\documentclass[10pt,a4paper]{article} % Packages \usepackage{fancyhdr} % For header and footer \usepackage{multicol} % Allows multicols in tables \usepackage{tabularx} % Intelligent column widths \usepackage{tabulary} % Used in header and footer \usepackage{hhline} % Border under tables \usepackage{graphicx} % For images \usepackage{xcolor} % For hex colours %\usepackage[utf8x]{inputenc} % For unicode character support \usepackage[T1]{fontenc} % Without this we get weird character replacements \usepackage{colortbl} % For coloured tables \usepackage{setspace} % For line height \usepackage{lastpage} % Needed for total page number \usepackage{seqsplit} % Splits long words. %\usepackage{opensans} % Can't make this work so far. Shame. Would be lovely. \usepackage[normalem]{ulem} % For underlining links % Most of the following are not required for the majority % of cheat sheets but are needed for some symbol support. \usepackage{amsmath} % Symbols \usepackage{MnSymbol} % Symbols \usepackage{wasysym} % Symbols %\usepackage[english,german,french,spanish,italian]{babel} % Languages % Document Info \author{Cecilia} \pdfinfo{ /Title (hypothesis-testing.pdf) /Creator (Cheatography) /Author (Cecilia) /Subject (Hypothesis testing Cheat Sheet) } % Lengths and widths \addtolength{\textwidth}{6cm} \addtolength{\textheight}{-1cm} \addtolength{\hoffset}{-3cm} \addtolength{\voffset}{-2cm} \setlength{\tabcolsep}{0.2cm} % Space between columns \setlength{\headsep}{-12pt} % Reduce space between header and content \setlength{\headheight}{85pt} % If less, LaTeX automatically increases it \renewcommand{\footrulewidth}{0pt} % Remove footer line \renewcommand{\headrulewidth}{0pt} % Remove header line \renewcommand{\seqinsert}{\ifmmode\allowbreak\else\-\fi} % Hyphens in seqsplit % This two commands together give roughly % the right line height in the tables \renewcommand{\arraystretch}{1.3} \onehalfspacing % Commands \newcommand{\SetRowColor}[1]{\noalign{\gdef\RowColorName{#1}}\rowcolor{\RowColorName}} % Shortcut for row colour \newcommand{\mymulticolumn}[3]{\multicolumn{#1}{>{\columncolor{\RowColorName}}#2}{#3}} % For coloured multi-cols \newcolumntype{x}[1]{>{\raggedright}p{#1}} % New column types for ragged-right paragraph columns \newcommand{\tn}{\tabularnewline} % Required as custom column type in use % Font and Colours \definecolor{HeadBackground}{HTML}{333333} \definecolor{FootBackground}{HTML}{666666} \definecolor{TextColor}{HTML}{333333} \definecolor{DarkBackground}{HTML}{0D7A7A} \definecolor{LightBackground}{HTML}{EFF6F6} \renewcommand{\familydefault}{\sfdefault} \color{TextColor} % Header and Footer \pagestyle{fancy} \fancyhead{} % Set header to blank \fancyfoot{} % Set footer to blank \fancyhead[L]{ \noindent \begin{multicols}{3} \begin{tabulary}{5.8cm}{C} \SetRowColor{DarkBackground} \vspace{-7pt} {\parbox{\dimexpr\textwidth-2\fboxsep\relax}{\noindent \hspace*{-6pt}\includegraphics[width=5.8cm]{/web/www.cheatography.com/public/images/cheatography_logo.pdf}} } \end{tabulary} \columnbreak \begin{tabulary}{11cm}{L} \vspace{-2pt}\large{\bf{\textcolor{DarkBackground}{\textrm{Hypothesis testing Cheat Sheet}}}} \\ \normalsize{by \textcolor{DarkBackground}{Cecilia} via \textcolor{DarkBackground}{\uline{cheatography.com/27104/cs/7732/}}} \end{tabulary} \end{multicols}} \fancyfoot[L]{ \footnotesize \noindent \begin{multicols}{3} \begin{tabulary}{5.8cm}{LL} \SetRowColor{FootBackground} \mymulticolumn{2}{p{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cheatographer}} \\ \vspace{-2pt}Cecilia \\ \uline{cheatography.com/cecilia} \\ \end{tabulary} \vfill \columnbreak \begin{tabulary}{5.8cm}{L} \SetRowColor{FootBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{p{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cheat Sheet}} \\ \vspace{-2pt}Not Yet Published.\\ Updated 11th May, 2016.\\ Page {\thepage} of \pageref{LastPage}. \end{tabulary} \vfill \columnbreak \begin{tabulary}{5.8cm}{L} \SetRowColor{FootBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{p{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Sponsor}} \\ \SetRowColor{white} \vspace{-5pt} %\includegraphics[width=48px,height=48px]{dave.jpeg} Measure your website readability!\\ www.readability-score.com \end{tabulary} \end{multicols}} \begin{document} \raggedright \raggedcolumns % Set font size to small. Switch to any value % from this page to resize cheat sheet text: % www.emerson.emory.edu/services/latex/latex_169.html \footnotesize % Small font. \begin{multicols*}{3} \begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X} \SetRowColor{DarkBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{ONE-WAY ANOVA}} \tn % Row 0 \SetRowColor{LightBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Step 1. 1. SPECIFY TWO COMPLEMENTARY HYPOTHESES INVOLVING POPULATION-PARAMETERS, NOT SAMPLE-STATISTICS.} \tn % Row Count 3 (+ 3) % Row 1 \SetRowColor{white} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{H0: 'Null Hypothesis or 'Status-Quo Hypothesis'} \tn % Row Count 5 (+ 2) % Row 2 \SetRowColor{LightBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{H1: 'Alternative Hypothesis' or 'Researcher's Hypothesis', expresses the alternative to the Status-Quo.} \tn % Row Count 8 (+ 3) % Row 3 \SetRowColor{white} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Type 1 Error ⟺ Incorrectly, deciding in favor of H1.} \tn % Row Count 10 (+ 2) % Row 4 \SetRowColor{LightBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Type 2 Error ⟺ Incorrectly, deciding in favor of H0.} \tn % Row Count 12 (+ 2) \hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-} \end{tabularx} \par\addvspace{1.3em} \begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X} \SetRowColor{DarkBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Step 1 practical}} \tn % Row 0 \SetRowColor{LightBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{H\_0 says that the population mean cash register receipt is the same at both stores / μ\_1= μ\_2} \tn % Row Count 2 (+ 2) % Row 1 \SetRowColor{white} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{H\_1 says that the population mean cash register receipt is different at the two stores / μ\_1≠ μ\_2} \tn % Row Count 5 (+ 3) \hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-} \end{tabularx} \par\addvspace{1.3em} \begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X} \SetRowColor{DarkBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Step 2}} \tn % Row 0 \SetRowColor{LightBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{CHOOSE α = THE SIGNIFICANCE LEVEL OF THE HYPOTHESIS TEST:} \tn % Row Count 2 (+ 2) % Row 1 \SetRowColor{white} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{α = the maximum allowable probability of a Type 1 Error = the maximum allowable probability of rejecting H0 when H0 is true.} \tn % Row Count 5 (+ 3) \hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-} \end{tabularx} \par\addvspace{1.3em} \begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X} \SetRowColor{DarkBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Step 2 PRACTICAL}} \tn % Row 0 \SetRowColor{LightBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{α = .05. The upper bound on the probability of a Type I Error is set at 5\%. Type I Error involves deciding incorrectly that the population-mean cash register receipt is different at the two stores.} \tn % Row Count 4 (+ 4) \hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-} \end{tabularx} \par\addvspace{1.3em} \begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X} \SetRowColor{DarkBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Step 3}} \tn % Row 0 \SetRowColor{LightBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{STATE THE TEST-STATISTIC AND ITS \seqsplit{PROBABILITY-DISTRIBUTION:}} \tn % Row Count 2 (+ 2) % Row 1 \SetRowColor{white} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Specify the Model Assumptions that guaranty the validity of (3),} \tn % Row Count 4 (+ 2) % Row 2 \SetRowColor{LightBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Specify the Test-Statistic} \tn % Row Count 5 (+ 1) % Row 3 \SetRowColor{white} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Specify the Probability-Distribution} \tn % Row Count 6 (+ 1) \hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-} \end{tabularx} \par\addvspace{1.3em} \begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X} \SetRowColor{DarkBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Step 3 PRACTICAL}} \tn % Row 0 \SetRowColor{LightBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{If H0 is true and the Model Assumptions hold:} \tn % Row Count 1 (+ 1) % Row 1 \SetRowColor{white} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{1. Sampling is Independent and Random} \tn % Row Count 2 (+ 1) % Row 2 \SetRowColor{LightBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{2. Sampling is from Normal Populations} \tn % Row Count 3 (+ 1) % Row 3 \SetRowColor{white} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{3. The Populations have Equal Variances} \tn % Row Count 4 (+ 1) % Row 4 \SetRowColor{LightBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{MSA/MSW \textasciitilde{} F (1,8)} \tn % Row Count 5 (+ 1) \hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-} \end{tabularx} \par\addvspace{1.3em} \begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X} \SetRowColor{DarkBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Step 4}} \tn % Row 0 \SetRowColor{LightBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{COMPUTATIONS: Complete the sample-based computations, including the p-value. Summarize the results in an ANOVA Table} \tn % Row Count 3 (+ 3) % Row 1 \SetRowColor{white} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{p-value = Probability of observing evidence more favorable to H1 than that observed in the actual sample = Probability of H0 being true.} \tn % Row Count 6 (+ 3) \hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-} \end{tabularx} \par\addvspace{1.3em} \begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X} \SetRowColor{DarkBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Step 4 practical}} \tn % Row 0 \SetRowColor{LightBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{SAMPLE TOTALS → SAMPLE MEANS → GRAND-MEAN = THE MEAN OF ALL OBSERVATIONS IN ALL SAMPLES → x ̿} \tn % Row Count 3 (+ 3) % Row 1 \SetRowColor{white} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{SSA ('Sum of Squares Among' Sample Means) measures the variation that exists among (i.e. between) samples} \tn % Row Count 6 (+ 3) % Row 2 \SetRowColor{LightBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{SSA = n1 (x ̅1- x ̿ )\textasciicircum{}2 + n2 (x ̅2- x ̿ )\textasciicircum{}2 = 5(80- 90)\textasciicircum{}2 = Number of observatios (each mean - grand mean) squared + the other sample} \tn % Row Count 9 (+ 3) % Row 3 \SetRowColor{white} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{SSW ('Sum of Squares Within' Samples) measures the variation that exists within all the samples.} \tn % Row Count 11 (+ 2) % Row 4 \SetRowColor{LightBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{SSW= (88 - 80)2 + (73 - 80)2 + (77 - 80)2 = (Each observation - the mean) squared + the same for the other sample} \tn % Row Count 14 (+ 3) % Row 5 \SetRowColor{white} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{The "degrees of Freedom" associated with SSA is: DFA = C – 1 / C=\# of samples} \tn % Row Count 16 (+ 2) % Row 6 \SetRowColor{LightBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{The "degrees of Freedom" associated with SSW is: DFW = n – C / n=Total observations} \tn % Row Count 18 (+ 2) % Row 7 \SetRowColor{white} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{MSA = SSA/(c-1) MSA is a measure of the average amount of separation between sample-means} \tn % Row Count 20 (+ 2) % Row 8 \SetRowColor{LightBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{MSW = SSW/(n - c) / where n = n1 + n2} \tn % Row Count 21 (+ 1) % Row 9 \SetRowColor{white} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{THE F-STATISTIC: F = MSA/MSW} \tn % Row Count 22 (+ 1) % Row 10 \SetRowColor{LightBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Larger values of MSA/MSW indicate greater variation among sample-means than between the observations within each sample.} \tn % Row Count 25 (+ 3) % Row 11 \SetRowColor{white} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{MSA/MSW \textasciitilde{} F (c-1, n-c)} \tn % Row Count 26 (+ 1) \hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-} \end{tabularx} \par\addvspace{1.3em} \begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X} \SetRowColor{DarkBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Step 5}} \tn % Row 0 \SetRowColor{LightBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{5. CONCLUSION: REPORT THE CONCLUSION IN BOTH:} \tn % Row Count 1 (+ 1) % Row 1 \SetRowColor{white} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Reject H0 in favor of H1 ⟺ p ≤ α -{}-{}- or -{}-{}-} \tn % Row Count 2 (+ 1) % Row 2 \SetRowColor{LightBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Fail to reject H0 ⟺ p \textgreater{} α} \tn % Row Count 3 (+ 1) \hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-} \end{tabularx} \par\addvspace{1.3em} \begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X} \SetRowColor{DarkBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Step 5 PRACTICAL}} \tn % Row 0 \SetRowColor{LightBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Since the p-value = . 010619 ≤ . 05 = α we reject H0 in favor of H1.} \tn % Row Count 2 (+ 2) % Row 1 \SetRowColor{white} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{In practical terms this says - at the 5\% significance level, the evidence is sufficient to conclude that the 'population-mean cash register receipt' is different at the two stores} \tn % Row Count 6 (+ 4) \hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-} \end{tabularx} \par\addvspace{1.3em} % That's all folks \end{multicols*} \end{document}