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% Document Info
\author{Brian Allan (BrianAllan)}
\pdfinfo{
  /Title (python-f-strings-basics.pdf)
  /Creator (Cheatography)
  /Author (Brian Allan (BrianAllan))
  /Subject (Python F-Strings Basics Cheat Sheet)
}

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\noindent
\begin{multicols}{3}
\begin{tabulary}{5.8cm}{C}
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    \vspace{-7pt}
    {\parbox{\dimexpr\textwidth-2\fboxsep\relax}{\noindent
        \hspace*{-6pt}\includegraphics[width=5.8cm]{/web/www.cheatography.com/public/images/cheatography_logo.pdf}}
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\columnbreak
\begin{tabulary}{11cm}{L}
    \vspace{-2pt}\large{\bf{\textcolor{DarkBackground}{\textrm{Python F-Strings Basics Cheat Sheet}}}} \\
    \normalsize{by \textcolor{DarkBackground}{Brian Allan (BrianAllan)} via \textcolor{DarkBackground}{\uline{cheatography.com/133708/cs/29498/}}}
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\noindent
\begin{multicols}{3}
\begin{tabulary}{5.8cm}{LL}
  \SetRowColor{FootBackground}
  \mymulticolumn{2}{p{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cheatographer}}  \\
  \vspace{-2pt}Brian Allan (BrianAllan) \\
  \uline{cheatography.com/brianallan} \\
  \end{tabulary}
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\columnbreak
\begin{tabulary}{5.8cm}{L}
  \SetRowColor{FootBackground}
  \mymulticolumn{1}{p{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cheat Sheet}}  \\
   \vspace{-2pt}Published 16th March, 2022.\\
   Updated 24th February, 2023.\\
   Page {\thepage} of \pageref{LastPage}.
\end{tabulary}
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  \mymulticolumn{1}{p{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Sponsor}}  \\
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  %\includegraphics[width=48px,height=48px]{dave.jpeg}
  Measure your website readability!\\
  www.readability-score.com
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\begin{document}
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\begin{multicols*}{2}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{What are F-Strings?}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{What are F-Strings?} \tn 
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\hspace*{6 px}\rule{2px}{6px}\hspace*{6 px}Strings prefixed with 'f' or 'F' and containing Python expres​sions inside curly braces for evaluation at run time. They are more formally known as "formatted string literals" and were introduced with Python 3.6.} \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 6)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{How are F-Strings Useful?} \tn 
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\hspace*{6 px}\rule{2px}{6px}\hspace*{6 px}They provide a concise, readable way to include the value of a Python expres​sion with formatting control inside strings.} \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 4)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{What Are Other Ways to Format Strings in Python?} \tn 
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\hspace*{6 px}\rule{2px}{6px}\hspace*{6 px}\{\{fa-caret-right\}\} `\{\{lang-py\}\}str.format()`: the string `\{\{lang-py\}\}format()` method   \{\{nl\}\} \{\{fa-caret-right\}\} \%-formatting: old string formatting using the string modulo/percent operator \% \{\{nl\}\} \{\{fa-caret-right\}\}`\{\{lang-py\}\}string.Template`: template class of the string module} \tn 
% Row Count 18 (+ 8)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{F-String Template}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{{\bf{f" {\emph{text}} \{replacement\_field\} {\emph{text}} ... "}}} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\{\{fa-caret-right\}\} Inside the quotes the f-string consists of two kinds of parts: (1) regular string literals, i.e., {\bf{text}}, and (2) {\bf{replacement fields}} containing Python expressions for evaluation along with formatting control. \newline \{\{fa-caret-right\}\} Double quotes are used in this representative pattern but single or triple quotes could also be used. \newline \{\{fa-caret-right\}\} F-strings may consist of just a replacement field:   \newline  ~ ~ ~ ~ {\bf{ `\{\{lang-py\}\}f"\{replacement\_field\}"`}}}  \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Replacement Field}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{{\bf{\{f-expression = !conversion:format\_specifier\}}}} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\{\{fa-caret-right\}\} A replacement field is signaled by a pair of curly braces: `\{ \}` \newline \{\{fa-caret-right\}\} A replacement field consists of an expression with optional debugging mode (`=`), type conversion (`!`), and format specification (`:`). \newline \{\{fa-caret-right\}\} Substituting into the f-string template: \newline  \newline {\bf{f" {\emph{text}} \{f-expression = !conversion:format\_specifier\} {\emph{text}} ... "}}}  \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
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\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{X}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Column Break}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{} \tn 
% Row Count 0 (+ 0)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{p{0.72 cm} x{5.04 cm} p{0.72 cm} p{0.72 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{4}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Conversion Field Options}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
`!s` & calls `str()` on the value of the f-expression &  &  \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
`!r` & calls `repr()` on the value of the f-expression &  &  \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 2)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
`!a` & calls `ascii()` on the value of the f-expression &  &  \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 2)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}----}
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{4}{x{8.4cm}}{\{\{fa-caret-right\}\} `str()` returns string value representations that are human readable for the end user. \newline \{\{fa-caret-right\}\} `repr()` returns string value representations for the interpreter and developers. \newline \{\{fa-caret-right\}\} `!s`, `!r`, `!a` conversions are redundant since arbitrary expressions are allowed in the replacement fields; so, one could just as easily replace `!r` by using `repr()` on the f-expression and similarly for the others.}  \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}----}
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\par\addvspace{1.3em}

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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Examples: Conversion Field}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{`x, name = 'cat', 'Sophia'`} \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\# explicitly using the string conversion `!s` (the default)} \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 2)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
`f"The black \{x!s\}"` & 'The black cat' \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 1)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\# using the string conversion `!r` adds quotes} \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 1)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
`f"The black \{x!r\}"` & "The black 'cat'" \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 1)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
`f"Her name is \{name!r\}."` & "Her name is 'Sophia'." \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 2)
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\# `!r` is equivalent to using `repr()` on the expression} \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 2)
% Row 7
\SetRowColor{white}
`f"The black \{repr(x)\}"` & "The black 'cat'" \tn 
% Row Count 12 (+ 2)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Format Specifier}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{~ \newline % Row Count 1 (+ 1)
{\bf{`:fill align sign \# 0 width sep .precision type` }} \newline % Row Count 3 (+ 2)
~ \newline % Row Count 4 (+ 1)
{\bf{Brief Summary of the Format Specification Mini-Language}} \newline % Row Count 6 (+ 2)
`fill` : the padding character     \newline % Row Count 7 (+ 1)
`align` : alignment of text within the space     \newline % Row Count 8 (+ 1)
`sign` : how + and - are used preceding numbers      \newline % Row Count 10 (+ 2)
`\#` : alternate presentation format for some number types      \newline % Row Count 12 (+ 2)
`0` : sign-aware, zero-padding on numbers     \newline % Row Count 13 (+ 1)
`width` : the minimum total field width     \newline % Row Count 14 (+ 1)
`sep` : the separator character for numbers (',' or '\_') \newline % Row Count 16 (+ 2)
`.precision` : determines how many digits displayed for floats;\{\{nl\}\}~~~~~~~~~~~~maximum field width for strings    \newline % Row Count 20 (+ 4)
`type` : the type of presentation to use based on data type% Row Count 22 (+ 2)
} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{Note: `sign`, `\#`, `0`, `sep`, `precision`, and `type` are of particular interest for {\bf{number formatting}}. For information about number formatting, see my cheatsheet {\bf{Python F-Strings Number Formatting}}.}  \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{X}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Page Break}}  \tn
% Row 0
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{} \tn 
% Row Count 0 (+ 0)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
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\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Format Specifier: Options}}  \tn
% Row 0
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% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 1
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{char} \tn 
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% Row 2
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{} \tn 
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% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 0)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{p{0.8 cm} x{7.2 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{String Presentation Type}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{simplified form: {\bf{`f" {\emph{text}} \{f-expression:type\} {\emph{text}} ..."`}}} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
`s` & String format. This is the default type for strings and may be omitted. \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 2)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
None & Same as `s` \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 1)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\{\{fa-caret-right\}\}Where the value of the f-expression is a string, the replacement field could make explicit the string presentation type {\bf{`\{f-expression:s\}`}} but {\bf{`:s`}} can be omitted since this is the default for strings. \newline \{\{fa-caret-right\}\}`.precision` can be used with strings to enforce a maximum field width: `\{f-expression:.precision\}`}  \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{x{4.88 cm} x{3.12 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Examples: Simple F-Strings}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{`x = 'cat'`} \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\# f-expression can be a string} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 1)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
`f"The black \{'cat'\}"` & 'The black cat' \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 1)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\# f-expression can be a variable with a string value} \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 2)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
`f"The black \{x\}"` & 'The black cat' \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 1)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\# error when neither a string nor a defined variable} \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 2)
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
`f"The black \{cat\}"` & \{\{fa-frown-o\}\} \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 1)
% Row 7
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\# including f-string in string concatenation} \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 1)
% Row 8
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
`'The ' 'black ' f"\{x\}"` & 'The black cat' \tn 
% Row Count 11 (+ 1)
% Row 9
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\# including f-string in string concatenation} \tn 
% Row Count 12 (+ 1)
% Row 10
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
`'The ' + 'black ' + f"\{x\}"` & 'The black cat' \tn 
% Row Count 14 (+ 2)
% Row 11
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\# f-strings can use single, double, or triple quotes} \tn 
% Row Count 16 (+ 2)
% Row 12
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
`f'The ' f"black " f'''cat'''` & 'The black cat' \tn 
% Row Count 18 (+ 2)
% Row 13
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\# text inside the f-string must contain a different kind of quotes than the outer quotes} \tn 
% Row Count 20 (+ 2)
% Row 14
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
`f'The 'black' cat'` & \{\{fa-frown-o\}\} \tn 
% Row Count 21 (+ 1)
% Row 15
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\# f-expressions need different quotes than the outer quotes} \tn 
% Row Count 23 (+ 2)
% Row 16
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
`f'The black \{'cat'\}'` & \{\{fa-frown-o\}\} \tn 
% Row Count 24 (+ 1)
% Row 17
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\# Or, f-expressions can use a variable to represent the string} \tn 
% Row Count 26 (+ 2)
% Row 18
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
`f'The black \{x\}'` & 'The black cat' \tn 
% Row Count 27 (+ 1)
% Row 19
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\# for debugging, an equal sign can be used after an f-expression to display the expression text and its value} \tn 
% Row Count 30 (+ 3)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\vfill
\columnbreak
\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{x{4.88 cm} x{3.12 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Examples: Simple F-Strings (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 20
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
`f"The black \{x=\}"` & "The black x='cat'" \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 21
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\# backslash escapes can be used in text} \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 1)
% Row 22
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
`f"The black \textbackslash{}'cat\textbackslash{}'"` & "The black 'cat'" \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 2)
% Row 23
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\# doubled curly braces for a single curly brace in text} \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 2)
% Row 24
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
`f"The \{\{black\}\} \{x\}"` & 'The \{black\} cat' \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 2)
% Row 25
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\# using .precision to enforce a maximum field width of 7} \tn 
% Row Count 11 (+ 2)
% Row 26
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
`f"\{'The black cat':.7\}"` & 'The bla' \tn 
% Row Count 13 (+ 2)
% Row 27
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\# Multi-line f-strings} \tn 
% Row Count 14 (+ 1)
% Row 28
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
`f"""`\{\{nl\}\}`The black` \{\{nl\}\}`cat"""` & \{\{nl\}\}'\textbackslash{}nThe black\textbackslash{}ncat' \tn 
% Row Count 16 (+ 2)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{x{5.28 cm} x{2.72 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Examples: Complex F-Expressions}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{`colors = {[}'blue', 'green', 'yellow', 'red'{]}`} \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{`pets = \{'cats': 2, 'dogs': 1\}`} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 1)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\# f-expression with indexing and a method call} \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 1)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{`f"\{colors{[}2{]}.title()\} is my favorite color."`} \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 1)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\{\{ar\}\}'Yellow is my favorite color.'} \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 1)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\# f-expression with slicing} \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 1)
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{`f"\{colors{[}:3{]}\}"`} \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 1)
% Row 7
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\{\{ar\}\}"{[}'blue', 'green', 'yellow'{]}"} \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 1)
% Row 8
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\# f-expression with a function call} \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 1)
% Row 9
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{`f"There are \{len(colors)\} options."`} \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 1)
% Row 10
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\{\{ar\}\}'There are 4 options.'} \tn 
% Row Count 11 (+ 1)
% Row 11
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\# using dictionary keys and an arithmetical operation} \tn 
% Row Count 13 (+ 2)
% Row 12
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{`f"She has \{pets{[}'cats'{]} + pets{[}'dogs'{]}\} pets."`} \tn 
% Row Count 14 (+ 1)
% Row 13
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\{\{ar\}\}'She has 3 pets.'} \tn 
% Row Count 15 (+ 1)
% Row 14
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\# for debugging, an equal sign can be used to display the f-expression and its value} \tn 
% Row Count 17 (+ 2)
% Row 15
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{`f"She has \{pets{[}'cats'{]} + pets{[}'dogs'{]} = \} pets."`} \tn 
% Row Count 19 (+ 2)
% Row 16
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\{\{ar\}\}"She has pets{[}'cats'{]} + pets{[}'dogs'{]} = 3 pets."} \tn 
% Row Count 21 (+ 2)
% Row 17
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\# using a conditional expression} \tn 
% Row Count 22 (+ 1)
% Row 18
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{`f"She \{'has' if (pets{[}'cats'{]} \textgreater{} pets{[}'dogs'{]}) else 'does not have'\} more cats than dogs."`} \tn 
% Row Count 24 (+ 2)
% Row 19
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\{\{ar\}\}'She has more cats than dogs.'} \tn 
% Row Count 25 (+ 1)
% Row 20
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\# dictionary keys used by f-string must have different kind of quotes} \tn 
% Row Count 27 (+ 2)
% Row 21
\SetRowColor{white}
`f'She has \{pet{[}'cats'{]}\}.'` & \{\{fa-frown-o\}\} \tn 
% Row Count 29 (+ 2)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{p{0.88 cm} x{7.12 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Formatting: Fill, Align, Width}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{{\bf{`f"\{f-expression:fill align width\}"`}}} \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
width & a decimal integer defining the minimum total field width.  If not specified, the field width is determined by the content. \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 4)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
align & determines the alignment of text within the available space -{}- left-aligned (\textless{}), right-aligned (\textgreater{}), or centered (\textasciicircum{}) \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 4)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
fill & determines the character to use for padding to achieve the minimum total field width.  The default is the space character. \tn 
% Row Count 13 (+ 4)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{p{0.8 cm} x{7.2 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Alignment Options}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\textless{} & Left-alignment (the default for most objects) \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\textgreater{} & Right-alignment (the default for numbers) \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 2)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\textasciicircum{} & Centered \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 1)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
= & Sign-aware padding. For numeric types: Places the padding before the digits but after the sign (if any) \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 3)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{x{4 cm} x{4 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Examples: Fill, Align, Width}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\# fill (.), right align (\textgreater{}), width (12)} \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
`f"Go \{'right':.\textgreater{}12\}"` & 'Go .......right' \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 2)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\# fill (!), left align (\textless{}), width (12)} \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 1)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
`f"Go \{'left':!\textless{}12\}"` & 'Go left!!!!!!!!' \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 2)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\# fill (*), center align (\textasciicircum{}), width (12)} \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 1)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
`f"Go \{'center':*\textasciicircum{}12\}"` & 'Go ***center***' \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 2)
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\# nested replacement fields allow for the use of variables in the format specifier} \tn 
% Row Count 11 (+ 2)
% Row 7
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{`fill, align, width = '*', '\textasciicircum{}', 12` \{\{nl\}\} `f"Go \{'center':\{fill\}\{align\}\{width\}\}"`} \tn 
% Row Count 13 (+ 2)
% Row 8
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\{\{ar\}\}'Go ***center***'} \tn 
% Row Count 14 (+ 1)
% Row 9
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\# NOTE: the fill is the symbol (*), not the symbol as string ('*')} \tn 
% Row Count 16 (+ 2)
% Row 10
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
`f"Go \{'center':'*'\textasciicircum{}12\}"` & \{\{fa-frown-o\}\} \tn 
% Row Count 18 (+ 2)
% Row 11
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\# BUT: when using a nested replacement field for fill, the value of the variable has to be the string of the symbol ('*'), not the symbol (*)} \tn 
% Row Count 21 (+ 3)
% Row 12
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
`fill = '*'` \{\{nl\}\}`f"Go \{'center':\{fill\}\textasciicircum{}12\}"` & \{\{nl\}\}'Go ***center***' \tn 
% Row Count 24 (+ 3)
% Row 13
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\# Default fill when not specified is the space character} \tn 
% Row Count 26 (+ 2)
% Row 14
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
`f"Go \{'right':\textgreater{}10\}"` & 'Go~~~~~~right' \tn 
% Row Count 29 (+ 3)
% Row 15
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\# Default for strings when not specified: fill (space), left align (\textless{})} \tn 
% Row Count 31 (+ 2)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\vfill
\columnbreak
\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{x{4 cm} x{4 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Examples: Fill, Align, Width (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 16
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
`f"Go \{'left':10\}"` & 'Go left~~~~~~' \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 3)
% Row 17
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\# Default for numbers when not specified: fill (space), right align (\textgreater{})} \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 2)
% Row 18
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
`f"Total: \{5:8\}"` & 'Total: ~~~~~~~5' \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 3)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Example: For Loop and Nested Replacement Fields}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{width = 12 \newline for text, fill in zip({[}'left', 'center', 'right'{]}, '\textless{}\textasciicircum{}\textgreater{}'): \newline     align = fill \newline     print(f"\{text:\{fill\}\{align\}\{width\}\}")} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\{\{ac\}\}left\textless{}\textless{}\textless{}\textless{}\textless{}\textless{}\textless{}\textless{} \newline \textasciicircum{}\textasciicircum{}\textasciicircum{}center\textasciicircum{}\textasciicircum{}\textasciicircum{} \newline \textgreater{}\textgreater{}\textgreater{}\textgreater{}\textgreater{}\textgreater{}\textgreater{}right}  \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Example: Text Template Function}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\# function with f-string as message template \newline def message(name, num): \newline     return f"\{name.title()\}'s number is \{num\}." \newline  \newline message('jenny', 8675309)} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\{\{ac\}\}"Jenny's number is 8675309."}  \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Page Break}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{} \tn 
% Row Count 0 (+ 0)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Example: Row Template for Table Creation}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\# data for table \newline presidents = {[} \newline     {[}'George Washington', 1, 1789, 1797{]}, \newline     {[}'John Adams', 2, 1797, 1801{]}, \newline     {[}'Thomas Jefferson', 3, 1801, 1809{]} \newline {]} \newline  \newline \# create row template function \newline def row(name, num, start, end): \newline     return f"| \{name:\textless{}20\} | \{num:2\} | \{start\} - \{end\} |" \newline \# print rows iteratively \newline for p in presidents: \newline     print(row(p{[}0{]}, p{[}1{]}, p{[}2{]}, p{[}3{]}))} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{| George Washington    |  ~1 | 1789 - 1797 | \newline | John Adams           ~~~~~~~~~~~ |  ~2 | 1797 - 1801 | \newline | Thomas Jefferson     ~~~|  ~3 | 1801 - 1809 |}  \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Example: Title Bar}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\{\{lang-py\}\}fill, align, width = '*', '\textasciicircum{}', 21 \newline for text in {[}'', ' Title ', ''{]}: \newline     print(f"\{text:\{fill\}\{align\}\{width\}\}")} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\{\{ac\}\}********************* \newline ******* Title ******* \newline *********************}  \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{x{4.96 cm} x{3.04 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Datetime Formatting with F-Strings}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{Some Python objects have their own format specifiers to replace the standard ones. An example of this behavior is found in the `date`, `datetime`, and `time` objects of the `datetime` module.} \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 4)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\# using the `datetime` module to obtain today's date} \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 2)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
`\{\{lang-py\}\}import datetime`\{\{nl\}\} `\{\{lang-py\}\}today = datetime.date.today()`\{\{nl\}\} `\{\{lang-py\}\}f"\{today\}"` & \{\{nl\}\}\{\{nl\}\}'2022-03-14' \tn 
% Row Count 11 (+ 5)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\# object-specific formatting directives used in place of the standard format specifiers} \tn 
% Row Count 13 (+ 2)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{`\{\{lang-py\}\}f"\{today:\%A, \%B \%d, \%Y\}"`} \tn 
% Row Count 14 (+ 1)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\{\{ar\}\}'Monday, March 14, 2022'} \tn 
% Row Count 15 (+ 1)
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\# the output is the same as using the `strftime()` method of the `datetime` module} \tn 
% Row Count 17 (+ 2)
% Row 7
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{`\{\{lang-py\}\}today.strftime("\%A, \%B \%d, \%Y")`} \tn 
% Row Count 18 (+ 1)
% Row 8
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\{\{ar\}\}'Monday, March 14, 2022'} \tn 
% Row Count 19 (+ 1)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Column Break}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{} \tn 
% Row Count 0 (+ 0)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{x{1.824 cm} x{2.812 cm} x{2.964 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Short List of Datetime Formatting Directives}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{Directive}} & {\bf{Meaning}} & {\bf{Example}} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
`\%A` & Weekday full name & Sunday, Monday,... \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 2)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
`\%a` & Weekday abbreviated & Sun, Mon,... \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 2)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
`\%B` & Month full name & January, February,... \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 2)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
`\%b` & Month abbreviated & Jan, Feb,... \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 2)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
`\%d` & Day of Month & 01, 02, 03,... \tn 
% Row Count 11 (+ 1)
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
`\%Y` & Year with Century & 2019, 2020,... \tn 
% Row Count 13 (+ 2)
% Row 7
\SetRowColor{white}
`\%y` & Year without Century & 19, 20,... \tn 
% Row Count 15 (+ 2)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}---}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{References}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\{\{fa-caret-right\}\}"A Guide to the Newer Python String Format Techniques" by John Sturtz at {\emph{Real Python}}:  \seqsplit{https://realpython.com/python-formatted-output/\#the-python-formatted-string-literal-f-string}} \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 4)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\{\{fa-caret-right\}\}"Python 3's f-Strings: An Improved String Formatting Syntax (Guide)" by Joanna Jablonski at {\emph{Real Python}}: \seqsplit{https://realpython.com/python-f-strings/}} \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 4)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\{\{fa-caret-right\}\}"Format String Syntax" including "Format Specification Mini-Language" from the page "`string` -{}- Common string operations":  \seqsplit{https://docs.python.org/3/library/string.html\#format-string-syntax}} \tn 
% Row Count 13 (+ 5)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\{\{fa-caret-right\}\}"2.4.3. Formatted string literals" from the page "2. Lexical analysis":  \seqsplit{https://docs.python.org/3/reference/lexical\_analysis.html\#formatted-string-literals}} \tn 
% Row Count 17 (+ 4)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\{\{fa-caret-right\}\}"PEP 498 -{}- Literal String Interpolation":  \seqsplit{https://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0498/}} \tn 
% Row Count 20 (+ 3)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\{\{fa-caret-right\}\}"Python String Format Cookbook": \seqsplit{https://mkaz.blog/code/python-string-format-cookbook/}} \tn 
% Row Count 23 (+ 3)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}


% That's all folks
\end{multicols*}

\end{document}