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% Document Info
\author{Carm (Carmilaa)}
\pdfinfo{
  /Title (introduction-to-pharmacology.pdf)
  /Creator (Cheatography)
  /Author (Carm (Carmilaa))
  /Subject (Introduction to Pharmacology Cheat Sheet)
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    {\parbox{\dimexpr\textwidth-2\fboxsep\relax}{\noindent
        \hspace*{-6pt}\includegraphics[width=5.8cm]{/web/www.cheatography.com/public/images/cheatography_logo.pdf}}
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\begin{tabulary}{11cm}{L}
    \vspace{-2pt}\large{\bf{\textcolor{DarkBackground}{\textrm{Introduction to Pharmacology Cheat Sheet}}}} \\
    \normalsize{by \textcolor{DarkBackground}{Carm (Carmilaa)} via \textcolor{DarkBackground}{\uline{cheatography.com/49544/cs/14719/}}}
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  \mymulticolumn{2}{p{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cheatographer}}  \\
  \vspace{-2pt}Carm (Carmilaa) \\
  \uline{cheatography.com/carmilaa} \\
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  \mymulticolumn{1}{p{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cheat Sheet}}  \\
   \vspace{-2pt}Published 18th February, 2018.\\
   Updated 18th February, 2018.\\
   Page {\thepage} of \pageref{LastPage}.
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  %\includegraphics[width=48px,height=48px]{dave.jpeg}
  Measure your website readability!\\
  www.readability-score.com
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\begin{multicols*}{4}

\begin{tabularx}{3.833cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{{\bf{Definitions}}}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{{\bf{Pharmacology:}} The study or science of drugs. Or the study of the effects of chemical substances upon living tissues.} \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 3)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{{\bf{Drug:}} Chemical substance. Capable of modifying a biological system. Used for the treatment, diagnosis or prevention of a condition.} \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 3)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{{\bf{Pharmacodynamics}}: Study of the biological activity a drug has on a living system. Mechanism of action. Structure- activity relationship of the drug.} \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 4)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{{\bf{Pharmacokinetics:}} Study of the processes of absorption, distribution, transformation and excretion of drugs in the body in function of the time. Study of effects the body has on a drug.} \tn 
% Row Count 14 (+ 4)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{3.833cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{{\bf{Sources of Drugs}}}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{{\bf{Natrual:}}} \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{1: Insulin: Obtained from the pancreas of bovine or pigs} \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 2)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{2: Digitalis: Extracted from species of the foxglove plant} \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 2)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{3: Iron (ferrous/Sulfate): Obtained mineral sources} \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 2)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{{\bf{Synthetic:}} \newline 1: Synthesized by chemists - Majority of today's drugs}  \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
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\begin{tabularx}{3.833cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{{\bf{Routes of Adminitration:}}}}  \tn
% Row 0
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{{\bf{Inhalation:}}} \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 1
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{Used as gas: volatile anaesthesia} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 1)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{Used as an areosol: bronchodialtors} \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 1)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{3.833cm}{x{1.81949 cm} x{1.61351 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{3.833cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{{\bf{Routes of Administration}}}}  \tn
% Row 0
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{3.833cm}}{{\bf{Local routes of admistration:}}} \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 1
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- topical & - intrathecal \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 1)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
- intra-conjuctival & - vaginal \tn 
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% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
- intradermal & - intra-nasal \tn 
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% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
- intra-oral & - intra-articular \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 1)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{3.833cm}}{Locally administered drugs may result in production of systemic effects}  \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
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\begin{tabularx}{3.833cm}{X}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{{\bf{Routes of Adminitration}}}}  \tn
% Row 0
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{{\bf{Systemic:}}} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{{\bf{Enternal Administration:}}} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{- sublingual} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{- gastrointersinal: oral} \tn 
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% Row 4
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{-rectal} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{{\bf{Parenteral Administration:}} \newline - subcutaneous (sc) \newline - intramuscular (im) \newline - intravenous (iv)}  \tn 
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\begin{tabularx}{3.833cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{{\bf{General Principles of Drug Action:}}}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{*see picture in Powerpoint} \tn 
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% Row 1
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{{\bf{Mechanisms involved in passage of drugs across cell membranes:}}} \tn 
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% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{{\bf{1. Pharmaceutical formulation}}} \tn 
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% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{{\bf{2. Lipid diffusion:}} A lipid-soluble , non-electrolyte is readily absorbed. A lipid insoluble non-electrolyte is absorbed very slowly. Most drugs are weak organic  substances. Most drugs exist partly un-ionized and partly ionized} \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 5)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{Most common mechanism by  which drugs cross cell  membranes: To enter the body, To be distributed To be reabsorbed} \tn 
% Row Count 12 (+ 3)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{{\bf{3. Aqueous Diffusion:}} Filtration through pores. Water-soluble drugs: MW \textless{} 100 Daltons, Cross the cell membranes  through the polar pores and the	spaces between membranes of adjacent cells.} \tn 
% Row Count 16 (+ 4)
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{{\bf{4. Active transport:}} Specific carrier-mediated transport sysytem. For substances which are: Lipid insoluble to dissolve in the cell membrane and too large to flow through pores.} \tn 
% Row Count 20 (+ 4)
% Row 7
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{{\emph{Features for active transport system:}} -Ability  to workagainst concentration, osmotic ,electrical or hydrostatic gradiants. -Specificity. -Need for energy source (usually ATP) -Site for competition of drugs/substances. -Saturable} \tn 
% Row Count 25 (+ 5)
% Row 8
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{{\bf{5. Facillitated Diffusion:}} Passive process. Involves a specific and saturable carrier system. More rapid than simple diffusion.} \tn 
% Row Count 28 (+ 3)
% Row 9
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{{\bf{6. Pinocytosis:}} Extracellular fluid taken into a cell. The membrane develops a saccular indentation fillled with extracellular fluid. The indentation is pinched off forming a vesicle or vacuole of fluid within the cell.} \tn 
% Row Count 33 (+ 5)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{3.833cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{{\bf{Factors of the Fate of a Drug in the Body:}}}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{Physical and Chemical profile of the drug:} \tn 
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{\hspace*{6 px}\rule{2px}{6px}\hspace*{6 px}1. molecular Weight. 2. Chemical stabilty. 3. Lipid solubility.} \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 3)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{Degree of ionization.} \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 1)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{3.833cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{{\bf{Absorption:}}}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{Transfer of a drug from its site of  administration	to the blood  stream.} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{Its rate \& efficiency depend on the  route of administration.} \tn 
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% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{Complete (100\%) after IV  administration.} \tn 
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\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{3.833cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{{\bf{Factors Influencing Absorption of Drugs:}}}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{1. Blood flow to the absorption site} \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{2. Total surface area available for  absorption} \tn 
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% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{3. Contact time at the absorption site} \tn 
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% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{4. Presence of food and gastric emptying} \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 1)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{5. Binding of drugs to food constituents} \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 1)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{3.833cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{{\bf{pH , pKa and Ionization of a Weak  Basic Drug:}}}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{When a weak basic drug is  in a medium where the pH  is {\bf{alkaline}} , it dissociates  into ionized and un-ionized  particles. The fraction (\%)  of un-ionized particles is  higher than the fraction of  ionized particles. Therefore  the absorption rate of the  drug is higher. The higher  the alkalinity of the  medium the higher the  absorption rate of a weak  basic drug.} \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 8)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{When a weak basic drug is  in a medium where the pH  is {\bf{acidic}} , it dissociates into  ionized and un-ionized  particles. The fraction (\%)  of un-ionized particles is  lower than the fraction of  ionized particles. Therefore  the absorption rate of the  drug is lower. The higher  the acidity of the medium  the lower the absorption  rate of the weak basic  drug.}  \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{3.833cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{{\bf{Drug Distribution:}}}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{Process by which a drug leaves the  blood stream and enters the interstitium (extracellular  fluid) or the cells of the tissues} \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 3)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{{\emph{Principle factors involved in drug distribution:}}} \tn 
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{\hspace*{6 px}\rule{2px}{6px}\hspace*{6 px}1.Blood flow} \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 2)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{} \tn 
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{\hspace*{6 px}\rule{2px}{6px}\hspace*{6 px}2.Capillary permeability} \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 1)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{} \tn 
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{\hspace*{6 px}\rule{2px}{6px}\hspace*{6 px}3.Degree of binding of the drug to  plasma and tissue proteins} \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 2)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{3.833cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{{\bf{Drug Displacement:}}}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{{\bf{Warfarin and other highly bound coumarin-type anticogaulants}}} \tn 
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{\hspace*{6 px}\rule{2px}{6px}\hspace*{6 px}Clofibrate Phenylbutazone, Ethacrynic acid, Mefenamic acid, Nalidixic acid, Oxyphebutazone , Chloral hydrate} \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 5)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{{\bf{Tolbutamide}}} \tn 
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{\hspace*{6 px}\rule{2px}{6px}\hspace*{6 px}Phenylbutazone, Salicylates, Sulfafurzole} \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 2)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{3.833cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{{\bf{Bioavailibilty:}}}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{Extent of absorption ofa drug following its administration by routes other than iv injection.} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{{\emph{factors that infuence bioavailibity:}}*} \tn 
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{\hspace*{6 px}\rule{2px}{6px}\hspace*{6 px}-First pass effect} \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 2)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{} \tn 
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{\hspace*{6 px}\rule{2px}{6px}\hspace*{6 px}-Solubility of drug} \tn 
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% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{} \tn 
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{\hspace*{6 px}\rule{2px}{6px}\hspace*{6 px}-Chemical stability} \tn 
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% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{} \tn 
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{\hspace*{6 px}\rule{2px}{6px}\hspace*{6 px}-Nature of drug formation} \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 1)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{3.833cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{{\bf{Therapeutic Equivalance:}}}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{Two similar drugs that have comparable efficancy and safety.} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{3.833cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{{\bf{Bioequivalance:}}}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{Two related drugs that show comparable bioavailibity} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{{\bf{Bioinequivalant:}} Two related drugs with a significant difference in bioavailability.}  \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{3.833cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{{\bf{Inactivation of Drugs:}}}}  \tn
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\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{-Drug metabolism} \tn 
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% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{-Drugs are eliminated from body by 2 principle mechanisms:} \tn 
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\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{1. Liver metabolism} \tn 
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% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{2. Renal excretion} \tn 
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\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{\textgreater{} Water- soluble drugs are generally excreted unchanged by the kidney.  \newline \textgreater{} Lipid- soluble drugs are not easily excreted by the kidney because they are {\emph{largely reabsorbed from the proximal tube}}}  \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
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\begin{tabularx}{3.833cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{{\bf{Effects of Drug Metabolism:}}}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{\textgreater{} To form {\emph{inactive metabolite from an active drug}}, thereby terminating the action of the drug. (eg. asprin, paracetamol)} \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 3)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{\textgreater{} To form an {\emph{active metabolite from an inactive or less active drug}}. (eg. dopamine)} \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 2)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{\textgreater{}To form a {\emph{toxic metabolite from an initially less toxic drug}}. (eg. hydroxylamine)} \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 2)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}


% That's all folks
\end{multicols*}

\end{document}