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\author{cheatingpanda13 (cheatingpanda13)}
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  /Title (sociology-mock-revision.pdf)
  /Creator (Cheatography)
  /Author (cheatingpanda13 (cheatingpanda13))
  /Subject (sociology mock revision Cheat Sheet)
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    \vspace{-2pt}\large{\bf{\textcolor{DarkBackground}{\textrm{sociology mock revision Cheat Sheet}}}} \\
    \normalsize{by \textcolor{DarkBackground}{cheatingpanda13 (cheatingpanda13)} via \textcolor{DarkBackground}{\uline{cheatography.com/179517/cs/37431/}}}
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   \vspace{-2pt}Not Yet Published.\\
   Updated 2nd March, 2023.\\
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  Measure your website readability!\\
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{HOW TO ANSWER THE QS}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{{\bf{10}}- {\emph{with an item}} 2 peels. both must link to item. evaluate. {\emph{without an item}} 2 peels. description an evaluate.} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{demography is the statistical study of the population- this includes size and age} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{{\bf{birth rates}}- {\emph{reasons for the decline}}: 1) {\bf{changes in women's position}}. eg legal equality with men, better educational opportunities, easier to divorce, access to abortion, changing attitudes to families. Harper 2012 believes the education of women is the most important reason for the long term fall in birth rates and total fertility rate. feminists happy to see decline in traditionally feminine roles. liberal feminists happy with the progress. 2) {\bf{decline in infant mortality rate}} (babies who die before their 1st bday). in 1900, the imr in uk was 154 and in 2012 it was 4. this decline was due to improved housing, better sanitation, better nutrition, a fall in number of married women working so they have better health, improved services for mothers. 3) {\bf{children are an economic liability}}. due to laws banning children from working so they are economically dependent on their parents for much longer. and changing norms about what children expect from their parents materially has driven up the costs. 4) {\bf{child centredness}} . quality over quantity. parents have fewer children and spend more attention and resources on these few. {\emph{effects of changes in the birth rate}} 1) {\bf{the family}}. women more able to go out to work, dual earner families. 2) {\bf{the dependency ratio}}. the relationship between the size of the working population vs the non working. reduces burden of dependency for current working population but in the future there will be less of a working population. 3) {\bf{vanishing children}}. children are lonelier. fewer voices to promote the interest of children. fewer children mean each child is more valued. 4) {\bf{public services and policies}}. have to consider fewer children means fewer schools, childcare and maternity help are needed. also cost of m/paternity leave and types of housing needing to be built. instead of reducing the number of schools, they could reduce the class size instead. 5) {\bf{an ageing population}}. more old people compared to young people.} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{{\bf{death rates}}- Tranter 1996 says over 3/4 of the decline in death rates has been due to a decline in the number of deaths from infectious diseases such as smallpox and tuberculosis. diseases of affluence took over. these are heart disease and cancer caused by over eating, over drinking, smoking, inactivity. {\emph{reasons for the decline in death rates}} 1) {\bf{improved nutrition}} McKeown 1972 says improved nutrition accounted for up to half the reduction in death rates. better nutrition increased resistance to infection and survival chances. however, he cannot explain why females live longer than males despite eating less. 2) {\bf{medical improvements}} advances in antibiotics, mass immunisation and the nhs in 1948 have reduced deaths in the uk. 3) {\bf{smoking and diet}} Harper 2012 says reduction is because of a reduction in people who smoke. now obesity has replaced smoking as the new lifestyle epidemic. moving towards an american health culture. 4) {\bf{public health measures}}. improved public housing, sewage disposal, clean air acts. 5) {\bf{other social changes}}. the decline of dangerous manual occupations, smaller families reduce the rate of transmission of infection, knowledge of illness, reduction in smoking, higher incomes.} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{{\bf{the ageing population}}- {\emph{effects of}}. 1){\bf{public services}} older people consume a larger proportion of health services. 2) {\bf{one person households}}. 12.5\% of all households are one person. most are female as they live longer than men. means a shortage of houses. 3) {\bf{dependency ratio}}. in 2015 there were 3.2 people of working age for every pensioner but this is predicted to fall to 2.8 to one by 2033. 4) {\bf{ageism modernity and postmodernity}} growth in ageism. marxists see it as structured dependency of the old. old age has little status because they can't work.} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{{\bf{migration}}- im-\textgreater{} movement of people into a country, em-\textgreater{} movement of people out of a country, net migration-\textgreater{} the difference between the number of ims and ems. expressed as a net increase or net decrease. {\emph{impact of im on uk population structure}} 1) {\bf{population size}} increases. 2) {\bf{age structure}} usually younger. 3) {\bf{dep ratio}} lower it by having more young people but they have more children which increases it. {\emph{globalisation and migration}} barriers between countries are disappearing. 1) {\bf{acceleration}} due to access, money, freedom. 2) {\bf{differentiation}} more types of migrants-\textgreater{} super diversity. 3) {\bf{feminisation of migration}}. migrants more females and they work in social and care and sex workers. 4) {\bf{migrant identities}} hybrid identities. 5) {\bf{transnational identities}} some migrants move back and forth from countries. 6) {\bf{politicisation of migration}}. countries have policies of assimilation to control migration and migrants.} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{{\bf{external}}- {\emph{cultural dep}}. 1) {\bf{language}}. Hubbs-Tait 2002 said cognitive performance improves when parents use challenging language with their children. Basil Bernstein 1975 speech codes. 2) {\bf{parents' education}}. Douglas 1964 said wc parents were less ambitious for their children and gave them less encouragement. educated parents discipline their kids and have high expectations, read to them and help educate at home. they have higher income and prefer to spend more on the children and educational toys (Bernstein and Young). 3) {\bf{wc subculture}}. Barry Sugarman 1970 fatalism, collectivism, immediate gratification (seeking pleasure now rather than sacrifices for future), present time orientation (present as more important and not having long term goals or plans). compensatory education with operation head start from the 60s. EVALUATION Neil Keddie 1973 cd is a myth, Troyna and Williams 1986 teachers have a speech hierarchy, Blackstone and Mortimer 1994 wc parents work unsociable hours. {\emph{material dep}}. 1) {\bf{housing}} less room for learning and homework and distractions, also damp housing means children miss school due to ill health. 2) {\bf{diet and health}} Marilyn Howard 2001 poorer nutrition in wc homes weakens immune system and lowers their energy-\textgreater{} can't focus in class or can't complete work. 3) {\bf{cost of education}} lack of funds means no equipment, no school trips, hand me downs. Teresa Smith 1995 say poverty acts as a barrier. 4) {\bf{fear of debt}}. wc students less likely to receive financial help from parents to be able to go to uni. Dianne Reay 2005 says wc children are more likely to go to local unis which limits their educational levels. EVALUATION. Feinstein says educated parents make positive contributions to childrens' achievements despite income level. Robinson 1997 say tackling child poverty would be the most effective way to boost achievement. {\emph{cultural capital}} knowledge and attitudes that the middle class have. wc culture is devalued compared to the school's favoured class' and the wc's lack of cultural capital leads to exam failure.} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{{\bf{internal}}- {\emph{labelling}} Howard Becker 1963 carried out experiment at a high school with 60 teachers to find how they judged pupils based on how close they were to the ideal pupil. teachers more likely to set extension work for middle class students to further their learning. self fulfilling prophecy. streaming. Gillborn and Youdell 2001 show how teachers use stereotypical notions of ability to stream pupils. ac economy and educational triage. {\emph{pupil subcultures}} Lacey 1970 differentiation is streaming and polarisation is the students' reaction to said streams. she said streaming polarised boys into pro and anti school subcultures. Peter Woods 1979 four responses ingratiation, ritualism, retreatism, rebellion.} \tn 
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