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% Document Info
\author{Carm (Carmilaa)}
\pdfinfo{
  /Title (theories-of-oral-infection.pdf)
  /Creator (Cheatography)
  /Author (Carm (Carmilaa))
  /Subject (Theories of Oral Infection Cheat Sheet)
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    \vspace{-2pt}\large{\bf{\textcolor{DarkBackground}{\textrm{Theories of Oral Infection Cheat Sheet}}}} \\
    \normalsize{by \textcolor{DarkBackground}{Carm (Carmilaa)} via \textcolor{DarkBackground}{\uline{cheatography.com/49544/cs/17028/}}}
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  \mymulticolumn{2}{p{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cheatographer}}  \\
  \vspace{-2pt}Carm (Carmilaa) \\
  \uline{cheatography.com/carmilaa} \\
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  \mymulticolumn{1}{p{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cheat Sheet}}  \\
   \vspace{-2pt}Published 12th September, 2018.\\
   Updated 12th September, 2018.\\
   Page {\thepage} of \pageref{LastPage}.
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  Measure your website readability!\\
  www.readability-score.com
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\begin{multicols*}{3}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{{\bf{Robert Koch's Germ Theory:}}}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{All subjects must present with the same symptoms} \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Causative organism must be isolated in {\bf{pure culture}}} \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 2)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{When inoculated into a 2nd host, it must produce the same symptoms} \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 2)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Identical pure culture must be obtained from second host} \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 2)
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\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Modification of Koch's postulates for oral opportunistic infections:}} \newline \textgreater{} Should be present in sufficient numbers to cause disease \newline \textgreater{} Should have access to the affected tissues \newline \textgreater{} Should be in an environment that permits its survival and multiplication \newline \textgreater{} Inhibitory organisms should be absent or not affect it \newline \textgreater{} The host must be susceptible}  \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Difficulties:Koch's Postulate in Oral Infections:}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\textgreater{} No overt pathogen - mostly mixed infections} \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\textgreater{} More than 700 identified oral species} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 1)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\textgreater{} Not all members of biofilm community are cultivable} \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 2)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\textgreater{} Presence may be as a result rather than cause of disease} \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 2)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\textgreater{} Sites don't appear to be actively progressing at all times} \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 2)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\textgreater{} Different sites in mouth may break down as a result of different species} \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 2)
% Row 6
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\textgreater{} Strains of putative pathogens may vary in virulence} \tn 
% Row Count 12 (+ 2)
% Row 7
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\textgreater{} Some strains may harbour bateriophages or plasmids that confer virulence properties} \tn 
% Row Count 14 (+ 2)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Non-specific Plaque Hypothesis}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Overgrowth of indigenous microbiota} \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Same organisms observed in health and disease} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 1)
% Row 2
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Shifts in microbial proportions rather than specific pathogens} \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 2)
% Row 3
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Any plaque biofilm can cause disease} \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 1)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Problems with NSPH:}} \newline - Focus is on quantitative changes only  \newline - Disease in animals not the same as in humans \newline - Impractical to compare virulence in different host species \newline - Doesn't explain why individuals with: 1)  longstanding plaque don't develop disease and 2) minimal plaque have lower resistance to disease}  \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
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\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Specific Plaque Hypothesis}}  \tn
% Row 0
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{More sophisticated studies demonstrated:} \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 1
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\textgreater{} Improved cultural and sampling methods} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 1)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\textgreater{} Composition of plaque biofilm differs both inter-orally and intra-orally} \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 2)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\textgreater{} Increase at a sight of infection} \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 1)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\textgreater{} Decrease in health or following treatment} \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 1)
% Row 5
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\textgreater{} Qualitative changes in plaque biofilm} \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 1)
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Exogenous Theory:}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Exogenous pathogens and {\bf{not endogenous microbiota}} caused disease} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Fails to explain:}}} \tn 
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\hspace*{6 px}\rule{2px}{6px}\hspace*{6 px}\textgreater{} Mode of transmission} \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 2)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{} \tn 
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\hspace*{6 px}\rule{2px}{6px}\hspace*{6 px}\textgreater{} Acquisition} \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 1)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{} \tn 
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\hspace*{6 px}\rule{2px}{6px}\hspace*{6 px}\textgreater{} Means of colonization} \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 1)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{} \tn 
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\hspace*{6 px}\rule{2px}{6px}\hspace*{6 px}\textgreater{} Effect of treatment on indigenous species} \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 1)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Contraindications:}} \newline - Over simplification \newline - Overlaps often occurred (Negated SPH and NSPH) \newline - Eradication of exogenous pathogens (Incorporated both SPH and NSPH)}  \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Ecological Plaque Hypothesis:}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Opportunistic endogenous infection} \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Ecological shift from predominatly G+ cocci to G- rods/cocci-bacilli} \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 2)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Any bacterial species may be pathogenic} \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 1)
% Row 3
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Ecological changes in environment dictate virulence mechanisms} \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 2)
% Row 4
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Disease prevented by elimination or interruption of ecological succession} \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 2)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Role of Biofilms in Infection:}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Most common:} \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 1
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{1. Dental caries (supragingival plaque)} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 1)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{2. Periodontal disease (subgingival plaque)} \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 1)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Dental Caries Theories}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{1) Tooth worm:}}} \tn 
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\hspace*{6 px}\rule{2px}{6px}\hspace*{6 px}5000BC, 1803 - Diagrams and 1825- Case histories} \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 3)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{2) Humoral Theory:}}} \tn 
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\hspace*{6 px}\rule{2px}{6px}\hspace*{6 px}Blood, phlegm, black bile, yellow bile - {\emph{Imbalance= disease}}} \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 3)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{3) Chemical Theory:}}} \tn 
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\hspace*{6 px}\rule{2px}{6px}\hspace*{6 px}Fermentation of food remains} \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 2)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{4) Parasitic Theory:}}} \tn 
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\hspace*{6 px}\rule{2px}{6px}\hspace*{6 px}Decomposition resulting from action of organisms in the mouth} \tn 
% Row Count 11 (+ 3)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Millers (1882) Chemo-parasitic Theory:}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{2 stage process:} \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{i) decalcification of enamel resulting in destruction of dentin} \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 2)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{ii) dissolution of softened residue of enamel and dentin} \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 2)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Dietary carbohydrates -\textgreater{} convert into acid -\textgreater{} calcium and phosphate diffuse out of enamel -\textgreater{} a caries lesion}  \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Proteolytic Theory (Gotliebb 1946)}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Invasion of enamel by m/o's -\textgreater{} proteolytic activity -\textgreater{} alteration of pH -\textgreater{} resulting in liquidification of organic matrix of enamel -\textgreater{} inorganic salts dissolved by acidogenic bacteria% Row Count 4 (+ 4)
} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{The proteolytic-chelation Theory}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Schutz and Martin (1955)} \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Simultaneous attack on organic and inorganic compounds of tooth} \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 2)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Kaeratinolytic bacteria attack enamel -\textgreater{} \newline  \newline Breakdown of protein and other organic components of enamel (keratin) -\textgreater{} \newline  \newline Formation of complexes with calcium from plaque which chelates with mineral component of the tooth -\textgreater{} \newline  \newline Increased solubility, decalcification of enamel ay neutral or alkaline pH}  \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Current Concepts in Caries Etiology}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{1}{p{5.377cm}}{\vspace{1px}\centerline{\includegraphics[width=5.1cm]{/web/www.cheatography.com/public/uploads/carmilaa_1536713689_DC1.PNG}}} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
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\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Keyes Triad \& Newbeun's Tetrad}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{1}{p{5.377cm}}{\vspace{1px}\centerline{\includegraphics[width=5.1cm]{/web/www.cheatography.com/public/uploads/carmilaa_1536713776_DC2.PNG}}} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
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\par\addvspace{1.3em}


% That's all folks
\end{multicols*}

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