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% Document Info
\author{Carm (Carmilaa)}
\pdfinfo{
  /Title (formation-of-dental-caries.pdf)
  /Creator (Cheatography)
  /Author (Carm (Carmilaa))
  /Subject (Formation of Dental Caries Cheat Sheet)
}

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\noindent
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    {\parbox{\dimexpr\textwidth-2\fboxsep\relax}{\noindent
        \hspace*{-6pt}\includegraphics[width=5.8cm]{/web/www.cheatography.com/public/images/cheatography_logo.pdf}}
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    \vspace{-2pt}\large{\bf{\textcolor{DarkBackground}{\textrm{Formation of Dental Caries Cheat Sheet}}}} \\
    \normalsize{by \textcolor{DarkBackground}{Carm (Carmilaa)} via \textcolor{DarkBackground}{\uline{cheatography.com/49544/cs/17130/}}}
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\fancyfoot[L]{ \footnotesize
\noindent
\begin{multicols}{3}
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  \mymulticolumn{2}{p{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cheatographer}}  \\
  \vspace{-2pt}Carm (Carmilaa) \\
  \uline{cheatography.com/carmilaa} \\
  \end{tabulary}
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\columnbreak
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  \mymulticolumn{1}{p{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cheat Sheet}}  \\
   \vspace{-2pt}Published 18th September, 2018.\\
   Updated 18th September, 2018.\\
   Page {\thepage} of \pageref{LastPage}.
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  \vspace{-5pt}
  %\includegraphics[width=48px,height=48px]{dave.jpeg}
  Measure your website readability!\\
  www.readability-score.com
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\begin{document}
\raggedright
\raggedcolumns

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\begin{multicols*}{4}

\begin{tabularx}{3.833cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Tooth Decay:}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{Active process of tooth damage resulting from interactions between bacteria, teeth and food} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{{\bf{Primary Factors for Caries to Occur:}} \newline \textgreater{}Host \newline \textgreater{}Time \newline \textgreater{}Substrate \newline \textgreater{}Micro-organisms}  \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{3.833cm}{x{2.12846 cm} x{1.30454 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{3.833cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Host Factors:}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
-Tooth & -Age \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
-Fluoride & -Morphology \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 1)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
-Carbohydrate leve & -Nutrition \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 1)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{3.833cm}}{{\bf{Position of tooth:}} \newline - Upper\textgreater{}Lower, due to salivary action \newline - Post\textgreater{}Anterior, due to pits and fissures \newline {\bf{Morphology:}} \newline - Teeth with stagnation area (ie. Malposed teeth, Crowded teeth) \newline {\bf{Smooth Surfaces:}} \newline - Interproximal area at contact \newline - Buccal at cervical third \newline - Lingual at cervical half}  \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{3.833cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Host Factors (Part 2):}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{{\bf{Structure of Tooth:}} \newline % Row Count 1 (+ 1)
\textgreater{} Pits and fissures increase propensity for caries formation \newline % Row Count 3 (+ 2)
\textgreater{} So does depth features \newline % Row Count 4 (+ 1)
{\bf{Fluoride:}} \newline % Row Count 5 (+ 1)
\textgreater{}Acts by reducing enamel solubility \newline % Row Count 6 (+ 1)
\textgreater{} Inhibits tooth demineralization \newline % Row Count 7 (+ 1)
\textgreater{} Enhances remineralization \newline % Row Count 8 (+ 1)
{\bf{Genetics}}% Row Count 9 (+ 1)
} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{{\bf{Age:}} \newline - 60-90\% of school going children \newline - 100\% of adults (65-75years) have missing teeth \newline - As people age, caries rates and cavity severity increases \newline {\bf{Carbohydrate (CHO) level:}} \newline -Type of CHO \newline -Amount of CHO \newline -Frequency of CHO \newline -Local effect of CHO \newline -Consistency and refinement of CHO}  \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{3.833cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Host Factors (Part 2):}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{{\bf{Structure of Tooth:}} \newline % Row Count 1 (+ 1)
\textgreater{} Pits and fissures increase propensity for caries formation \newline % Row Count 3 (+ 2)
\textgreater{} So does depth features \newline % Row Count 4 (+ 1)
{\bf{Fluoride:}} \newline % Row Count 5 (+ 1)
\textgreater{}Acts by reducing enamel solubility \newline % Row Count 6 (+ 1)
\textgreater{} Inhibits tooth demineralization \newline % Row Count 7 (+ 1)
\textgreater{} Enhances remineralization \newline % Row Count 8 (+ 1)
{\bf{Genetics}}% Row Count 9 (+ 1)
} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{{\bf{Age:}} \newline - 60-90\% of school going children \newline - 100\% of adults (65-75years) have missing teeth \newline - As people age, caries rates and cavity severity increases \newline {\bf{Carbohydrate (CHO) level:}} \newline -Type of CHO \newline -Amount of CHO \newline -Frequency of CHO \newline -Local effect of CHO \newline -Consistency and refinement of CHO}  \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{3.833cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Salivary Flow:}}  \tn
% Row 0
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{Salivary glycoproteins} \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{Washing effect of saliva} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 1)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{Buffering effect} \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 1)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{SIga} \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 1)
% Row 4
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{Antibacterial non-immunological enzymes} \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 1)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{CHO accumulate in poorly rinsed area} \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 1)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
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\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{3.833cm}{x{1.64784 cm} x{1.78516 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{3.833cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Caries Factors}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{Protective Factors:}} & {\bf{Pathological Factors:}} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
-Saliva & -Bacterias \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 1)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
-Antimicrobials & -Absence of saliva \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 1)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
-Fluoride & -Dietary habits \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 1)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{3.833cm}}{-Effective diet} \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 1)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{3.833cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Bacterial Role in Caries}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{Germ free animals do not develop caries} \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{Antibiotics fed to animals are effective in reducing incidence and severity of caries} \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 2)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{Unerupted teeth do not develop caries} \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 1)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{Oral bacteria can demineralise enamel and dentin in vitro and produce caries-like lesions} \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 2)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{Bacteria can be isolated from carious lesions} \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 1)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{Enamel invasion demonstrates microscopically} \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 1)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{3.833cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Characteristics of Non-Cariogenic Biofilm:}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{Lower levels of {\emph{S.mutans}} and lactobacilli} \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{Higher levels of {\emph{Actionmyces, S.sanguinis,Veillonella}}} \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 2)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{Lower concentrations of lactic acid and higher concentrations of acetic and propionic acids} \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 2)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{3.833cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Characteristics of Cariogenic Bacteria:}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{Rate of sucrose consumption is higher} \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{Rate of lactic acid formation} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 1)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{Synthesis more intercellular glycogentype -type polysaccharides} \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 2)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{Intra- and extracellular -polysaccharides enhance lactic acid production and colonisation} \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 2)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{3.833cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Aetiology of Caries}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{{\emph{Streptococcus mutans:}} primary agent} \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{{\emph{S.sobrinus}}} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 1)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{{\bf{Secondary Invaders:}} \newline After initial weakening of enamel \newline \textgreater{}Lactobacilli \newline \textgreater{}{\emph{Actinomyces}}}  \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{3.833cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{{\emph{Streptococcus mutans:}}}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{Faculative anaerobes} \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{Gram positive} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 1)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{Does not colonize teeth uniformly} \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 1)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{Weak ability to absorb to teeth} \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 1)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{Low salivary concentrations available for attachment} \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 2)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{Antagonises growth of {\emph{S.sanguinis}}: \newline -Acid production \newline -bacteriocins}  \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{3.833cm}{x{1.33887 cm} x{2.09413 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{3.833cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Secondary Invaders:}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{3.833cm}}{Divided into 2 main groups:} \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
1. {\bf{Homofermentative:}} & Fermentation of glucose produces lactic acid (eg. {\emph{L.casei, L.acidophilus}}) \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 4)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
2. {\bf{Heterofermentative:}} & Fermentation produces lactic acids plus acetate, ethanol, carbon dioxide (eg {\emph{L.fermentum}}) \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 4)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{3.833cm}}{Rarely isolated in initial caries but predominate in deep cavities}  \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{3.833cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Actinomyces:}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{Gram positive non-sporing bacillus} \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{Microaerophilic} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 1)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{Normal microflora of the oral cavity} \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 1)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{Acidogenic} \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 1)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{Several species implicated but mostly: {\emph{A.naeslundi, A viscosus}}} \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 2)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{3.833cm}{x{1.78516 cm} x{1.64784 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{3.833cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Insoluble Glucans}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{Gram positive Cocci}} & Gram negative Cocci** \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
{\emph{S. mutans}} & {\emph{A.viscosus}} \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 1)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\emph{S.sanguinis}} & {\emph{A.naeslundi}} \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 1)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{3.833cm}}{\textgreater{}{\bf{Caries free adults:}}  \newline -{\emph{Streptococcus sanguinis}} predominates over {\emph{Strep.mutans}} \newline \textgreater{}{\bf{High Caries adults:}} \newline -{\emph{Strep.mutans}} prevail over {\emph{Strep.sanguinis}} \newline  \newline \textgreater{}{\emph{Strep.sanguinis}} from caries free individuals showed higher H2O2 production than high caries adults}  \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{3.833cm}{x{1.75083 cm} x{1.68217 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{3.833cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Role of Strep.mutans:}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Several different species: & *S.mutans, S.sobrinus, S. \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{3.833cm}}{{\emph{S.mutan}} serotypes c,e,f and {\emph{S.sobrinus}} serotypes d and g are species most commonly found in humans. \newline \textgreater{}Serotype c most prevalant followed by d and e}  \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{3.833cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Role of Strep.mutans in Caries:}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{Cariogenic and initiate caries on smooth tooth surfaces} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{{\bf{Characteristics of {\emph{S.mutans}}:}} \newline \textgreater{} Potent acidogenic \newline \textgreater{}Highly aciduric \newline \textgreater{}Synthesize extracellular polysaccharides: Glucan and Levan \newline \textgreater{} Synthesize and store intercellular glycogen-like polysaccharides known as amylopectins}  \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{3.833cm}{x{1.7165 cm} x{1.7165 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{3.833cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Glucan vs. Levan}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{Glucan:}} & {\bf{Levan:}} \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
Extracellular polysaccharide & Extracellular polysaccharide \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 2)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Glucose polymer & Fructose Polymer \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 1)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
Water insoluble & Water soluble \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 1)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Adhesive & Less adhesive \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 1)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{3.833cm}}{{\bf{Glucan Binding Protein:}} \newline \textgreater{}S.mutans secretes 3 distinct proteins w/glucan binding activity (GBP-A,GBP-B and GBP-C) \newline \textgreater{}Helps in binding of glucan to S.mutans \newline  \newline {\bf{Dextranases:}} \newline \textgreater{}important constituent of dental plaque \newline \textgreater{}enzyme produced by strp.mutans \newline \textgreater{}destroy and thus bacteria can invade dextran-rich early plaque \newline \textgreater{}when used as an antigen,can prevent colonization of organism in early dental plaque}  \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{3.833cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Glucose Degraded by Bacteria:}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{p{3.833cm}}{\vspace{1px}\centerline{\includegraphics[width=5.1cm]{/web/www.cheatography.com/public/uploads/carmilaa_1537288254_FDC1.PNG}}} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{Embden-Myerhof Pathway}  \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{3.833cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Molecular Pathogenesis: S.mutans}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{Mutans streptococci participate in the formation of biofilms on tooth surfaces. These biofilms are known as dental plaque(s). Sucrose is required for the accumulation of mutans streptococci. Also required for this accumulation are the enzymes glucosyltransferases (GTFs), which are constitutively synthesized by all mutans streptococci.% Row Count 7 (+ 7)
} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{a | Initial attachment of mutans streptococci to tooth surfaces. This attachment is thought to be the first event in the formation of dental plaque. The mutans streptococcal adhesin (known as antigen I/II) interacts with α-galactosides in the saliva-derived glycoprotein constituents of the tooth pellicle. Other moieties at the surface of mutans streptococci include glucan-binding protein (GBP), serotype carbohydrate and GTFs.}  \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{3.833cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Molecular Pathogensis: S.mutans}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{b | Accumulation of mutans streptococci on tooth surfaces in the presence of sucrose. In the presence of sucrose, GTFs synthesize extracellular glucans from glucose (after the breakdown of sucrose into glucose and fructose), and this is thought to be the second event in the formation of dental plaque. The mutans streptococcal protein GBP is a receptor-like protein that is distinct from GTFs, and it specifically binds glucans. GTFs themselves also have a glucan-binding domain and can therefore also function as receptors for glucans. So, mutans streptococci bind pre-formed glucans through GBP and GTFs, and this gives rise to aggregates of mutans streptococci.% Row Count 14 (+ 14)
} \tn 
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\end{tabularx}
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\begin{tabularx}{3.833cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Stages of Caries Development:}}  \tn
% Row 0
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{1. Enamel becomes decalcified} \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{2. Small white spot appear} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 1)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{3. Discolouration becomes pronounced} \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 1)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{4. Tooth surface softens and decay penetrates through enamel into dentine} \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 2)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{5. Caries spreads laterally and in depth} \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 1)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{6. Cavitation occurs} \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 1)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
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\begin{tabularx}{3.833cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Smooth Surface Caries:}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{Rarely on buccal and lingual surfaces} \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 1
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{Mostly on approximal tooth surfaces just below contact points} \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 2)
% Row 2
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{{\emph{S.mutans}} found mostly on white spots} \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 1)
% Row 3
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{{\emph{S.sobrinus}} found on caries active sites} \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 1)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
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\begin{tabularx}{3.833cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Pit or Fissure Caries}}  \tn
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\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{Most caries prone sites: molars, premolars and lingual surface of maxillary incisors} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{{\emph{S.mutans:}} -strongest association} \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 1)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{{\emph{S.sobrinus}} - more frequently on molars than anterior teeth} \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 2)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{{\emph{S.salivarius, S.sanguinis, L.acidophilus, L.casei, Actiomyces}} also found} \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 2)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{{\bf{Recurrent Caries:}} \newline \textgreater{} Associated with existing restoration \newline \textgreater{}S. mutans and lactobacilli}  \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{3.833cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Root Surface Caries:}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{Seen on cementum and/or dentine when the root is exposed to oral environment} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 1
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{Mostly middle-aged and older adults affected} \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 1)
% Row 2
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{Prevalent in primitive communities} \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 1)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{Associated bacteria: Actinomyces, Rothia dentocariosa, S. mutans, lactobacilli} \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 2)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{Deeper caries: Propionibacterium, Bifidobacteria, Eubacteria} \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 2)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{{\bf{Rampant Caries:}} \newline Risk Groups: \newline \textgreater{}Xerostomic patients (S. mutans, lactobacilli) \newline \textgreater{}"nursing bottle"  (S. mutans, L. fermentum, L. plantarum )}  \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
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\begin{tabularx}{3.833cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Caries prevention:}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{1. Healthy Diet} \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{2. Plaque control} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 1)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{3. Teeth brushing} \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 1)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{4. Application of fluoride on tooth surfaces} \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 1)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{5.Applications of sealants on tooth surfaces} \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 1)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{{\bf{Fluoride in Saliva:}} \newline Speeds up crystal precipitation, forming a fluorapatite-like coating more resistant to caries than original tooth structure}  \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{3.833cm}{x{1.33887 cm} x{2.09413 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{3.833cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Food W/ Anticariogenic Effect:}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Milk & Contains lactose \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
Cheese & Casien Phosphatase \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 1)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Fibrous Foods & Raw veg and grains \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 1)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
Sugar substitutes & xylitol, mannitol, sorbitol \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 2)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Tea & green and black tea \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 1)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{3.833cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Vitamin D}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{Reduces risk of cavities by producing {\bf{cathelicidin}} and {\bf{denfensisn}}. \newline % Row Count 2 (+ 2)
\textgreater{} These proteins have antibacterial effects to fight bacteria that causes caries% Row Count 4 (+ 2)
} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
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% That's all folks
\end{multicols*}

\end{document}