenaline \tn 
% Row Count 12 (+ 2)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
Ovaries & release eggs and secrete hormones \tn 
% Row Count 14 (+ 2)
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Testes & produces sperm \tn 
% Row Count 15 (+ 1)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{1.14471 cm} x{3.83229 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Menstrual Cycle}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
FSH & - follicle stimulating hormone \{\{nl\}\} - produced by pituitary gland \{\{nl\}\} - causes an egg to mature \{\{nl\}\} - causes ovaries to produce oestrogen \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 5)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\seqsplit{Oestrogen} & - produced by ovaries \{\{nl\}\} - causes uterus lining to thicken \{\{nl\}\} - inhibits FSH so no more eggs mature until next cycle \{\{nl\}\} - causes production of LH \tn 
% Row Count 11 (+ 6)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
LH & - luteinising hormone \{\{nl\}\} - produced by pituitary gland \{\{nl\}\} - causes egg to be released \{\{nl\}\} - inhibits oestrogen \{\{nl\}\} - causes the production of progesterone \tn 
% Row Count 17 (+ 6)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\seqsplit{Progesterone} & - produced by ovaries \{\{nl\}\} - maintains uterus lining \{\{nl\}\} - inhibits LH \{\{nl\}\} - causes production of FSH \tn 
% Row Count 21 (+ 4)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{REMEMBER FOLP \newline FSH and LH are both acronyms so both produced in the same place (pituitary) \newline Oestrogen and Progesterone sound similar so both produced in the same place. {\bf{O}}estrogen and pr{\bf{o}}gesterone so produced in {\bf{o}}varies}  \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{1.89126 cm} x{3.08574 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Plant Hormones}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{These can be used to our advantage when growing plants} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
Gibberllins & - induces germination \{\{nl\}\} - promotes flowering \{\{nl\}\} - increases fruit size \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 4)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Ethene & - causes ripening \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 1)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
Auxins & - control root and shoot growth \{\{nl\}\} - weedkillers \{\{nl\}\} - rooting powders \{\{nl\}\} - promoting growth in tissue cultures \tn 
% Row Count 13 (+ 6)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Phototropism \{\{literal\}\} & - auxins are destroyed by sunlight \{\{nl\}\} - they gather on the shaded side of a shoot making it grow more quickly \{\{nl\}\} - shoot bends towards Sun \tn 
% Row Count 20 (+ 7)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
Geotropism & - auxins gather on the bottom of roots \{\{nl\}\} - inhibits growth \{\{nl\}\} - causes downward growth of the roots \tn 
% Row Count 25 (+ 5)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{1.29402 cm} x{3.68298 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Adrenaline and Thyroxine}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Adrenal Glands & - release adrenaline into body \{\{nl\}\} - increases blood flow and breathing rate \{\{nl\}\} - prepares you for fight or flight \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 5)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
Thyroid & - secretes thyroxine \{\{nl\}\} - controls body's metabolic rate \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 3)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
TOO LOW & - hypothalamus releases TRH \{\{nl\}\} - causes pituitary to releasea TSH \{\{nl\}\} - causes thyroid to release more thyroxine \tn 
% Row Count 13 (+ 5)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{1.4931 cm} x{3.4839 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Fertility Treatments}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
FSH/LH Injections & simple and relatively cheap \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
IVF & - in-vitro fertilisation \{\{nl\}\} - hard and expensive \{\{nl\}\} - relatively low success rate \{\{nl\}\} - can cause multiple embryos to develop \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 5)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Process of IVF & - eggs collected after inducing release with LH \{\{nl\}\} - fertilised in a lab (in-vitro = in glass) \{\{nl\}\} - viable embryos inserted back into woman's uterus \tn 
% Row Count 13 (+ 6)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{2.23965 cm} x{2.73735 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Contraception}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
FSH-Inhibiting Pills & stops eggs from maturing \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
Progesterone Injection/Implant & stops eggs from being released \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 2)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Barrier Methods (eg Condom) & stops sperm entering vagina \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 2)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
Abstinence & not having sex \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 1)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\seqsplit{Vasectomy/Clamping} Oviduct & stops egg/sperm from reaching uterus \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 2)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{0.9954 cm} x{3.9816 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Kidney Function}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
ADH & - anti-diuretic hormone \{\{nl\}\} - produced by pituitary gland \{\{nl\}\} - causes tubules in kidneys to reabsorb MORE water into bloodstream \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 5)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
TOO HIGH & - less ADH made \{\{nl\}\} - more water sent to bladder \{\{nl\}\} - more water lost as urine (paler) \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 3)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
TOO LOW & - more ADH made \{\{nl\}\} - more water reabsorbed (less sent to bladder) \{\{nl\}\} - less water lost as urine (more yellow) \tn 
% Row Count 12 (+ 4)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\seqsplit{Dialysis} & - blood filtered by machine \{\{nl\}\} - must be done regularly due to toxic urea \{\{nl\}\} - takes a 4-6 hours 2-3 times a week \{\{nl\}\} - diet must be watched \{\{nl\}\} - expensive \{\{nl\}\} - doesn't work forever \{\{nl\}\} HOWEVER \{\{nl\}\} - keeps patient alive until a transplant is possible \{\{nl\}\} - no shortage \{\{nl\}\} - no need for drugs \tn 
% Row Count 23 (+ 11)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\seqsplit{Transplant} & - rejection is common \{\{nl\}\} - immunosuppressant drugs must be taken \{\{nl\}\} - shortage of organ donors \{\{nl\}\} - standard surgical risks \{\{nl\}\} - only last 8-9 years on average \{\{nl\}\} HOWEVER \{\{nl\}\} - diet doesn't need to be watched \{\{nl\}\} - cheaper overall \tn 
% Row Count 31 (+ 8)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{2.4885 cm} x{2.4885 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Controlling Water and Nitrogen Levels}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Water is lost through processes like & - exhalation \{\{nl\}\} - sweating \{\{nl\}\} - urination \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 3)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{Excess water is removed from the blood by the kidneys to the bladder} \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 2)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{Water + Urea -{}-\textgreater{} Urine} \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 1)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
Urea & - contains ammonia \{\{nl\}\} - ammonia produced through the deamination of digested proteins in the liver \tn 
% Row Count 12 (+ 6)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Kidneys selectively reabsorb \{\{literal\}\} & - glucose \{\{nl\}\} - useful minerals \{\{nl\}\} - useful ions \tn 
% Row Count 15 (+ 3)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{1.34379 cm} x{3.63321 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Controlling Blood Sugar}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
TOO HIGH & - pancreas secretes insulin \{\{nl\}\} - glucose moves from bloodstream into cells to be used for respiration \{\{nl\}\} - excess gluxose converted into glycogen as energy store in liver \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 7)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
TOO LOW & - pancreas secretes glucagon \{\{nl\}\} - liver and muscles convert glycogen back into glucose \{\{nl\}\} - this leads to a negative feedback loop \tn 
% Row Count 12 (+ 5)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Type 1 Diabetes & - pancreas cannot produce insulin \{\{nl\}\} - insulin injections needed \tn 
% Row Count 15 (+ 3)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
Type 2 Diabetes & - cells do not absorb glucose as they should \{\{nl\}\} - need to watch carbs intake in diet \{\{nl\}\} - exercising regularly \{\{nl\}\} - obesity increases risk \tn 
% Row Count 21 (+ 6)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{Glucose comes from digestion \newline Gluca{\bf{gon}} (like gone) makes glycogen {\bf{go}} away (converted into glucose) \newline Glycogen is just the other one}  \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{B6: INHERITANCE, VARIATION \& EVOLUTION}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{} \tn 
% Row Count 0 (+ 0)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{p{0.74655 cm} x{4.23045 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Meiosis}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\seqsplit{Meiosis} & the process by which cells that are genetically different from parent cells are made, for example, gametes \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 4)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\seqsplit{Process} & - chromosomes in diploid cell copied \{\{nl\}\} - similar chromosomes pair up and genes swapped between them \{\{nl\}\} - cell divides to produce two diploid cells \{\{nl\}\} - these divide again to produce 4 haploid cells (gametes) \tn 
% Row Count 11 (+ 7)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{There are 46 chromosomes (23 pairs) in a human diploid cell} \tn 
% Row Count 13 (+ 2)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{1.54287 cm} x{3.43413 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Sexual and Asexual Reproduction}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{Most animals reproduce sexually, while plants can reproduce both sexually (pollen and egg) and asexually.} \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 3)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{Asexual reproduction happens by {\bf{MITOSIS}} which means that the daughter cells will be identical (cloned)} \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 3)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Sexual Advantage: & offspring can become better adapted to the environment \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 2)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
Asexual Advantage: & only one organism is needed to reproduce \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 2)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{1.4931 cm} x{3.4839 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{DNA and Protein Synthesis}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Genome & the entire genetic code in an organism \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
DNA & double helix polymer which stores genetic code \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 2)
% Row 2
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Gene & portion of DNA that codes for a protein \{\{nl\}\} - mapping these allows us to identify causes of disorders \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 4)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
Genotype & an organism's specific genetic code \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 2)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Phenotype & how this code is expressed in physical characteristics \tn 
% Row Count 12 (+ 2)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
Monomer & - the monomers of DNA are nucleotides \{\{nl\}\} - they are made from a sugar/phosphate group \tn 
% Row Count 16 (+ 4)
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Bases & A + T pair, C + G pair. \{\{nl\}\} - every three bases code for an amino acid \tn 
% Row Count 19 (+ 3)
% Row 7
\SetRowColor{white}
Protein Synthesis & - code is copied by mRNA (transcription) \{\{nl\}\} - this is taken to the ribosomes \{\{nl\}\} - ribosomes assemble amino acids into polypeptides then proteins (translation) \tn 
% Row Count 25 (+ 6)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{1.54287 cm} x{3.43413 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Inheritance}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{Characteristics are determined yb the type and quantity of proteins synthesised. Some are controlled by one gene; however most are a result of two or more genes interacting.} \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 4)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
Alleles & different versions of the same gene \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 2)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Dominant Alleles & - expressed even when the genotype contains a recessive allele (BB or Bb)\{\{nl\}\} - always represented by a capital letter (B) \tn 
% Row Count 11 (+ 5)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
Recessive Alleles & - only expressed when there is no dominant allele (bb) \{\{nl\}\} - always represented with a lowercase letter (b) \tn 
% Row Count 16 (+ 5)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Homozygous alleles & - BB = homozygous dominant \{\{nl\}\} - bb = homozygous recessive \tn 
% Row Count 19 (+ 3)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
\seqsplit{Heterozygous} & Bb \tn 
% Row Count 20 (+ 1)
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{Polydactyly is caused by a dominant allele (PP or Pp)} \tn 
% Row Count 22 (+ 2)
% Row 7
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{Cystic Fibrosis is caused by a recessive allele (only cc)} \tn 
% Row Count 24 (+ 2)
% Row 8
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{Females have XX chromosomes} \tn 
% Row Count 25 (+ 1)
% Row 9
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{Males have XY chromosomes} \tn 
% Row Count 26 (+ 1)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{PUNNETT SQUARES ARE ALSO IN THIS SECTION}}}  \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{2.14011 cm} x{2.83689 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Variation, Adaptation and Evolution}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{Variation in offspring is a result of both genetic and environmental factors} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
Darwin's Theory of Evolution & - random mutations results in variation \{\{nl\}\} - some organisms are better adapted to environment \{\{nl\}\} - these compete in "survival of the fittest" \{\{nl\}\} - those better adapted are more likely to survive \{\{nl\}\} - over time, these desirable characteristics are more pronounced \tn 
% Row Count 15 (+ 13)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Lamarck's Theory of Evolution & - mutations/adaptation are a result of the environment affecting characteristics inherited by offspring. \{\{nl\}\} - not a random process \tn 
% Row Count 22 (+ 7)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
Antibiotic- Resistant Bacteria & - often used as evidence for Darwinian evolution \{\{nl\}\} - if not all bacteria killed, those most resistant will reproduce \tn 
% Row Count 28 (+ 6)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Species & if two organisms can breed to produce a fertile offspring, they are of the same species \tn 
% Row Count 32 (+ 4)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\vfill
\columnbreak
\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{2.14011 cm} x{2.83689 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Variation, Adaptation and Evolution (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Selective Breeding & breeding organisms that have desired characteristics to produce offspring in which they are more pronounced \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 5)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{Darwin = taller giraffes can get more food and therefore survive to reproduce while the short ones die off, therefore giraffes are taller. \newline Lamarck = shorter giraffes keep stretching up to get food}  \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}


% That's all folks
\end{multicols*}

\end{document}