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\usepackage{seqsplit}           % Splits long words.
%\usepackage{opensans}          % Can't make this work so far. Shame. Would be lovely.
\usepackage[normalem]{ulem}     % For underlining links
% Most of the following are not required for the majority
% of cheat sheets but are needed for some symbol support.
\usepackage{amsmath}            % Symbols
\usepackage{MnSymbol}           % Symbols
\usepackage{wasysym}            % Symbols
%\usepackage[english,german,french,spanish,italian]{babel}              % Languages

% Document Info
\author{Mary F. Smith (boogie)}
\pdfinfo{
  /Title (linux-command-sheet.pdf)
  /Creator (Cheatography)
  /Author (Mary F. Smith (boogie))
  /Subject (Linux Command Sheet Cheat Sheet)
}

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% Header and Footer
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\fancyhead[L]{
\noindent
\begin{multicols}{3}
\begin{tabulary}{5.8cm}{C}
    \SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
    \vspace{-7pt}
    {\parbox{\dimexpr\textwidth-2\fboxsep\relax}{\noindent
        \hspace*{-6pt}\includegraphics[width=5.8cm]{/web/www.cheatography.com/public/images/cheatography_logo.pdf}}
    }
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\columnbreak
\begin{tabulary}{11cm}{L}
    \vspace{-2pt}\large{\bf{\textcolor{DarkBackground}{\textrm{Linux Command Sheet Cheat Sheet}}}} \\
    \normalsize{by \textcolor{DarkBackground}{Mary F. Smith (boogie)} via \textcolor{DarkBackground}{\uline{cheatography.com/86236/cs/20137/}}}
\end{tabulary}
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\fancyfoot[L]{ \footnotesize
\noindent
\begin{multicols}{3}
\begin{tabulary}{5.8cm}{LL}
  \SetRowColor{FootBackground}
  \mymulticolumn{2}{p{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cheatographer}}  \\
  \vspace{-2pt}Mary F. Smith (boogie) \\
  \uline{cheatography.com/boogie} \\
  \end{tabulary}
\vfill
\columnbreak
\begin{tabulary}{5.8cm}{L}
  \SetRowColor{FootBackground}
  \mymulticolumn{1}{p{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cheat Sheet}}  \\
   \vspace{-2pt}Not Yet Published.\\
   Updated 15th May, 2025.\\
   Page {\thepage} of \pageref{LastPage}.
\end{tabulary}
\vfill
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  \mymulticolumn{1}{p{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Sponsor}}  \\
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  \vspace{-5pt}
  %\includegraphics[width=48px,height=48px]{dave.jpeg}
  Measure your website readability!\\
  www.readability-score.com
\end{tabulary}
\end{multicols}}




\begin{document}
\raggedright
\raggedcolumns

% Set font size to small. Switch to any value
% from this page to resize cheat sheet text:
% www.emerson.emory.edu/services/latex/latex_169.html
\footnotesize % Small font.

\begin{multicols*}{2}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{x{3.68 cm} x{4.32 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Information}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
pwd & | print working directory \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
cat & | print file {[}on screen{]} \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 2)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\emph{user head or tail instead of cat}} & | shows the first few lines at beginning or end \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 3)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
hostname & | display hostname \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 1)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\{\{ar\}\} -i {[}displays network address{]} -l {[}displays all local IPs{]}} \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 2)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
date & | set/display date \& time \tn 
% Row Count 12 (+ 2)
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{whois} \tn 
% Row Count 13 (+ 1)
% Row 7
\SetRowColor{white}
uptime & | display how long the system has been running \tn 
% Row Count 16 (+ 3)
% Row 8
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
cal & | displays calendar \tn 
% Row Count 17 (+ 1)
% Row 9
\SetRowColor{white}
uname -a & | displays Linux system info \tn 
% Row Count 19 (+ 2)
% Row 10
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
uname -r & | displays kernel info \tn 
% Row Count 21 (+ 2)
% Row 11
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{lsb\_release -s} \tn 
% Row Count 22 (+ 1)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{x{3.76 cm} x{4.24 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Manage Users}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
su - & | switch to root user \& move to that directory \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 3)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
adduser & | add new user \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 1)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
usermod -aG sudo {\emph{username}} & | add user to sudo list \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 2)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
groups {\emph{username}} & | list groups a user belongs too \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 2)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
su mfsmith & | switch to listed user mfsmith \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 2)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
passwd & | change password for current user name \tn 
% Row Count 12 (+ 2)
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
passwd mfsmith & | change password for listed user \tn 
% Row Count 14 (+ 2)
% Row 7
\SetRowColor{white}
\{\{ar\}\} passwd -S sysadmin & | displays the status of the users password \tn 
% Row Count 17 (+ 3)
% Row 8
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & {[}P{]} Unlocked \tn 
% Row Count 18 (+ 1)
% Row 9
\SetRowColor{white}
 & {[}L{]} locked \tn 
% Row Count 19 (+ 1)
% Row 10
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & {[}NP{]} no password \tn 
% Row Count 20 (+ 1)
% Row 11
\SetRowColor{white}
adduser mfsmith -or- useradd mfsmith & | Creates a new user \tn 
% Row Count 22 (+ 2)
% Row 12
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
usermod mfsmith & | modify username account \tn 
% Row Count 24 (+ 2)
% Row 13
\SetRowColor{white}
deluser mfsmith -or- userdel & | Deletes user \tn 
% Row Count 26 (+ 2)
% Row 14
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
deluser mfsmith -{}-remove-all-files & | Deletes the user and removes all files in directory \tn 
% Row Count 29 (+ 3)
% Row 15
\SetRowColor{white}
getent powerusers | less & | print user groups \tn 
% Row Count 31 (+ 2)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\vfill
\columnbreak
\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{x{3.76 cm} x{4.24 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Manage Users (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 16
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
usermod -l newusername oldusername & | change user name \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 17
\SetRowColor{white}
sudo chfn mfsmith & | edit basic info i.e. full name, room \#, phone \# \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 3)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{x{2.32 cm} x{5.68 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Process Management}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
ps & | displays users current processes \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
ps -ef & | displays all processes \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 1)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
pmap & | displays memory usage \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 1)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
pstree & | display in a tree \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 1)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
ps -ef | grep wa & | display all info reference this process \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 2)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
ps kill 84679 & | kill process id 84679 \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 2)
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
ps killall java & | kill all processes named java \tn 
% Row Count 11 (+ 2)
% Row 7
\SetRowColor{white}
top & | show all running proicesses \tn 
% Row Count 13 (+ 2)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{p{1.68 cm} x{6.32 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Disk/Hardware Mgmt}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
df -h & | disk usage \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
ps & | running processes \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 1)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{x{2.56 cm} x{5.44 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{System Monitoring}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
whoami & | display user \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
uptime & | system run time \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 1)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
cat \seqsplit{/proc/cpuinfo} & | \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 2)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
free -h & | display free memory\} \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 1)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
lshw & | print hardware configuration \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 2)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
last reboot & | disaply date \& time of last reboot \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 2)
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
w & | display currently logged in users \tn 
% Row Count 11 (+ 2)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{x{3.84 cm} x{4.16 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{General Maintenance}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Shutdown \textasciicircum{}{\emph{{[}OPTIONS{]} TIME {[}MESSAGE{]}}}\textasciicircum{} & | sudo shutdown =1 "System scheduled for restart" \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 3)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{Update \& Upgrade the Debian OS} \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 1)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & sudo apt-get update \&\& sudo apt-get upgrade \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 3)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{x{3.36 cm} x{4.64 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Package management | OS Maintenance}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
sudo apt-get update & | check for updates in current version \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{apt-get updater \&\& apt-get upgrade} \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 1)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{} \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 0)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\{\{ar\}\}apt-cache search docker & | search for packages with the word "Docker" in the file name \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 3)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
apt-get install docker & | install docker \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 2)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{} \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 0)
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
apt-get remove & | removes a package \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 1)
% Row 7
\SetRowColor{white}
apt-get purge & | removes and deletes \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 1)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{x{4 cm} x{4 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Misc Need Organizing}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
ssh mfsmith@srv-tower & log into machine \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{scp mfsmith@srv-tower :srv-dc} \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 1)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
scp\textless{}username.@\textless{}host:{[}remote sourse{]} \textless{}local. & copies files from the host to the destination \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 3)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{x{2.72 cm} x{5.28 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Working with Processes}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
pstree & | display a tree of processes \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
systemctl processname & | control the systemd init system \& service manager \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 2)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{x{1.2 cm} x{6.8 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{SuperUser}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
su - & | change to superuser \& stay at root directory \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
sudo  - & | execute a command as root \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 2)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{- or -} \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 1)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
sudo -u & | execute a command as a particular user \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 2)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Installs - Frequently Used}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{vagrant@debian11:/  {\bf{sudo apt-get install nano -y}}} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{x{2.32 cm} x{5.68 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Basic Network Mgmt}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
iwconfig & | wireless interface \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
ifconfig & | ethernetinterface \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 1)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\# The loopback network interface \newline auto lo \newline iface lo inet loopback \newline   \newline \# The primary network interface \newline -auto enp0s3 \newline iface enp0s3  inet static \newline -address 192.168.1.97 \newline -netmask 255.255.255.0 \newline -gateway 192.168.1.1 \newline -dns-domain example.com \newline -dns-nameservers 1.1.1.1 \newline  \newline {\bf{sudo systemctl restart networking}}}  \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{x{2.4 cm} x{5.6 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Networking Command/Queries}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
ip a & | display IP Address, routing, devices and tunnels \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
netstat & | displays all active TCP connections, ports \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 2)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\{\{ar\}\} {\bf{-nutlp {[}displays tcp/udp ports \& application running on port{]}}}} \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 2)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\{\{ar\}\} {\bf{-e {[}includes ethernet stats{]} -o {[}includes PIDs{]} -p {[}displays protocols{]} -r {[}displays routing table{]}}}} \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 3)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
ping & | test communication with machines \tn 
% Row Count 11 (+ 2)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
\{\{ar\}\} ping -c 4 & | limits the ping response to 4 replies \tn 
% Row Count 13 (+ 2)
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
traceroute srv-dc & print packet route \tn 
% Row Count 15 (+ 2)
% Row 7
\SetRowColor{white}
host & | DNS lookup utililty \tn 
% Row Count 16 (+ 1)
% Row 8
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
hostname & | show or set system name \tn 
% Row Count 17 (+ 1)
% Row 9
\SetRowColor{white}
iptables & |utililty for packet filtering and NAT \tn 
% Row Count 19 (+ 2)
% Row 10
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
mtr & | network diagnostic tool \tn 
% Row Count 20 (+ 1)
% Row 11
\SetRowColor{white}
telnet & | access to the telnet tool \tn 
% Row Count 21 (+ 1)
% Row 12
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
ufw & | application to mange filters and firewalls \tn 
% Row Count 23 (+ 2)
% Row 13
\SetRowColor{white}
mtr & | diagnostic tool \tn 
% Row Count 24 (+ 1)
% Row 14
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
nbtstat & | displays netbios over tcp \tn 
% Row Count 25 (+ 1)
% Row 15
\SetRowColor{white}
arp & | displays caches apr table \tn 
% Row Count 26 (+ 1)
% Row 16
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
pathping & | disaplys info about network latency/loss between hops \tn 
% Row Count 28 (+ 2)
% Row 17
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{tcpdump} \tn 
% Row Count 29 (+ 1)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{x{2.96 cm} x{5.04 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Other Commands}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
; \textasciitilde{}{[}semi colon{]}\textasciitilde{} & | allows a user to stack/insert multiple command on one command line \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 3)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\&\& \textasciitilde{}{[}double ampersand{]}\textasciitilde{} & | if the command on the left is suceesful then run the command on the right \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 3)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
| | \textasciitilde{}{[}double pipe{]}\textasciitilde{} & based on the results of the first command, skip the second command \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 3)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{p{1.04 cm} x{6.96 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Directory Structure}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
/ & | root directory of operating system \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
/etc & | host system config files \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 1)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
/var & | storage for file which grow in size \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 2)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
/bin & | user binary files i.e. cat, grep, etc. \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 2)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
/proc & | system processes \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 1)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
/srv & | system services \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 1)
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
/mnt & | ppermenet storage \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 1)
% Row 7
\SetRowColor{white}
/home & | home directory for logged in user \tn 
% Row Count 12 (+ 2)
% Row 8
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
/lib & | shared library files and kernel modules \tn 
% Row Count 14 (+ 2)
% Row 9
\SetRowColor{white}
/usr & | user utilities and apps \tn 
% Row Count 15 (+ 1)
% Row 10
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
/dev & | device files i.e. mouse, keyboard, harddrive, etc. \tn 
% Row Count 17 (+ 2)
% Row 11
\SetRowColor{white}
/sbin & | system binary files \tn 
% Row Count 18 (+ 1)
% Row 12
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
/opt & | option software \tn 
% Row Count 19 (+ 1)
% Row 13
\SetRowColor{white}
\seqsplit{/media} & | temp storage/flash drives \tn 
% Row Count 21 (+ 2)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{x{3.52 cm} x{4.48 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Directory Colors}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Blue | Directory & Yellow | Device \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
Green | Executable & Magenta | Graphic Image \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 2)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Cyan | symbolic Link & Red | Archive File \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 2)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
 & Red \& Black | Broken link \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 2)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{{\bf{On many Linux distributions, directories may be displayed in blue, executable files may be displayed in green, and symbolic links may be displayed in cyan. \newline ‌⁠​​ \newline Colored output is not the default behavior for the ls command, but rather the effect of the -{}-color option. The ls seems to perform this coloring automatically because there is an alias for the ls command, so it runs with the -{}-color option.}} \newline  \newline sysadmin@localhost:\textasciitilde{}\$ type ls \newline ls is aliased to `ls -{}-color=auto'}  \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{x{1.44 cm} x{6.56 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Working with Directories}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
ls & | list contents of current directory \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
ls -r & | list files in subdirectories \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 1)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
ls -al & | list files with directories, size, permissions etc. \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 2)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
ls-l & |list files and permissions \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 1)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & r {[}read{]} w{[}write{]} x {[}execute{]} -= {[}no permissions \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 2)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
ls -a & | list contents of current directory including hidden files \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 2)
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
ls -lart & | long, include hidden, {\bf{{\emph{, }}}} \tn 
% Row Count 12 (+ 2)
% Row 7
\SetRowColor{white}
ls -d*/ & | list directories \tn 
% Row Count 13 (+ 1)
% Row 8
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
cd \textasciitilde{} & | jump to users home \tn 
% Row Count 14 (+ 1)
% Row 9
\SetRowColor{white}
cd.. & | jump to last directory \tn 
% Row Count 15 (+ 1)
% Row 10
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
cd / & | jump to root home directory \tn 
% Row Count 16 (+ 1)
% Row 11
\SetRowColor{white}
cd - & | previous working directory \tn 
% Row Count 17 (+ 1)
% Row 12
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
cd ../../ & | back up two levels \tn 
% Row Count 19 (+ 2)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{x{3.52 cm} x{4.48 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Searching}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
locate {[}name of file{]} & | searches system \& locates that directory \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
find . -name {[}9414811\_49794.pdf{]} & | search in current directory for file name \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 2)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
find /home -name *.jpg & | search file type in listed directory \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 2)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
{\emph{Using GREP}} & | grep searches for patterns in files \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 2)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{grep -r} \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 1)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
command | grep & | searches the output of a command \tn 
% Row Count 11 (+ 2)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{x{2.72 cm} x{5.28 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Searching \& Sorting}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
which \textasciitilde{}i.e. which ls\textasciitilde{} & | which command identifies the stored location of a command \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 3)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
type -a & | displays directory location of command \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 2)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
-t & | sort by time \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 1)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
-r & | sort by reverse order \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 1)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\{\{ar\}\}Regular Expressions} \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 1)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
. & | Any one single character \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 1)
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{[} {]} & | Any one specified character \tn 
% Row Count 11 (+ 2)
% Row 7
\SetRowColor{white}
{[}\textasciicircum{} {]} & | Not the one specified character \tn 
% Row Count 13 (+ 2)
% Row 8
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
* & | Zero or more of the previous character \tn 
% Row Count 15 (+ 2)
% Row 9
\SetRowColor{white}
\textasciicircum{} & | If first character in the pattern, then pattern must be at beginning of the line to match, otherwise just a literal \textasciicircum{} \tn 
% Row Count 20 (+ 5)
% Row 10
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\$ & | If last character in the pattern, then pattern must be at the end of the line to match, otherwise just a literal \$ \tn 
% Row Count 25 (+ 5)
% Row 11
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\{\{ar\}\}Extended Expressions} \tn 
% Row Count 26 (+ 1)
% Row 12
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
+ & | One or more of the previous pattern \tn 
% Row Count 28 (+ 2)
% Row 13
\SetRowColor{white}
? & | The preceding pattern is optional \tn 
% Row Count 30 (+ 2)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\vfill
\columnbreak
\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{x{2.72 cm} x{5.28 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Searching \& Sorting (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 14
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\{ \} & | Specify minimum, maximum or exact matches of the previous pattern \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 3)
% Row 15
\SetRowColor{white}
| & | Alternation - a logical "or" \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 2)
% Row 16
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
( ) & | Used to create groups \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 1)
% Row 17
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\{\{ar\}\} Anchor Characters} \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 1)
% Row 18
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
'search term' & | single quotes "protects" the word \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 2)
% Row 19
\SetRowColor{white}
'\textasciicircum{} search term' & | \textasciicircum{} means the first place \tn 
% Row Count 11 (+ 2)
% Row 20
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
'search term \$' & | \$ means the last place \tn 
% Row Count 13 (+ 2)
% Row 21
\SetRowColor{white}
{[} {]} & | {[} {]} match the blocked in character \tn 
% Row Count 15 (+ 2)
% Row 22
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
. & | \tn 
% Row Count 16 (+ 1)
% Row 23
\SetRowColor{white}
* & | within a search, this character acts as a wildcard \tn 
% Row Count 18 (+ 2)
% Row 24
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
? & | in a search, this character indicates other letters/numbers \tn 
% Row Count 21 (+ 3)
% Row 25
\SetRowColor{white}
! & | in a search, this character = does not \tn 
% Row Count 23 (+ 2)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{echo {[}D-P{]}{\emph{ \newline echo {[}!D-P{]}}} \newline  \newline echo ?????{\emph{s \newline echo D}}n*s}  \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{x{1.76 cm} x{6.24 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Troubleshooting}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Issue: & usermod command not found \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\seqsplit{Resolution:} & \{\{ar\}\} use su - instead of su root \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 2)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Issue: & wget command not found \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 1)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\seqsplit{Resolution:} & \{\{ar\}\} sudo apt-get install wget \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 2)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Issue: & cannot access repositories \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 1)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
\seqsplit{Resolution:} & manually add site via {\bf{nano /etc/apt/sources.list}} \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 2)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{x{3.2 cm} x{4.8 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Firewall}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
sudo apt-get install ufw & | install firewall application \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
sudo ufw allow 'Nginx HTTP' & | allow application to pass through firewall \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 2)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
sudo ufw status & | check firewall status \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 1)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
sudo ufw disable & | disable firewall \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 1)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
sudo ufw enable & | enable firewall \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 1)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
sudo ufw allow 22 & | allow port number to pass \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 2)
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
sudo ufw reset & | reset firewall \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 1)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{x{4.16 cm} x{3.84 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Redirection}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Redirect the output of a command & | add "\textgreater{}" \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\{\{ar\}\} i.e. & cat food.txt \textgreater{} newfoodfile.txt \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 2)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & | use "\textgreater{}\textgreater{}" to overwrite a file \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 2)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Fucnctions}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{Functions -} \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{are typically utilized in scripting} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 1)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{are utilized to execute multiple commands} \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 1)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{function\_name ()  \newline \{ \newline    commands \newline \}}  \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{x{3.36 cm} x{4.64 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Quotation Marks}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
There are {[}3{]} types of quotes & Section {[}5{]} Linus Essentials \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
"  " | double quotes & tell the system to ignore special characters \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 2)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
'    ' | single quotes & the system does not consider it a variable \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 2)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\textbackslash{}`  \textbackslash{}` | backwards quotes & the system interprests the word in single quotes as an execution \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 3)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{} \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 0)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{each of these marks tells the system the text inside the quotes are to be handled differently} \tn 
% Row Count 11 (+ 2)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}


% That's all folks
\end{multicols*}

\end{document}