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  /Title (skeletal-muscle.pdf)
  /Creator (Cheatography)
  /Author (broobutl)
  /Subject (Skeletal Muscle Cheat Sheet)
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    \vspace{-2pt}\large{\bf{\textcolor{DarkBackground}{\textrm{Skeletal Muscle Cheat Sheet}}}} \\
    \normalsize{by \textcolor{DarkBackground}{broobutl} via \textcolor{DarkBackground}{\uline{cheatography.com/213514/cs/46464/}}}
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  \mymulticolumn{2}{p{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cheatographer}}  \\
  \vspace{-2pt}broobutl \\
  \uline{cheatography.com/broobutl} \\
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  \mymulticolumn{1}{p{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cheat Sheet}}  \\
   \vspace{-2pt}Not Yet Published.\\
   Updated 27th May, 2025.\\
   Page {\thepage} of \pageref{LastPage}.
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  Measure your website readability!\\
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{p{0.4977 cm} p{0.4977 cm} }
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Characteristics of Skeletal Muscle}}  \tn
% Row 0
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{striated, voluntary} \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 1
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{multiple nuclei} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 1)
% Row 2
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{multiple mitochondria} \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 1)
% Row 3
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{attached to bones of skeleton} \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 1)
% Row 4
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{makes up 40\% of the body in men, 32\% in women} \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 1)
% Row 5
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{clusters of long, thick, cylindrically-shaped cells} \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 2)
% Row 6
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{(Skeletal Muscle Physiology I Slide 5, 9)} \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 1)
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{p{0.4977 cm} p{0.4977 cm} }
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Sarcomere Structural Components}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{Thick Filament: myosin protein molecules in bundle formation. Elongated fiber arrangment} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{Myosin: fibrous cytoskeleton protein. Made up of two interconnected components (long intertwinining tail, globular head)} \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 3)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{Thin Filament: a structure composed of actin, tropomyosin, and troponin that forms a double-helical strand (double-helical strand is elongated)} \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 3)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{Actin: globular cytoskeleton protein consisting of two long chains. The pair of chains are arranged in a double-helical strand formation} \tn 
% Row Count 11 (+ 3)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{Tropomyosin: paired fibrous protein filaments that align to fit into the grooves created by the actin double-helical strand} \tn 
% Row Count 14 (+ 3)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{Troponin: a protein complex consisting of one segment that attaches itself to actin, one sement that attaches itself to tropomyosin, and one segment that adheres to Ca++} \tn 
% Row Count 18 (+ 4)
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{Z-Line: defines the sarcomere boundary and acts as a site for thin filament attachment} \tn 
% Row Count 20 (+ 2)
% Row 7
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{A Band: region that contains thick filaments. Contains overlapping portions of thin filaments} \tn 
% Row Count 22 (+ 2)
% Row 8
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{I Band: portion of thin filaments that lie outside of the A band with zero overlap} \tn 
% Row Count 24 (+ 2)
% Row 9
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{H Zone: only thick filaments present. Area of A band with zero overlap of thin filaments} \tn 
% Row Count 26 (+ 2)
% Row 10
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{M Line: runs through midpoint of A band (down vertically). Lies centrally in the H zone region} \tn 
% Row Count 28 (+ 2)
% Row 11
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{(Skeletal Muscle Physiology I; Skeletal Muscle Physiology II)} \tn 
% Row Count 30 (+ 2)
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Thin vs. Thick Filament}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Thick filament (myosin) composed of long intertwining tail and a protruding globular head that enables cross-bridge binding. Thin filament (actin) composed of actin, tropomyosin, and troponin \newline (Skeletal Muscle Physiology I Slide 22)}  \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Skeletal Muscle Energy Metabolism (3 Sources)}}  \tn
% Row 0
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{1) Creatine Phosphate} \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 1
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{2) Oxidative Phosphorylation} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 1)
% Row 2
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{3) Glycolysis} \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 1)
% Row 3
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{(Skeletal Muscle Physiology III Slide 78-79)} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Creatine Phosphate}}  \tn
% Row 0
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{Acts as first energy reserve (quick enery reserve when muscle immediately demands ATP))} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{Creatine phosphate undergoes hydrolysis (phosphate group broken off). Energy releases from hydrolysis, phosphate is used for ADP and transformed into ATP which can then be used for muscles} \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 4)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{Because system is short-lived, it supplies any additional ATP when exercise BEGINS (up to a minute)} \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 2)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{(Skeletal Muscle Physiology III Slide 100)} \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 1)
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Oxidative Phosphorylation}}  \tn
% Row 0
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{Requires oxygen (aerobic). Primary energy source for sustained/endurance activities} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 1
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{ATP generation relatively slow, but very efficient (makes lots)} \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 2)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{Ideal supply of energy for prolonged muscle exertion/contraction (light to moderate activity at an endured rate)} \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 3)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{(Skeletal Muscle Physiology III Slide 101)} \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 1)
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Glycolysis}}  \tn
% Row 0
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{Kicks in when oxidative phosphorylation can't keep up with supplying ATP for exercise/activity} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{Quick production of ATP, but very inefficient} \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 1)
% Row 2
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{Supports high-intensity exercise that require short bursts of energy} \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 2)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{(Skeletal Muscle Physiology III Slide 102)} \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 1)
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cross-Bridge Activity of Skeletal Muscle}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{1) Binding: myosin cross bridge connects to the actin. Myosin ATPase splits myosin. ADP and Pi remain stay bound to myosin. Cross-bridge stores energy} \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 3)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{2) Power Stroke: thin filament drawn in toward the middle as the cross-bridge bends, pulling it toward center of thick filament. Ca++ is released into sarcoplasm upon excitation. Actin no longer blocked, allowing for attachment of the cross-bridge to occur} \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 6)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{3) Detachment: cross-bridge breaks off once the end of power stroke has been reached, and then returns to initial position. Link between actin and myosin breaks as new ATP binds to myosin cross-bridge. ATP becomes hydrolyzed} \tn 
% Row Count 14 (+ 5)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{4) Binding: cross bridge binds to further actin molecule (not from exact same spot), then the cycle repeats} \tn 
% Row Count 17 (+ 3)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{(Skeletal Muscle Physiology I Slide 26; Skeletal Muscle Physiology II Slide 49)} \tn 
% Row Count 19 (+ 2)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cross-Bridge Effects on Muscle Contraction}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{1}{p{5.377cm}}{\vspace{1px}\centerline{\includegraphics[width=5.1cm]{/web/www.cheatography.com/public/uploads/broobutl_1748325741_Screenshot 2025-05-26 225808.png}}} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Comparison of cross bridge activity effects on a relaxed muscle versus contracted muscle \newline (Skeletal Muscle Physiology I Slide 27)}  \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
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\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{p{0.4977 cm} p{0.4977 cm} }
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cross-Bridge Effects on Muscle Contraction}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{1) Sarcomere shortens} \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 1
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{2) H zone shortens} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 1)
% Row 2
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{3) I band shortens} \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 1)
% Row 3
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{4) A band remains the same width} \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 1)
% Row 4
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{5) Individual actin and myosin fibers maintain the same length} \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 2)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{(Skeletal Muscle Physiology I Slide 27)} \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 1)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Role of ATP in Skeletal Muscle Contraction}}  \tn
% Row 0
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{1) Myosin ATPase splits ATP (energy stored in cross bridge)} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{2) Excitation allows for release of Ca++, thus relieving actin of any inhibition} \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 2)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{3) Power stroke occurs on cross-bridge, releasing ADP and Pi} \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 2)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{4) Fresh ATP becomes bound to myosin, breaking the link between myosin and actin} \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 2)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{(Skeletal Muscle Physiology II Slide 58)} \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 1)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Excitation-Contraction Coupling}}  \tn
% Row 0
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{1) Axon releases ACh (axon of motor neuron). ACh binds to motor end plate receptors} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{2) ACh trigger action potential (caused by binding of ACh to receptors). End plate potential diffuses across membrane, down T-tubules} \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 3)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{3) Sarcoplasmic retitculum releases Ca++ (occurs AFTER stimulation of the action potential)} \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 2)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{4) Tropomyosin moves to side (out of the way) as Ca++ binds to troponin (on actin filaments). Cross-bridge binding site on actin becomes exposed} \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 3)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{5) Myosin cross-bridges bind to actin, causing filaments to pull inward (bending). Bending of actin filaments is powered via ATP} \tn 
% Row Count 13 (+ 3)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{6) Sarcoplasmic reticulum reabsorbs Ca++ (when action potentials are no longer fired)} \tn 
% Row Count 15 (+ 2)
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{7) Tropomyosin re-covers cross-bridge binding sites on actin (return to original position)} \tn 
% Row Count 17 (+ 2)
% Row 7
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{(Skeletal Muscle Physiology II Slide 57)} \tn 
% Row Count 18 (+ 1)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Skeletal Muscle Types}}  \tn
% Row 0
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{1) Slow Oxidative (type I)} \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 1
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{2) Fast Oxidative (type IIa)} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 1)
% Row 2
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{3) Fast Glycolytic (type IIb)} \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 1)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{(Skeletal Muscle Physiology III Slide 82)} \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 1)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Slow Oxidative (type I)}}  \tn
% Row 0
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{Slow contractions} \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{Heavy reliance on oxidative phosphorylation for ATP} \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 2)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{Abundance of mitochondria, high blood supply, high myoglobin levels} \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 2)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{(Skeletal Muscle Physiology III Slide 82)} \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 1)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Fast Oxidative (type IIa)}}  \tn
% Row 0
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{Rapid, relatively efficient contraction} \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{Predominantly fueled via oxidative phosphorylation/aerobic energy processes} \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 2)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{Abundance of mitochondria, high blood supply, rich in myoglobin} \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 2)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{(Skeletal Muscle Physiology III Slide 82)} \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 1)
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\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Fast Glycolytic (type IIb)}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{Very rapid, quick contraction (fastest of the three types)} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{Heavy reliance on glycolysis as a source of ATP} \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 1)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{Low abundance of mitochondria, lower blood supply, lower myoglobin levels, but rich in muscle glycogen} \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 3)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{(Skeletal Muscle Physiology III Slide 82)} \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 1)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{p{0.4977 cm} p{0.4977 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Works Cited}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{Skeletal Muscle Physiology I (A. Gomes)} \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{Skeletal Muscle Physiology II (A. Gomes)} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 1)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{Skeletal Muscle Physiology III (A. Gomes)} \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 1)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}


% That's all folks
\end{multicols*}

\end{document}