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% Packages
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\usepackage{multicol}           % Allows multicols in tables
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%\usepackage[utf8x]{inputenc}    % For unicode character support
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\usepackage{setspace}           % For line height
\usepackage{lastpage}           % Needed for total page number
\usepackage{seqsplit}           % Splits long words.
%\usepackage{opensans}          % Can't make this work so far. Shame. Would be lovely.
\usepackage[normalem]{ulem}     % For underlining links
% Most of the following are not required for the majority
% of cheat sheets but are needed for some symbol support.
\usepackage{amsmath}            % Symbols
\usepackage{MnSymbol}           % Symbols
\usepackage{wasysym}            % Symbols
%\usepackage[english,german,french,spanish,italian]{babel}              % Languages

% Document Info
\author{charlotte.aax}
\pdfinfo{
  /Title (ancient-greek-language.pdf)
  /Creator (Cheatography)
  /Author (charlotte.aax)
  /Subject (Ancient Greek Language Cheat Sheet)
}

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% Commands
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% Header and Footer
\pagestyle{fancy}
\fancyhead{} % Set header to blank
\fancyfoot{} % Set footer to blank
\fancyhead[L]{
\noindent
\begin{multicols}{3}
\begin{tabulary}{5.8cm}{C}
    \SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
    \vspace{-7pt}
    {\parbox{\dimexpr\textwidth-2\fboxsep\relax}{\noindent
        \hspace*{-6pt}\includegraphics[width=5.8cm]{/web/www.cheatography.com/public/images/cheatography_logo.pdf}}
    }
\end{tabulary}
\columnbreak
\begin{tabulary}{11cm}{L}
    \vspace{-2pt}\large{\bf{\textcolor{DarkBackground}{\textrm{Ancient Greek Language Cheat Sheet}}}} \\
    \normalsize{by \textcolor{DarkBackground}{charlotte.aax} via \textcolor{DarkBackground}{\uline{cheatography.com/212034/cs/46039/}}}
\end{tabulary}
\end{multicols}}

\fancyfoot[L]{ \footnotesize
\noindent
\begin{multicols}{3}
\begin{tabulary}{5.8cm}{LL}
  \SetRowColor{FootBackground}
  \mymulticolumn{2}{p{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cheatographer}}  \\
  \vspace{-2pt}charlotte.aax \\
  \uline{cheatography.com/charlotte-aax} \\
  \end{tabulary}
\vfill
\columnbreak
\begin{tabulary}{5.8cm}{L}
  \SetRowColor{FootBackground}
  \mymulticolumn{1}{p{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cheat Sheet}}  \\
   \vspace{-2pt}Not Yet Published.\\
   Updated 2nd April, 2025.\\
   Page {\thepage} of \pageref{LastPage}.
\end{tabulary}
\vfill
\columnbreak
\begin{tabulary}{5.8cm}{L}
  \SetRowColor{FootBackground}
  \mymulticolumn{1}{p{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Sponsor}}  \\
  \SetRowColor{white}
  \vspace{-5pt}
  %\includegraphics[width=48px,height=48px]{dave.jpeg}
  Measure your website readability!\\
  www.readability-score.com
\end{tabulary}
\end{multicols}}




\begin{document}
\raggedright
\raggedcolumns

% Set font size to small. Switch to any value
% from this page to resize cheat sheet text:
% www.emerson.emory.edu/services/latex/latex_169.html
\footnotesize % Small font.

\begin{multicols*}{3}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{2.63781 cm} x{2.33919 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Alphabet}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Αα & alpha \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
Ββ & beta \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 1)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Γγ & gamma \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 1)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
Δδ & delta \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 1)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Εε & epsilon \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 1)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
Ζζ & zeta \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 1)
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Ηη & eta \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 1)
% Row 7
\SetRowColor{white}
Θθ & theta \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 1)
% Row 8
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Ιι & iota \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 1)
% Row 9
\SetRowColor{white}
Κκ & kappa \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 1)
% Row 10
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Λλ & lambada \tn 
% Row Count 11 (+ 1)
% Row 11
\SetRowColor{white}
Μμ & mu \tn 
% Row Count 12 (+ 1)
% Row 12
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Νν & nu \tn 
% Row Count 13 (+ 1)
% Row 13
\SetRowColor{white}
Ξξ & xi \tn 
% Row Count 14 (+ 1)
% Row 14
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Οο & omicron \tn 
% Row Count 15 (+ 1)
% Row 15
\SetRowColor{white}
Ππ & pi \tn 
% Row Count 16 (+ 1)
% Row 16
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Ρρ & rho \tn 
% Row Count 17 (+ 1)
% Row 17
\SetRowColor{white}
Σσ/ς* & sigma \tn 
% Row Count 18 (+ 1)
% Row 18
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Ττ & tau \tn 
% Row Count 19 (+ 1)
% Row 19
\SetRowColor{white}
Υυ & upsilon \tn 
% Row Count 20 (+ 1)
% Row 20
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Φφ & phi \tn 
% Row Count 21 (+ 1)
% Row 21
\SetRowColor{white}
Χχ & chi \tn 
% Row Count 22 (+ 1)
% Row 22
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Ψψ & psi \tn 
% Row Count 23 (+ 1)
% Row 23
\SetRowColor{white}
Ωω & omega \tn 
% Row Count 24 (+ 1)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{*σ is used in the middle of words, ς is used at the end of words}  \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{2.33919 cm} x{2.63781 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{vowels}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{long}} & {\bf{short}} \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
α & α \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 1)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
η & ε \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 1)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
ι & ι \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 1)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
ω & ο \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 1)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
υ & υ \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 1)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{1.29402 cm} x{3.68298 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Particles}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
ἆρα & {\emph{used to introduce a yes/no question without using an interrogative word}} \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 3)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
ἀλλά & but, on the other hand \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 1)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
καί & and, even, actually \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 1)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
μέν ...δέ & on the one hand ... on the other hand \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 2)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{1.44333 cm} x{3.53367 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{nouns}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{Gender}} & Masculine - ὁ \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
 & Feminine - ἡ \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 1)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & Neuter - τό \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 1)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
{\bf{Number}} & Singular \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 1)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & Dual \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 1)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
 & Plural \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 1)
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{Case}} & Nominative- subject \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 1)
% Row 7
\SetRowColor{white}
 & Accusative- direct object \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 1)
% Row 8
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & Genitive- possession \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 1)
% Row 9
\SetRowColor{white}
 & Dative- indirect object \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 1)
% Row 10
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & Vocative \tn 
% Row Count 11 (+ 1)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{p{0.79363 cm} x{1.16956 cm} x{1.2531 cm} x{0.96071 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{4}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{The Definite Article}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{Case}} & {\bf{feminine}} & {\bf{masculine}} & {\bf{neuter}} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{4}{x{5.377cm}}{{\emph{Singular}}} \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 1)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
N & ἡ & ὁ & τό \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 1)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
A & τήν & τόν & τό \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 1)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
G & τῆς & τοῦ & τοῦ \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 1)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
D & τῇ & τῷ & τῷ \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 1)
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{4}{x{5.377cm}}{{\emph{Plural}}} \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 1)
% Row 7
\SetRowColor{white}
N & αἱ & οἱ & τά \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 1)
% Row 8
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
A & τάς & τούς & τά \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 1)
% Row 9
\SetRowColor{white}
G & τῶν & τῶν & τῶν \tn 
% Row Count 11 (+ 1)
% Row 10
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
D & ταῖς & τοῖς & \seqsplit{τοῖς} \tn 
% Row Count 12 (+ 1)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}----}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{p{0.4177 cm} x{1.29487 cm} x{1.21133 cm} x{1.2531 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{4}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{First and Second Declension Nouns}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{Case}} & {\bf{First Declension (Feminine α)}} & {\bf{Second Declension (Masculine ο)}} & {\bf{Second Declension (Neuter ο)}} \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 4)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{4}{x{5.377cm}}{{\emph{Singular}}} \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 1)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
N & -η/α & -ος & -ον \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 1)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
A & -ην/αν & -ον & -ον \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 1)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
G & -ης/ας & -ου & -ου \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 1)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
D & -η/α & -ῳ & -ῳ \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 1)
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
V & -η/α & -ε & -ον \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 1)
% Row 7
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{4}{x{5.377cm}}{{\emph{Plural}}} \tn 
% Row Count 11 (+ 1)
% Row 8
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
N & -αι & -οι & -α \tn 
% Row Count 12 (+ 1)
% Row 9
\SetRowColor{white}
A & -ας & -ους & -α \tn 
% Row Count 13 (+ 1)
% Row 10
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
G & -ῶν & -ων & -ων \tn 
% Row Count 14 (+ 1)
% Row 11
\SetRowColor{white}
D & -αις & -οις & -οις \tn 
% Row Count 15 (+ 1)
% Row 12
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
V & -αι & -α & -α \tn 
% Row Count 16 (+ 1)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}----}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{p{0.4977 cm} p{0.4977 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Prepositions}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{} \tn 
% Row Count 0 (+ 0)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{0.89586 cm} x{4.08114 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Verbs}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{Tense}} & Present- I am falling \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
 & Imperfect- I was falling \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 1)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & Future- I will be falling \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 1)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
 & Simple future- I will fall \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 1)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & Aortist- I fell \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 1)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
 & Perfect- I have fallen \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 1)
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & Pluperfect- I had fallen \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 1)
% Row 7
\SetRowColor{white}
 & Future perfect- I will have fallen \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 2)
% Row 8
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{Mood}} & Indicitive \tn 
% Row Count 12 (+ 2)
% Row 9
\SetRowColor{white}
 & Subjunctive \tn 
% Row Count 13 (+ 1)
% Row 10
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & Optative \tn 
% Row Count 14 (+ 1)
% Row 11
\SetRowColor{white}
 & Imperative \tn 
% Row Count 15 (+ 1)
% Row 12
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{Voice}} & Active- Subject performs action \tn 
% Row Count 17 (+ 2)
% Row 13
\SetRowColor{white}
 & Middle- Subject performs action but has an interest in the action \tn 
% Row Count 20 (+ 3)
% Row 14
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & Passive- Subject receives action \tn 
% Row Count 21 (+ 1)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{'Contract' verbs}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Verbs with a stem that ends in α, ε, or ο often end up 'contracted' over time. That is to say that when the vowel from the stem ends up next to the vowel from an ending, a vowel sound usually "wins", out-competing the other. For example, The uncontracted form of "I see" is "ὁράω." However, over time, the verb 'contracts' and becomes "ὁρω", dropping the less "powerful" alpha sound.% Row Count 8 (+ 8)
} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{1.3731 cm} x{1.3731 cm} x{1.8308 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Present Indicitive Active}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{Person}} & {\emph{Singular}} & {\emph{Plural}} \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
{\bf{1st}} & -ω & -ομεν \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 1)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{2nd}} & -εις & -ετε \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 1)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
{\bf{3rd}} & -ει & -ουσι(ν) \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 1)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}---}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{2.63781 cm} x{2.33919 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Imperative (active)}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
singular & -ε \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
plural & -ετε \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 1)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{note that the pl. imperative mood has the same ending as the 2nd person pl. indicative mood (-ετε). Use context clues to figure out the mood. \newline NEGATIVE- To make an imperative negative, i.e. to tell someone {\emph{not}} to do something, put "μὴ" ahead of the verb. For example, μὴ βαίνε means "do not go!"}  \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{2.68758 cm} x{2.28942 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Irregular: Present Indicative Active of εἰμί}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{Translation}} & {\bf{Verb Form}} \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
I am & εἰμί \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 1)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
You are (s.) & εἶ \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 1)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
he/she/it is & ἐστί(ν) \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 1)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
we are & ἐσμέν \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 1)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
you are (pl.) & ἐστέ \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 1)
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
they are & εἰσί(ν) \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 1)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{2.68758 cm} x{2.28942 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Irregular: Present Indicitive Active of οἶδα}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{Translation}} & {\bf{Verb Form}} \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
I know & οἶδα \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 1)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
You know (s.) & οἶσθα \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 1)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
he/she/it knows & οἶδε \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 1)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
we know & ἴσμεν \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 1)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
you know (pl.) & ἴστε \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 1)
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
they know & ἴσασι \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 1)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{1.3731 cm} x{1.8308 cm} x{1.3731 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Present Indicitive Middle}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{Person}} & {\emph{Singular}} & {\emph{Plural}} \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
{\bf{1st}} & -oμαι & -oμεθα \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 1)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{2nd}} & -ῃι/σαι & -εσθε \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 1)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
{\bf{3rd}} & -εται & -oνται \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 1)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}---}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{2.33919 cm} x{2.63781 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Imperative (middle)}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
singular & -ου \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
plural & -εσθε \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 1)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}


% That's all folks
\end{multicols*}

\end{document}