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  /Title (british-culture.pdf)
  /Creator (Cheatography)
  /Author (caglaa)
  /Subject (British Culture Cheat Sheet)
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    \vspace{-2pt}\large{\bf{\textcolor{DarkBackground}{\textrm{British Culture Cheat Sheet}}}} \\
    \normalsize{by \textcolor{DarkBackground}{caglaa} via \textcolor{DarkBackground}{\uline{cheatography.com/20144/cs/2980/}}}
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  \mymulticolumn{2}{p{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cheatographer}}  \\
  \vspace{-2pt}caglaa \\
  \uline{cheatography.com/caglaa} \\
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  \mymulticolumn{1}{p{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cheat Sheet}}  \\
   \vspace{-2pt}Published 10th February, 2015.\\
   Updated 13th May, 2016.\\
   Page {\thepage} of \pageref{LastPage}.
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  Measure your website readability!\\
  www.readability-score.com
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\begin{multicols*}{4}

\begin{tabularx}{3.833cm}{X}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Police}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{Policemen were a unique symbol for britain = friendly bobby -{}-\textgreater{} every police officer has it own beat. But in 1960 life became motorized. So did crime and so did the police.Police officers stopped being the good guy that they once were. They were dealing with alot of demonstrations and with the activities of the 1960s counterculture -{}-\textgreater{} police officiers -{}-\textgreater{}  \textasciitilde{}\textasciitilde{}bobbies\textasciitilde{}\textasciitilde{} fuzz, cops, pigs. \newline % Row Count 8 (+ 8)
There is no national police force for biritain. All police employees work for one of the 50 forces, each with responsibility for a certain geopgraphical area. \newline % Row Count 12 (+ 4)
MET -{}-\textgreater{} more direct control on the polices. Certains national functions such as the registration of all crimes and criminals in England and Wales. \newline % Row Count 15 (+ 3)
New Scotland Yard = the well known building which is the headquarters of its CID. \newline % Row Count 17 (+ 2)
\textasciicircum{}The police lost much of their positive image in the second half of the twenthieth centruy because trust in the honesty of the police declined\textasciicircum{} \newline % Row Count 20 (+ 3)
Aware of this problem, police invest much time and energy in public relations. -{}-\textgreater{} Foot patrols , name-badges, not carrying guns.  \newline % Row Count 23 (+ 3)
{\bf{Miscarriages of justice}}: \newline % Row Count 24 (+ 1)
- The bridgewater four \newline % Row Count 25 (+ 1)
- Cardiff Three \newline % Row Count 26 (+ 1)
- M25 Three \newline % Row Count 27 (+ 1)
{\bf{ Miscarriages of IRA}}: \newline % Row Count 28 (+ 1)
- The Guildford Four \newline % Row Count 29 (+ 1)
- The Birmingham Six \newline % Row Count 30 (+ 1)
} \tn 
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\vfill
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\begin{tabularx}{3.833cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Police (cont)}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{- Maguire Seven \newline % Row Count 1 (+ 1)
The police cannot hold a person for more than 24 hours without formally charging this person with a crime (exception: terrorist suspect: 28 days without charge) \newline % Row Count 5 (+ 4)
The fear of crime has increased: \newline % Row Count 6 (+ 1)
1) The ability to catch criminals \newline % Row Count 7 (+ 1)
2) Neigbourhood Watch Schemes% Row Count 8 (+ 1)
} \tn 
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\begin{tabularx}{3.833cm}{X}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Justice}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{The system of justice in England and Wales is an adversarial system. That means that in criminal cases, it is not the business of any court to find out the truth. Its job is simply to decide yes or no to a particular proposition after is has heard arguments and evidence from both sides. \newline % Row Count 6 (+ 6)
The civil justice has it own courts. All civil cases go trough country Courts \& High Courts. Most of the cases are dealt in magistrates courts. \newline % Row Count 9 (+ 3)
Magistrates are also known as : Justice of the Peace -{}-\textgreater{} not trained lawyers! They are jut ordinary people with a good reputation who have been appointed to the job by a local committee and they do not get a salary or fee. When a JP says guilty, then they refer the case to a Crown Court, where a professional lawyer acts as the judge.  \newline % Row Count 16 (+ 7)
Jury = 12 selected people random fromt he list of voters. In order to reach a verdict, there must be agreement among at least ten of them. If this does not happen -{}-\textgreater{} the judge has to declare a mistrial and the case must start all over again with a different jury.  \newline % Row Count 22 (+ 6)
It is also the judge's job to impose a punisment ( the pronouncing sentence) on those found guilty.A convicted person may appeal to the Court of Criminal Appeal in London to have the conviction quashed or to have the sentence reduced.  \newline % Row Count 27 (+ 5)
In Britain there a 2 types of lawyers:  \newline % Row Count 28 (+ 1)
1) Solicitors \newline % Row Count 29 (+ 1)
2 ) Barristers \newline % Row Count 30 (+ 1)
} \tn 
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\begin{tabularx}{3.833cm}{X}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Justice (cont)}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{The highest court of all in Britain is the Supreme Court.% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
} \tn 
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\begin{tabularx}{3.833cm}{X}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Terms}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{Beat = A particular neighbourhood which it was the policemens duty to patrol. \newline % Row Count 2 (+ 2)
MET = Metropolitan Police \newline % Row Count 3 (+ 1)
CID = Criminal Investigation Department \newline % Row Count 4 (+ 1)
IRA = Irish Republican Army \newline % Row Count 5 (+ 1)
NWS = Educating people in crime prevention to keep their eyes open for anything suspicious.% Row Count 7 (+ 2)
} \tn 
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\begin{tabularx}{3.833cm}{X}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{British People}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{In the days when Britain ruled the waves, british people had a rather patronizing attitude towards people in other countires and their ways. But this attitude has dissapeared with the dismantling of the empire. These days, many foreign ways of doing things are admired and there is a greater openess to foreign influences. \newline % Row Count 7 (+ 7)
Britain lost its empire in the second half of the 20th century BUT small remnants of it remain: e.g. Bermuda, Gibraltar, the Falklands/Malvinas etc. \newline % Row Count 10 (+ 3)
* They all wish to continue with the imperial arrangement \newline % Row Count 12 (+ 2)
* British government: these wishes cause pride but also embarrassment and irritation \newline % Row Count 14 (+ 2)
o Pride: they suggest how beneficial the Br imperial administration must have been \newline % Row Count 16 (+ 2)
o Embarrassment: because the possession of colonial territories doesn't fit the image \newline % Row Count 18 (+ 2)
of a modern democracy \newline % Row Count 19 (+ 1)
o Irritation: it costs money \newline % Row Count 20 (+ 1)
In 1982 the Br government spent hundreds of millions of pounds recapturing the Falklands from the invading Argentinians: \newline % Row Count 23 (+ 3)
o Popular support at home \newline % Row Count 24 (+ 1)
o Rare modern occasion of active patriotism (people felt here Britain was finally doing something right and doing it well) \newline % Row Count 27 (+ 3)
Opinions about military interventions since then: \newline % Row Count 28 (+ 1)
* 1990's: Britain's role in the Gulf War and in Balkan peacekeeping efforts \newline % Row Count 30 (+ 2)
} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{British People (cont)}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{o Majority acceptance \newline % Row Count 1 (+ 1)
o Little enthousiasm \newline % Row Count 2 (+ 1)
* 2003: government's decision to go to Iraq \newline % Row Count 3 (+ 1)
o Provoked heated debate \newline % Row Count 4 (+ 1)
o Provoked largest public demonstration  \newline % Row Count 5 (+ 1)
o Decision has been generally regretted  \newline % Row Count 6 (+ 1)
* Britain's presence in Afghanistan \newline % Row Count 7 (+ 1)
o Has also been unpopular% Row Count 8 (+ 1)
} \tn 
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\begin{tabularx}{3.833cm}{X}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Britain's armed forces}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{Britain has a loyalty towards the government of the british armed forces.(proud) \newline % Row Count 2 (+ 2)
The british military is divided into 3 branches: \newline % Row Count 3 (+ 1)
1) The Royal Navy  \newline % Row Count 4 (+ 1)
2) The Royal Air Force \newline % Row Count 5 (+ 1)
3) The Army \newline % Row Count 6 (+ 1)
( Navy = oldest, king alfred, senior service)% Row Count 7 (+ 1)
} \tn 
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\begin{tabularx}{3.833cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Britain's role in world affairs}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{There is no general agreement on what Britain's 'commitments in the world' are and on whose behalf they should be undertaken. \newline % Row Count 3 (+ 3)
* Feeling in the country that Britain should be able to make significant contributions to international 'peacekeeping'.  \newline % Row Count 6 (+ 3)
* Question about nuclear weapons \newline % Row Count 7 (+ 1)
o Since the 1950s the Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament (CND) has argued that Britain should cease to be a nuclear power, on economic and moral grounds \newline % Row Count 11 (+ 4)
o But they don't have consistent support \newline % Row Count 12 (+ 1)
o Britain still has a nuclear force, although little in comparison to the USA% Row Count 14 (+ 2)
} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
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\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Relationship USA \& UK}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{Public feeling about the relationship = ambivalent \newline % Row Count 2 (+ 2)
o On the one hand: reassuring to be so diplomatically close to the most powerful nation in the world and the shared language gives people some sense of belonging with America \newline % Row Count 6 (+ 4)
o On the other hand: some mild bitterness about the power of the USA, little distrust but remarks are often made about Britain being only a fifty-first state of the USA \newline % Row Count 10 (+ 4)
* In any case: relationship declined since Britain joined the European Communities. The opening of the channel tunnel emphasized that Britain's links are now more to Europe \newline % Row Count 14 (+ 4)
* Also: tourist statistics: before the 1990's: mostly American tourists in Britain, now the majority of visitors are from Europe% Row Count 17 (+ 3)
} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{Ambivalent = having mixed feelings about someone or something}  \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
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\begin{tabularx}{3.833cm}{X}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{European Relations}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{BRITISH ATTITUDE TOWARDS ITS MEMBERSHIP OF THE EU \newline % Row Count 1 (+ 1)
\{\{fa-square-o\}\} Attitude = ambivalent \newline % Row Count 2 (+ 1)
o One hand: as an economic necessity and a political advantage \newline % Row Count 4 (+ 2)
o The other hand: acceptance has never meant enthusiasm \newline % Row Count 6 (+ 2)
\{\{fa-square-o\}\} Dominant attitude: profound lack of enthusiasm, tends to be seen as a necessary evil \newline % Row Count 9 (+ 3)
o Causes: The British sense of apartness \newline % Row Count 10 (+ 1)
\{\{fa-square-o\}\} Results in the fact that EU laws and regulations are often viewed as interference by a 'foreign' organisation (according to some politicians and the media: these rules are a threat to the autonomy and independence of the UK) (according to the average person: threat to the British 'way of life') \newline % Row Count 17 (+ 7)
\{\{fa-square-o\}\} News about EU regulations pertaining to everyday life and habits seems to irritate the British.  \newline % Row Count 20 (+ 3)
o Possible reason: the british tend to take laws and regulations seriously and to interpret them literally. Also they like to have as few laws and regulations as possible because they believe law should be applied consistently and precisely. But they see a lot of rules coming from Brussel. \newline % Row Count 26 (+ 6)
o What is even worse is that many of the rules seem to be about standardization, what means restriction, boring uniformity and inconvenience to them!% Row Count 29 (+ 3)
} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
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\begin{tabularx}{3.833cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Relations inside Great Britan}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{SCOTLAND \newline % Row Count 1 (+ 1)
 Before the 1980s: were happy to be part of the UK but there was always some resentment about the way they were treated by the central government in London \newline % Row Count 5 (+ 4)
 From the mid 1980s onwards: majority of the Scottish population wanted either selfgovernment within the UK or compete independence \newline % Row Count 8 (+ 3)
 A referendum decided in 1999 that the Scottish Parliament was reborn (300 years after it abolished itself). It has considerable powers over internal Scottish affairs \newline % Row Count 12 (+ 4)
 Future? The Scottish National Party, which wants complete independence from the UK, is now the largest party in Scottish Parliament, a majority of people see independence inevitable in the long run. The present arrangement puts pressure on the relationship between Scotland and England% Row Count 18 (+ 6)
} \tn 
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\begin{tabularx}{3.833cm}{X}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Wales}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{ Different situation \newline % Row Count 1 (+ 1)
 Nationalism is felt mostly in the central and western parts of the country but not politically, \newline % Row Count 3 (+ 2)
more culturally \newline % Row Count 4 (+ 1)
 However: also a growing support of greater self-government% Row Count 6 (+ 2)
} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
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\begin{tabularx}{3.833cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Great Britain \& Northern Ireland}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{TWO VIEWPOINTS \newline % Row Count 1 (+ 1)
 Catholic viewpoint = nationalist or republican: in support of the idea of a single Irish nation \newline % Row Count 3 (+ 2)
and its republican government \newline % Row Count 4 (+ 1)
 Protestant viewpoint = unionist or loyalist: loyal to the union with Britain% Row Count 6 (+ 2)
} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
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\begin{tabularx}{3.833cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{AFTER THE PARTITION OF IRELAND IN 1920}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{ Northern Ireland was given its own parliament and Prime Minister \newline % Row Count 2 (+ 2)
 Protestant majority had always had the economic power in the six counties \newline % Row Count 4 (+ 2)
 Internal self-government allowed them to take all the political power as well. \newline % Row Count 6 (+ 2)
 All the positions of power were always filled by Protestants% Row Count 8 (+ 2)
} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
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\begin{tabularx}{3.833cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{LATE 1960'S}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{Catholic civil rights movement began and there was a violent Protestant reaction. \newline % Row Count 2 (+ 2)
 In 1969 British troops were sent in to keep order \newline % Row Count 4 (+ 2)
o At first: welcomed by the Catholics \newline % Row Count 5 (+ 1)
o But troops often act without regard to democratic rights and sencibilities \newline % Row Count 7 (+ 2)
o Violence increased \newline % Row Count 8 (+ 1)
o British government imposed certain measures which are not normally acceptable in \newline % Row Count 10 (+ 2)
a modern democracy \newline % Row Count 11 (+ 1)
o Welcome disappeared entirely after 30 January 1972 (Bloody Sunday, troops shot dead 14 unarmed Catholic marchers) \newline % Row Count 14 (+ 3)
o Extremist organisations and acts of terrorism increased (IRA started a bombing campaign on the British mainland while Loyalist paramilitaries started committing terrorist attacks in the Republic of Ireland \newline % Row Count 19 (+ 5)
o Result: British government imposed direct rule from London. There was a hardening of attitudes in both communities and support for extremist parties increased \newline % Row Count 23 (+ 4)
 First important step towards resolution: Good Friday Agreement of 1998: gave the Republicof Ireland a small degree of power sharing and everybody born in Northern Ireland the right to be a citizen of the Republic. Also it said that the 6 counties will remain part of the UK as long as the majority of its people wanted to. \newline % Row Count 30 (+ 7)
} \tn 
\end{tabularx}
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\vfill
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\begin{tabularx}{3.833cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{LATE 1960'S (cont)}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{ But sporadic violence and political statements continued \newline % Row Count 2 (+ 2)
 In 2007: start of internal self-government, with an elected assembly and a cross-party cabinet \newline % Row Count 4 (+ 2)
 Changed climate: e.g. 'First Minister' (Protestant) and 'Deputy First Minister' (Catholic) came from the more extremist wings of their communities but during the ceremony for their new positions they sat chatting and joking together over a cup of tea \newline % Row Count 10 (+ 6)
 Three other factors that helped to end the violence and soften extremist views \newline % Row Count 12 (+ 2)
o The gradual process of righting the economic and social wrongs (which led to the Civil Rights movement in the first place). Catholics now have the same rights as Protestants. \newline % Row Count 16 (+ 4)
o The events of September 11th 2001 in the USA: helped to persuade terrorist groups to disarm \newline % Row Count 18 (+ 2)
o The transformation of the south or Ireland during the 1990s from a backward and (in Protestant eyes) priest-ridden country to a modern economy in which the Catholic church has lost most of its former power. (Now, if Northern Ireland gets swallowed up by the Republic, the Protestants would find it less terrible)% Row Count 25 (+ 7)
} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
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\begin{tabularx}{3.833cm}{X}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Note}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{Ulster = name used for the part of Ireland which belongs to the UK \newline % Row Count 2 (+ 2)
Wales is not in the flag of the Union Jack because they dont like the idea of being fixed into a symbol of the union from which they would like to secede, according to the nationalists. But the Welsh MP asked for a change in the Union flag, they want the Welsh dragon to appear on it somewhere. \newline % Row Count 8 (+ 6)
Jerry = a nickname which was used to denote the German people collectively.% Row Count 10 (+ 2)
} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
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% That's all folks
\end{multicols*}

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