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\author{EAW-BS (BullShit Help)}
\pdfinfo{
  /Title (bio-topic-1-cell-biology.pdf)
  /Creator (Cheatography)
  /Author (EAW-BS (BullShit Help))
  /Subject (Bio Topic 1: Cell Biology Cheat Sheet)
}

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        \hspace*{-6pt}\includegraphics[width=5.8cm]{/web/www.cheatography.com/public/images/cheatography_logo.pdf}}
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    \vspace{-2pt}\large{\bf{\textcolor{DarkBackground}{\textrm{Bio Topic 1: Cell Biology Cheat Sheet}}}} \\
    \normalsize{by \textcolor{DarkBackground}{EAW-BS (BullShit Help)} via \textcolor{DarkBackground}{\uline{cheatography.com/55737/cs/14834/}}}
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  \mymulticolumn{2}{p{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cheatographer}}  \\
  \vspace{-2pt}EAW-BS (BullShit Help) \\
  \uline{cheatography.com/bullshit-help} \\
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  \mymulticolumn{1}{p{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cheat Sheet}}  \\
   \vspace{-2pt}Published 7th March, 2018.\\
   Updated 7th March, 2018.\\
   Page {\thepage} of \pageref{LastPage}.
\end{tabulary}
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  \mymulticolumn{1}{p{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Sponsor}}  \\
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  \vspace{-5pt}
  %\includegraphics[width=48px,height=48px]{dave.jpeg}
  Measure your website readability!\\
  www.readability-score.com
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\begin{document}
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\begin{multicols*}{3}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{0.9954 cm} x{3.9816 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Prokaryotes or Eukaryotes}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\seqsplit{Prokaryote} & a microscopic single-celled organism which has neither a distinct nucleus with a membrane nor any other specialised organelles \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 4)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\seqsplit{Eukaryote} & an organism consisting of a cell or cells in which the genetic material is DNA in the form of chromosomes contained within a distinct nucleus \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 5)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{1.24425 cm} x{3.73275 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Animal Cells}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Nucleus & contains genetic material that controls the activities of the cell \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 3)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
Cytoplasm & gel-like substance where most of the chemical reactions happen; it contains enzymes that control these chemical reactions \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 5)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Cell Membrane & holds the cell together and controls what goes in and out \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 2)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\seqsplit{Mitochondria} & these are where most of the reactions for aerobic respiration take place; {\emph{respiration}} transfers energy that the cell needs to work \tn 
% Row Count 15 (+ 5)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Ribosomes & these are where proteins are made in the cell \tn 
% Row Count 17 (+ 2)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{1.4931 cm} x{3.4839 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Plant Cells}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Cell Wall & a rigid wall made of cellulose; it supports the cell and strengthens it \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 3)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
Permanent Vacuole & contains {\emph{cell sap}}, a weak solution of sugar and salts \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 2)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\seqsplit{Chloroplasts} & these are where {\emph{photosynthesis}} occurs, which makes food for the plant; they contain a green substance called {\emph{chlorophyll}}, which absorbs the light needed for photosynthesis \tn 
% Row Count 12 (+ 7)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{Plants cells usually have all the same bits animal cells have plus the extra bits we just mentioned (see {\emph{Animal Cells}}).}  \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{The Cell Cycle}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{1) In a cell that's not dividing, the DNA is all spread out in long strings.} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{2) Before it divides, the cell has to grow and increase the amount of subcellular structures (e.g.: {\emph{mitochondria}}).} \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 3)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{3) It then duplicates its DNA (one copy for each new cell).} \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 2)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{4) The chromosomes line up at the centre of the cell and cell fibres pull them apart (two arms of each chromosome go to opposite ends of the cell).} \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 3)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{5) Membranes form around each of the sets of chromosomes (these become the {\emph{nuclei}} of the two new cells).} \tn 
% Row Count 13 (+ 3)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{6) Lastly, the {\emph{cytoplasm}} and {\emph{cell membrane}} divide.} \tn 
% Row Count 15 (+ 2)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{The has now produced two daughter cells. Their DNA is exactly the same as their parent's DNA.}  \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Stem Cell Notes}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Embryonic stem cells can turn into any type of cell.} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\emph{Differentiation}} is the process by which a cell changes to become specialised.} \tn 
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% Row 2
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Adult stem cells can only be found in certain places (e.g.: bone marrow).} \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 2)
% Row 3
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Adult stem cells can only turn into certain types of cells (e.g.: blood cells).} \tn 
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% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Stem cells can be grown in a lab to create clones.} \tn 
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% Row 5
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Stem cells in plants are called {\emph{meristems}}.} \tn 
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\end{tabularx}
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Osmosis}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Definition: {\bf{The movement of water molecules across a partially permeable membrane from a region of higher water concentration to a region of lower water concentration.}}} \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 4)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{-a partially permeable membrane is a membrane with very small holes in it (only tiny molecules, like water, can pass through them)} \tn 
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% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{-{\emph{osmosis}} is a type of {\emph{diffusion}}} \tn 
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\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Bacteria Cells}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Has a cell membrane (see {\emph{Animal Cells}}).} \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Has cytoplasm (see {\emph{Animal Cells}}).} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 1)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Has a cell wall (see {\emph{Plant Cells}}).} \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 1)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Don't have a 'true' nucleus - instead they have a single circular strand of DNA that floats freely in the cytoplasm.} \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 3)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Don't have chloroplasts or mitochondria.} \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 1)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{May also contain one or more small rings of DNA called {\emph{plasmids}}.} \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 2)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{2.09034 cm} x{2.88666 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Microscopes}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Light Microscopes & uses light and lenses to form an image of a specimen and magnify it; lets us see individual cells and large subcellular structures \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 6)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
Electron Microscopes & uses electrons to form an image and magnify it; lets us see smaller things in more detail (smaller than cell) \tn 
% Row Count 11 (+ 5)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
The Formula For Magnification & image size = magnification x real size \tn 
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\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{0.82386 cm} x{1.55618 cm} x{2.19696 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Specialised Cells}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Sperm Cells & Reproduction & Long tail and streamlined head (for swimming); A lot of {\emph{mitochondria}} (to provide energy); Enzymes (to digest through egg {\emph{cell membrane}}) \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 8)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
Nerve Cells & Rapid signalling & Long (to cover more distance); Branched connections (to connect to other nerve cells) \tn 
% Row Count 13 (+ 5)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Muscle Cells & Contraction & Long (so they have space to contract); A lot of {\emph{mitochondria}} (to provide energy) \tn 
% Row Count 18 (+ 5)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
Root Hair Cells & Absorbing water and minerals & Long "hairs" (gives the plant a big surface area) \tn 
% Row Count 21 (+ 3)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Phloem Cells & Transporting substances & Form tubes (to transport substances around plants); Have very few subcellular structures (so stuff can flow through them) \tn 
% Row Count 28 (+ 7)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
Xylem Cells & Transporting substances & Form tubes (to transport substances around plants); Hollow in the centre (so stuff can flow through them) \tn 
% Row Count 34 (+ 6)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}---}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Diffusion}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Definition: {\bf{The spreading out of particles from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration.}}} \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 3)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{-happens in both solutions and gases} \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 1)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{-the bigger the concentration gradient (the difference in concentration), the faster the {\emph{diffusion}} rate} \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 3)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{-a higher temperature will also have a faster {\emph{diffusion}} rate because the particles have more energy and thus move faster} \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 3)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Active Transport}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Definition: {\bf{The movement of substances against a concentration gradient.}}} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{-needs energy to be carried out (unlike {\emph{osmosis}} and {\emph{diffusion}})} \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 2)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{-needed to absorb nutrients from food} \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 1)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Preparing A Slide (Onion edition)}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{1) Add a drop of water to the middle of a clean slide.} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{2) Cut up an onion and separate it out into layers. Use tweezers to peel off some epidermal tissue from the bottom of one of the layers.} \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 3)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{3) Using the tweezers, place the epidermal tissue into the water on the slide.} \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 2)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{4) Add a drop of iodine solution. Iodine solution is a stain. Stains are used to highlight objects in a cell by adding colour to them.} \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 3)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{5) Place a cover slip (a square of thin, transparent plastic or glass) on top. To do this, stand the cover slip upright in the slide, next to the water droplet. Then carefully tilt and lower it so it covers the specimen. Try not to get any air bubbles under there - they'll obstruct your view of the specimen.} \tn 
% Row Count 17 (+ 7)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{How To Use A Light Microscope To View A Slide}}  \tn
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\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{1) Clip the slide you've prepared onto the stage.} \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{2) Select the lowest-powered objective lens (i.e. the one that produces the lowest magnification).} \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 2)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{3) Use the course adjustment knob to move the stage up to just below the objective lens.} \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 2)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{4) Look down the eyepiece. Use the coarse adjustment knob to move the stage downwards until the image is roughly in focus.} \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 3)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{5) Adjust the focus with the fine adjustment knob until you get a clear image of what's on the slide.} \tn 
% Row Count 11 (+ 3)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{6) If you need to see the slide with greater magnification, swap to a higher-powered objective lens and refocus.} \tn 
% Row Count 14 (+ 3)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Notes On Chromosomes}}  \tn
% Row 0
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Most cells in your body have a {\emph{nucleus}}. The {\emph{nucleus}} contains your genetic material in the form of chromosomes.} \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 3)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Chromosomes are coiled up lengths of DNA molecules.} \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 2)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Each chromosome carries a large number of genes. Different genes control the development of different characteristics.} \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 3)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Body cells normally have two copies of each chromosome.} \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 2)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{There are 23 pairs of chromosomes.} \tn 
% Row Count 11 (+ 1)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Binary Fission}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{1) The circular DNA and {\emph{plasmid(s)}} replicate.} \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{2) The cell gets bigger and the circular DNA strands move to opposite 'poles' (ends) of the cell.} \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 2)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{3) The {\emph{cytoplasm}} begins to divide and new {\emph{cell walls}} begin to form.} \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 2)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{4) The {\emph{cytoplasm}} divides and two daughter cells are produced (each daughter cell has one copy of the circular DNA, but can have a variable number of {\emph{plasmids}}).} \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 4)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Bacteria can divide very quickly if given the right conditions (a warm, moist environment with a lot of nutrients).}  \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Arguments Around Stem Cell Research}}  \tn
% Row 0
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Some people feel that human embryos shouldn't be used for experiments since each one is a potential human life.} \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 3)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Some people think that curing existing patients who are suffering is more important than the rights of embryos.} \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 3)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{One argument in favour of stem cell research is that the embryos used in the research are usually unwanted ones from fertility clinics which would've otherwise been destroyed.} \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 4)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Campaigners against embryonic stem cells feel that scientists should concentrate more on finding and developing other sources of stem cells.} \tn 
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% Row 4
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{In some countries stem cell research is banned, it's legal in the UK as long as it follows strict guidelines.} \tn 
% Row Count 16 (+ 3)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}


% That's all folks
\end{multicols*}

\end{document}