\documentclass[10pt,a4paper]{article} % Packages \usepackage{fancyhdr} % For header and footer \usepackage{multicol} % Allows multicols in tables \usepackage{tabularx} % Intelligent column widths \usepackage{tabulary} % Used in header and footer \usepackage{hhline} % Border under tables \usepackage{graphicx} % For images \usepackage{xcolor} % For hex colours %\usepackage[utf8x]{inputenc} % For unicode character support \usepackage[T1]{fontenc} % Without this we get weird character replacements \usepackage{colortbl} % For coloured tables \usepackage{setspace} % For line height \usepackage{lastpage} % Needed for total page number \usepackage{seqsplit} % Splits long words. %\usepackage{opensans} % Can't make this work so far. Shame. Would be lovely. \usepackage[normalem]{ulem} % For underlining links % Most of the following are not required for the majority % of cheat sheets but are needed for some symbol support. \usepackage{amsmath} % Symbols \usepackage{MnSymbol} % Symbols \usepackage{wasysym} % Symbols %\usepackage[english,german,french,spanish,italian]{babel} % Languages % Document Info \author{chandaii} \pdfinfo{ /Title (ap-bio-cell-communication-and-cell-cycle.pdf) /Creator (Cheatography) /Author (chandaii) /Subject (AP Bio - Cell Communication and Cell Cycle Cheat Sheet) } % Lengths and widths \addtolength{\textwidth}{6cm} \addtolength{\textheight}{-1cm} \addtolength{\hoffset}{-3cm} \addtolength{\voffset}{-2cm} \setlength{\tabcolsep}{0.2cm} % Space between columns \setlength{\headsep}{-12pt} % Reduce space between header and content \setlength{\headheight}{85pt} % If less, LaTeX automatically increases it \renewcommand{\footrulewidth}{0pt} % Remove footer line \renewcommand{\headrulewidth}{0pt} % Remove header line \renewcommand{\seqinsert}{\ifmmode\allowbreak\else\-\fi} % Hyphens in seqsplit % This two commands together give roughly % the right line height in the tables \renewcommand{\arraystretch}{1.3} \onehalfspacing % Commands \newcommand{\SetRowColor}[1]{\noalign{\gdef\RowColorName{#1}}\rowcolor{\RowColorName}} % Shortcut for row colour \newcommand{\mymulticolumn}[3]{\multicolumn{#1}{>{\columncolor{\RowColorName}}#2}{#3}} % For coloured multi-cols \newcolumntype{x}[1]{>{\raggedright}p{#1}} % New column types for ragged-right paragraph columns \newcommand{\tn}{\tabularnewline} % Required as custom column type in use % Font and Colours \definecolor{HeadBackground}{HTML}{333333} \definecolor{FootBackground}{HTML}{666666} \definecolor{TextColor}{HTML}{333333} \definecolor{DarkBackground}{HTML}{C8A2C8} \definecolor{LightBackground}{HTML}{F8F3F8} \renewcommand{\familydefault}{\sfdefault} \color{TextColor} % Header and Footer \pagestyle{fancy} \fancyhead{} % Set header to blank \fancyfoot{} % Set footer to blank \fancyhead[L]{ \noindent \begin{multicols}{3} \begin{tabulary}{5.8cm}{C} \SetRowColor{DarkBackground} \vspace{-7pt} {\parbox{\dimexpr\textwidth-2\fboxsep\relax}{\noindent \hspace*{-6pt}\includegraphics[width=5.8cm]{/web/www.cheatography.com/public/images/cheatography_logo.pdf}} } \end{tabulary} \columnbreak \begin{tabulary}{11cm}{L} \vspace{-2pt}\large{\bf{\textcolor{DarkBackground}{\textrm{AP Bio - Cell Communication and Cell Cycle Cheat Sheet}}}} \\ \normalsize{by \textcolor{DarkBackground}{chandaii} via \textcolor{DarkBackground}{\uline{cheatography.com/135022/cs/27926/}}} \end{tabulary} \end{multicols}} \fancyfoot[L]{ \footnotesize \noindent \begin{multicols}{3} \begin{tabulary}{5.8cm}{LL} \SetRowColor{FootBackground} \mymulticolumn{2}{p{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cheatographer}} \\ \vspace{-2pt}chandaii \\ \uline{cheatography.com/chandaii} \\ \end{tabulary} \vfill \columnbreak \begin{tabulary}{5.8cm}{L} \SetRowColor{FootBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{p{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cheat Sheet}} \\ \vspace{-2pt}Published 13th May, 2021.\\ Updated 13th May, 2021.\\ Page {\thepage} of \pageref{LastPage}. \end{tabulary} \vfill \columnbreak \begin{tabulary}{5.8cm}{L} \SetRowColor{FootBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{p{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Sponsor}} \\ \SetRowColor{white} \vspace{-5pt} %\includegraphics[width=48px,height=48px]{dave.jpeg} Measure your website readability!\\ www.readability-score.com \end{tabulary} \end{multicols}} \begin{document} \raggedright \raggedcolumns % Set font size to small. Switch to any value % from this page to resize cheat sheet text: % www.emerson.emory.edu/services/latex/latex_169.html \footnotesize % Small font. \begin{multicols*}{3} \begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X} \SetRowColor{DarkBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{What is Cell Communication?}} \tn % Row 0 \SetRowColor{LightBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{-{}- Cell communication is {\bf{how cells sense and react to their environment and/or signals from other cells}}} \tn % Row Count 3 (+ 3) % Row 1 \SetRowColor{white} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{-{}- It can be through direct cell-to-cell contact} \tn % Row Count 4 (+ 1) % Row 2 \SetRowColor{LightBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{-{}- It consists of {\bf{ligands and receptors}}; ligands are molecules that bind to receptors (signals); receptors are proteins that detect external signals (antenna)} \tn % Row Count 8 (+ 4) % Row 3 \SetRowColor{white} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{-{}- The signal {\bf{always}} come from the exterior of the cell (extracellular)} \tn % Row Count 10 (+ 2) \hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-} \end{tabularx} \par\addvspace{1.3em} \begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X} \SetRowColor{DarkBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Steps of Cell Signaling:}} \tn % Row 0 \SetRowColor{LightBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{1. {\bf{Reception}} -{}- ligand binds to receptor causing receptor to change shape} \tn % Row Count 2 (+ 2) % Row 1 \SetRowColor{white} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{2. {\bf{Transduction}} -{}- information transfer from receptor throughout cell} \tn % Row Count 4 (+ 2) % Row 2 \SetRowColor{LightBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{3. {\bf{Response}} -{}- how the cell changes} \tn % Row Count 5 (+ 1) \hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-} \end{tabularx} \par\addvspace{1.3em} \begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X} \SetRowColor{DarkBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Signal Transduction}} \tn \SetRowColor{LightBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{p{5.377cm}}{\vspace{1px}\centerline{\includegraphics[width=5.1cm]{/web/www.cheatography.com/public/uploads/chandaii_1620871896_39_03SignalTransduction.jpg}}} \tn \hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-} \end{tabularx} \par\addvspace{1.3em} \begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X} \SetRowColor{DarkBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Understanding Pathway Diagrams}} \tn % Row 0 \SetRowColor{LightBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{-{}- {\emph{Pointed arrows}} means {\bf{activates}}} \tn % Row Count 1 (+ 1) % Row 1 \SetRowColor{white} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{-{}- {\emph{Blunt arrow}} means {\bf{inhibit}}} \tn % Row Count 2 (+ 1) % Row 2 \SetRowColor{LightBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{-{}- For multi-step pathways you should simplify into the overall result} \tn % Row Count 4 (+ 2) % Row 3 \SetRowColor{white} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{-{}- Similar to math, if there is two inhibitions it would result in an activation} \tn % Row Count 6 (+ 2) \hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-} \end{tabularx} \par\addvspace{1.3em} \begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X} \SetRowColor{DarkBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Summary of Cell Signaling}} \tn % Row 0 \SetRowColor{LightBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{-{}- Different cell types can have different response to the same ligand because they have different receptors} \tn % Row Count 3 (+ 3) \hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-} \end{tabularx} \par\addvspace{1.3em} \begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{2.43873 cm} x{2.53827 cm} } \SetRowColor{DarkBackground} \mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{RECEPTION}} \tn % Row 0 \SetRowColor{LightBackground} \mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{-{}- Types of receptors:}}} \tn % Row Count 1 (+ 1) % Row 1 \SetRowColor{white} \mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\{\{ac\}\} -{}- {\bf{Cell surface receptors}}} \tn % Row Count 2 (+ 1) % Row 2 \SetRowColor{LightBackground} {\bf{Ligand-gated ion channels:}} & Receptors are ion channels that open and let ions cross the membrane \tn % Row Count 6 (+ 4) % Row 3 \SetRowColor{white} {\bf{G protein-coupled receptors (GPCR):}} & Receptors are associated with G protein. When the receptor is activated it causes the G protein to activate. The G protein activates enzymes. ligand -{}-\textgreater{} GPCR -{}-\textgreater{} G protein -{}-\textgreater{} enzyme -{}-\textgreater{} second messengers \tn % Row Count 17 (+ 11) % Row 4 \SetRowColor{LightBackground} {\bf{Receptor tyrosine kinases (RTK):}} & Kinases are enzymes that add phosphate groups to other molecules. When a ligand binds it turns on kinase activity of RTKs. \tn % Row Count 24 (+ 7) % Row 5 \SetRowColor{white} \mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\{\{ac\}\} -{}- {\bf{Intracellular receptors}}} \tn % Row Count 25 (+ 1) % Row 6 \SetRowColor{LightBackground} \mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{-{}- This is when the receptor is in side the cell. Unlike cell surface receptors, the ligands are nonpolar. These regulate gene expression.} \tn % Row Count 28 (+ 3) \hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--} \end{tabularx} \par\addvspace{1.3em} \begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X} \SetRowColor{DarkBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Types of Ligand}} \tn \SetRowColor{white} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{-{}- Ligands can be: {\bf{gases ions, lipids, proteins, amino acids, nucleotides, etc}}% Row Count 2 (+ 2) } \tn \hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-} \end{tabularx} \par\addvspace{1.3em} \begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X} \SetRowColor{DarkBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Structure Determines Function}} \tn % Row 0 \SetRowColor{LightBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{-{}- Ligand binding to a receptor changes the receptors shape} \tn % Row Count 2 (+ 2) % Row 1 \SetRowColor{white} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{-{}- {\bf{{\emph{Change in receptor shape = change in receptor function}}}}} \tn % Row Count 4 (+ 2) \hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-} \end{tabularx} \par\addvspace{1.3em} \begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{2.4885 cm} x{2.4885 cm} } \SetRowColor{DarkBackground} \mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{TRANSDUCTION}} \tn % Row 0 \SetRowColor{LightBackground} \mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\{\{ac\}\} {\bf{Amplification}}} \tn % Row Count 1 (+ 1) % Row 1 \SetRowColor{white} -{}- When one ligand binding to one receptor it results in many molecules inside the cell & -{}- Each molecule in the signaling pathway can be recycled \tn % Row Count 6 (+ 5) % Row 2 \SetRowColor{LightBackground} \mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\{\{ac\}\} {\bf{Second Messengers}}} \tn % Row Count 7 (+ 1) % Row 3 \SetRowColor{white} -{}- These activate many enzymes within the cell & -{}- {\bf{For example: Cyclic AMP.}} The activation of some GPCRs increase cAMP while others decrease cAMP. \tn % Row Count 13 (+ 6) % Row 4 \SetRowColor{LightBackground} -{}- Activation of GPCRS regulate the production of second messengers & -{}- cAMP can activate other proteins like protein kinase A which is an important regulator of metabolic pathways \tn % Row Count 19 (+ 6) % Row 5 \SetRowColor{white} \mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{the "first messenger" is the ligand binding to the receptor}}} \tn % Row Count 21 (+ 2) % Row 6 \SetRowColor{LightBackground} \mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\{\{ac\}\} {\bf{Phosphorylation cascades}}} \tn % Row Count 22 (+ 1) % Row 7 \SetRowColor{white} \mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{-{}- Phosphorylation changes the shape of protein, in result changes the function} \tn % Row Count 24 (+ 2) \hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--} \end{tabularx} \par\addvspace{1.3em} \begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{1.74195 cm} x{3.23505 cm} } \SetRowColor{DarkBackground} \mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{RESPONSE}} \tn % Row 0 \SetRowColor{LightBackground} \mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\{\{ac\}\} {\bf{Common cellular response}}} \tn % Row Count 1 (+ 1) % Row 1 \SetRowColor{white} {\bf{Gene expression:}} & activation of transcription of specific genes \tn % Row Count 3 (+ 2) % Row 2 \SetRowColor{LightBackground} {\bf{Enzyme activation:}} & turning on kinases \tn % Row Count 5 (+ 2) % Row 3 \SetRowColor{white} {\bf{Apoptosis:}} & programmed cell death in which the cell breaks down while protecting neighboring cells. It is important for development and a normal process in healthy organisms \tn % Row Count 12 (+ 7) \hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--} \end{tabularx} \par\addvspace{1.3em} \begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X} \SetRowColor{DarkBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{CELL CYCLE}} \tn % Row 0 \SetRowColor{LightBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{-{}- There are {\bf{four phases}} to the cell cycle} \tn % Row Count 1 (+ 1) % Row 1 \SetRowColor{white} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{G1 (gap 1)}} = cell growth} \tn % Row Count 2 (+ 1) % Row 2 \SetRowColor{LightBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{S (synthesis)}} = DNA replication} \tn % Row Count 3 (+ 1) % Row 3 \SetRowColor{white} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{G2 (gap 2)}} = cell growth, prepare for mitosis} \tn % Row Count 4 (+ 1) % Row 4 \SetRowColor{LightBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{M (mitosis)}} = cell division} \tn % Row Count 5 (+ 1) \hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-} \end{tabularx} \par\addvspace{1.3em} \begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X} \SetRowColor{DarkBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Regulation of Cell Cycle}} \tn % Row 0 \SetRowColor{LightBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{-{}- Cyclins are proteins that regulate cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs)} \tn % Row Count 2 (+ 2) % Row 1 \SetRowColor{white} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{-{}- Cyclins/CDKs {\bf{control which phase of the cell cycle a cell is in}}} \tn % Row Count 4 (+ 2) % Row 2 \SetRowColor{LightBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{-{}- If the cell is not regulated, it can result in {\bf{cancer}} which is abnormal growth due to the continuous progression through the cell cycle} \tn % Row Count 7 (+ 3) \hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-} \end{tabularx} \par\addvspace{1.3em} \begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X} \SetRowColor{DarkBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Diagram of The Cell Cycle}} \tn \SetRowColor{LightBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{p{5.377cm}}{\vspace{1px}\centerline{\includegraphics[width=5.1cm]{/web/www.cheatography.com/public/uploads/chandaii_1620872794_Cell-Cycle-Diagram.jpg}}} \tn \hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-} \end{tabularx} \par\addvspace{1.3em} \begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{1.69218 cm} x{3.28482 cm} } \SetRowColor{DarkBackground} \mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cell Cycle Checkpoints}} \tn % Row 0 \SetRowColor{LightBackground} \mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Checkpoints determine if the cell is ready to progress to the next phase of the cell cycle}}} \tn % Row Count 2 (+ 2) % Row 1 \SetRowColor{white} -{}- {\bf{G1 checkpoint:}} & It checks whether the cell is big enough and has made the proper proteins for the synthesis phase. If not, the cell goes through a resting period (G0) until it is ready to divide. \tn % Row Count 9 (+ 7) % Row 2 \SetRowColor{LightBackground} -{}- {\bf{G2 checkpoint:}} & It checks whether DNA has been replicated correctly. If so, the cell continues on to mitosis. \tn % Row Count 13 (+ 4) % Row 3 \SetRowColor{white} -{}- {\bf{M checkpoint:}} & It checks whether mitosis is complete. If so, the cell divides, and the cycle repeats. \tn % Row Count 17 (+ 4) \hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--} \end{tabularx} \par\addvspace{1.3em} \begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X} \SetRowColor{DarkBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cell Checkpoints}} \tn \SetRowColor{LightBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{p{5.377cm}}{\vspace{1px}\centerline{\includegraphics[width=5.1cm]{/web/www.cheatography.com/public/uploads/chandaii_1620873298_cell-checkpoints_med.jpeg}}} \tn \hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-} \end{tabularx} \par\addvspace{1.3em} \begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{2.14011 cm} x{2.83689 cm} } \SetRowColor{DarkBackground} \mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{MITOSIS}} \tn % Row 0 \SetRowColor{LightBackground} -{}- {\bf{Interphase}} & DNA is replicated, cell prepare for mitosis. The nuclear envelop are distant and the chromosomes are in the form of threadlike chromatin. \tn % Row Count 7 (+ 7) % Row 1 \SetRowColor{white} -{}- {\bf{Prophase}} & Chromatin condenses making the chromosomes visible and nuclear envelop breaks down \tn % Row Count 11 (+ 4) % Row 2 \SetRowColor{LightBackground} -{}- {\bf{Metaphase}} & The thick, coiled chromosomes, each with two chromatids, become aligned at the equatorial/metaphase plane \tn % Row Count 16 (+ 5) % Row 3 \SetRowColor{white} -{}- {\bf{Anaphase}} & Sister chromatids separate and the daughter chromosomes move toward the poles \tn % Row Count 20 (+ 4) % Row 4 \SetRowColor{LightBackground} -{}- {\bf{Telophase \& Cytokinesis}} & The chromosomes are at the poles, and are becoming more diffuse. The nuclear envelop is reforming. They cytoplasm may be dividing. Then the division into two daughter cells. \tn % Row Count 28 (+ 8) \hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--} \end{tabularx} \par\addvspace{1.3em} \begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X} \SetRowColor{DarkBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Stages of Mitosis}} \tn \SetRowColor{LightBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{p{5.377cm}}{\vspace{1px}\centerline{\includegraphics[width=5.1cm]{/web/www.cheatography.com/public/uploads/chandaii_1620873976_TlAC0SdVTe6hlvjNzHhg_dc60222a6003e90c6e362ed9ff9dbf83.jpg}}} \tn \hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-} \end{tabularx} \par\addvspace{1.3em} \begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X} \SetRowColor{DarkBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Mitosis vs. Meiosis}} \tn \SetRowColor{LightBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{p{5.377cm}}{\vspace{1px}\centerline{\includegraphics[width=5.1cm]{/web/www.cheatography.com/public/uploads/chandaii_1620874473_main-qimg-4425a579de660dfb4d6db236ecf3cff5.jpeg}}} \tn \hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-} \end{tabularx} \par\addvspace{1.3em} \begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X} \SetRowColor{DarkBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Mitosis vs. Meiosis (continued)}} \tn \SetRowColor{LightBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{p{5.377cm}}{\vspace{1px}\centerline{\includegraphics[width=5.1cm]{/web/www.cheatography.com/public/uploads/chandaii_1620874517_Meiosis-vs-Mitosis.jpg}}} \tn \hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-} \end{tabularx} \par\addvspace{1.3em} % That's all folks \end{multicols*} \end{document}