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\author{CamrynEM}
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  /Title (ap-biology-ch-2.pdf)
  /Creator (Cheatography)
  /Author (CamrynEM)
  /Subject (AP Biology Ch 2 Cheat Sheet)
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        \hspace*{-6pt}\includegraphics[width=5.8cm]{/web/www.cheatography.com/public/images/cheatography_logo.pdf}}
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\begin{tabulary}{11cm}{L}
    \vspace{-2pt}\large{\bf{\textcolor{DarkBackground}{\textrm{AP Biology Ch 2 Cheat Sheet}}}} \\
    \normalsize{by \textcolor{DarkBackground}{CamrynEM} via \textcolor{DarkBackground}{\uline{cheatography.com/168369/cs/35287/}}}
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  \mymulticolumn{2}{p{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cheatographer}}  \\
  \vspace{-2pt}CamrynEM \\
  \uline{cheatography.com/camrynem} \\
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  \mymulticolumn{1}{p{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cheat Sheet}}  \\
   \vspace{-2pt}Not Yet Published.\\
   Updated 7th November, 2022.\\
   Page {\thepage} of \pageref{LastPage}.
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  Measure your website readability!\\
  www.readability-score.com
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\begin{multicols*}{2}

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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Definitions and Processes}}  \tn
% Row 0
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{Eukaryotes: most of the DNA is stored in the nucleus (bounded by a double membrane)} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 1
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{Prokaryotes: the DNA is concentrated in the nucleoid (not membrane enclosed)} \tn 
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% Row 2
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{- Larger organisms do not necessarily have larger cells, just more of them} \tn 
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% Row 3
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{- Lipids and proteins are the staple ingredients of membranes, though carbohydrates are also important} \tn 
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% Row 4
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{- Phospholipids are the most abundant lipids in cell membranes} \tn 
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% Row 5
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{Amphipathic: has both a hydrophyllic and a hydrophobic region} \tn 
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% Row 6
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{- The phospholipid bilayer can exist as a stable boundary between two aqueous compartments} \tn 
% Row Count 15 (+ 2)
% Row 7
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{Fluid mosaic model: proposes that the membrane is a mosaic of protein molecules bobbing in a fluid bilayer of phospholipids} \tn 
% Row Count 18 (+ 3)
% Row 8
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{- Membranes are held together primarily by hydrophobic interactions which are weaker than covalent bonds, allowing for flexibility} \tn 
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% Row 9
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{- The temperature at which a membrane solidifies depends on its comprising lipids} \tn 
% Row Count 23 (+ 2)
% Row 10
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{- Kinks in the tails where double bonds are located prevent unsaturated tails from packing as closely together as saturated tails, making the membrane more fluid} \tn 
% Row Count 27 (+ 4)
% Row 11
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{Cholestrol: helps membranes resist changes in fluidity when the temperature changes} \tn 
% Row Count 29 (+ 2)
% Row 12
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{Steroid lipids: resist temperature changes in plant cells} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Definitions and Processes (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 13
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{- Cells recognize other cells by binding to molecules on the extracellular surface of the plasma membrane} \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 3)
% Row 14
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{- The diversity of molecules and their location on the cell's surface enable membrane carbohydrates to function as markers distinguishing cells apart} \tn 
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% Row 15
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{Selective permeability: substances do not cross the cell membrane indiscriminately} \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 2)
% Row 16
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{- Nonpolar hydrophobic molecules can dissolve in the lipid bilayer and can cross it easily without the aid of membrane proteins} \tn 
% Row Count 11 (+ 3)
% Row 17
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{- The hydrophobic interior of the membrane impedes the direct passage of ions and polar (hydrophyllic) molecules through the membrane} \tn 
% Row Count 14 (+ 3)
% Row 18
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{Transport (channel) proteins: span the membrane and have hydrophyllic channels which certain molecules and atomic ions ise as tunnels through the membrane} \tn 
% Row Count 18 (+ 4)
% Row 19
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{Carrier proteins: hold onto their "passengers" and change shape in a way which shuttles them across the membrane} \tn 
% Row Count 21 (+ 3)
% Row 20
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{- Diffusion occurs from a region of higher concentration to a region of lower concentration} \tn 
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% Row 21
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{- Molecules diffuse randomly, but populations may diffuse directionally} \tn 
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% Row 22
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{- Each substance diffuses along its own concentration gradient, unaffected by those of other substances} \tn 
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% Row 23
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{- The behavior of a cell in a solution relies on both solute concentration and membrane permeability} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Definitions and Processes (cont)}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{Tonicity: the ability of a surrounding solution to cause a cell to gain or lose water} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{- Higher concentration of non-penetrating solutes: water leaves the cell} \tn 
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% Row 26
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{- Lower concentration of non-penetrating solutes: water enters the cell} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{Isotonic: no net movement of water (equillibrium)} \tn 
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% Row 28
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{Hypertonic: more NPS; the cell loses water, shrivels, and dies} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{Hypotonic: less NPS; the cell swells and lyses} \tn 
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% Row 30
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{Turgor pressure: the pressure exacted back on a cell which opposes further water intake (in plant cells due to their cell walls)} \tn 
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% Row 31
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{Plasmolysis: occurs when a plant is submerged in a hypertonic environment; the cell membrane pulls away from the cell wall at multiple locations} \tn 
% Row Count 16 (+ 3)
% Row 32
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{Sodium-Potassium pump: exchanges sodium for potassium across the cell membranes of animal cells} \tn 
% Row Count 18 (+ 2)
% Row 33
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{- Ions diffuse down their electrochemical gradients} \tn 
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% Row 34
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{3 stages of cell signaling: reception, transduction, and response} \tn 
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% Row 35
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{Reception: the target cell's detection of a signaling molecule outside the cell} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{Transduction: converts the signal to a form which can bring about a specific cellular response} \tn 
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% Row 37
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{Response: the transduced signal triggers a specific cellular response} \tn 
% Row Count 28 (+ 2)
% Row 38
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{- Proteins relay signals from receptor to response} \tn 
% Row Count 29 (+ 1)
% Row 39
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{- A signaling pathway may regulate the activity of proteins rather than causing their synthesis by activating gene expression} \tn 
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% Row 41
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{Nuclear envelope: encloses the nucleus and seperated its contents from the cytoplasm} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{Vesicles: transport membrane sacs} \tn 
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% Row 1
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{Smooth ER: carries out lipid synthesis, carbohydrate metabolism, detoxification, and storage of calcium ions} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{Rough ER: produce proteins which are secreted by cells} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{Golgi apparatus: modifies stores and ships products of the ER} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{Lysosomes: digest (hydrolyze) macromolecules} \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 1)
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{Vacuoles: large vesicles from the ER} \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 1)
% Row 6
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{Food vacuoles: formed by phagocytosis (engulfing of smaller organisms or food particles)} \tn 
% Row Count 12 (+ 2)
% Row 7
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{Contractile vacuoles: pump excess water from the cell and maintain a suitable intracellular concentration of ions and molecules} \tn 
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% Row 8
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{Central vacuole: allows plant cells to become larger with minimal investment in new cytoplasm} \tn 
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% Row 9
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{Mitochondria: sites of cellular respiration (the use of oxygen to drive the generation of ATP from sugar fuels)} \tn 
% Row Count 20 (+ 3)
% Row 10
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{Chloroplasts: sites of photosynthesis (the conversion of solar energy into chemical energy)} \tn 
% Row Count 22 (+ 2)
% Row 11
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{Thylakoids: membranous system of flattened interconnected sacs inside the chloroplast} \tn 
% Row Count 24 (+ 2)
% Row 12
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{Granum: a stack of thylakoids} \tn 
% Row Count 25 (+ 1)
% Row 13
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{Stroma: the fluid outside the thylakoids which contains chloroplast DNA, ribosomes, and many enzymes} \tn 
% Row Count 27 (+ 2)
% Row 14
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{Cytoskeleton: network of fibres extending throughout the cytoplasm which organize the structures and activities of a cell; made up of microtubules, microfilaments, and intermediate filaments} \tn 
% Row Count 31 (+ 4)
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Organelles (cont)}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{Microtubules: hollow rods constructed of tubulin} \tn 
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% Row 16
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{Microfilaments: thin solid rods made up of actin (globular protein)} \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 2)
% Row 17
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{Myocin: causes the contraction of muscle cells} \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 1)
% Row 18
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{Intermediate filaments: specialized for bearing tension} \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 2)
% Row 19
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{Cell wall: protects and shapes plant cells; prevents an excessive uptake of water} \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 2)
% Row 20
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{Integrins: cell surface receptor proteins which span the plasma membrane and bind on their cytoplasmic side to associated proteins attached to microfilaments of the cytoskeleton} \tn 
% Row Count 12 (+ 4)
% Row 21
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{Cell junctions: three types; tight junctions, desmosomes, and gap junctions} \tn 
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% Row 22
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{Tight junctions: the plasma membranes of neighboring cells are very tightly pressed together (bound by specific proteins)} \tn 
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% Row 23
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{Desmosomes: fasten cells together into strong sheets} \tn 
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\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{Gap junctions: provide cytoplasmic channels from one cell to an adjacent cell} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{Cytosol: semifluid inside all cells in which sub-cellular components are suspended} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{Nucleus: control center} \tn 
% Row Count 24 (+ 1)
% Row 27
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{Ribosomes: sites of protein synthesis} \tn 
% Row Count 25 (+ 1)
% Row 28
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{Nuclear envelope: encloses the nucleus and seperates its contents from the cytoplasm} \tn 
% Row Count 27 (+ 2)
% Row 29
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{Chromosomes: structures which carry genetic information (the units into which DNA is organized in the nucleus)} \tn 
% Row Count 30 (+ 3)
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Organelles (cont)}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{rRNA: ribosomal RNA; synthesized from genes in the DNA of the nucleolus} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{Endomembrane system: all orgenelles in a eukaryotic cell} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{Endoplasmic reticulum: network of membranes} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{Prokaryotic-specific:} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{Fimbriae: attachment structures on the surface of some prokaryotes} \tn 
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% Row 36
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{Nucleoid: region where the cell's DNA is located (not membrane enclosed)} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{Glycocalyx: outer coating of many prokaryotes consisting of a capsule (slime layer)} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{Flagella: locomotive organelles of some prokaryotes} \tn 
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% Row 39
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{Bacterial chromosome: carriers of genetic information (DNA)} \tn 
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% Row 40
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{Microvilli: long, thin projections in the surface of cells} \tn 
% Row Count 18 (+ 2)
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% That's all folks
\end{multicols*}

\end{document}