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  /Title (psychology.pdf)
  /Creator (Cheatography)
  /Author (blueeyes7)
  /Subject (Psychology Cheat Sheet)
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    \vspace{-2pt}\large{\bf{\textcolor{DarkBackground}{\textrm{Psychology Cheat Sheet}}}} \\
    \normalsize{by \textcolor{DarkBackground}{blueeyes7} via \textcolor{DarkBackground}{\uline{cheatography.com/26175/cs/7264/}}}
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  \vspace{-2pt}blueeyes7 \\
  \uline{cheatography.com/blueeyes7} \\
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  \mymulticolumn{1}{p{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cheat Sheet}}  \\
   \vspace{-2pt}Published 20th February, 2016.\\
   Updated 5th May, 2016.\\
   Page {\thepage} of \pageref{LastPage}.
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  Measure your website readability!\\
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Psychology}}  \tn
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Psychology & Study of Mind and Behavior \tn 
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Mean & Average Score \tn 
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Median & Value in the Middle \tn 
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Mode & Occurs Most Frequently \tn 
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Positive (+) - Graph: line goes up & same mean, median, mode \tn 
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Negative (-) - Graph lines goes down & different mean, median, mode \tn 
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Neurotransmitters & are chemicals of various kinds that travel across the synaptic gap to the next neuron, allowing the cells to talk \tn 
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Neuroscience & studies the relationship between mental/brain activity \tn 
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Behavioral Neuroscience & approach to psyc links psychological processes activities in nervous systems \& other bodily processes \tn 
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Synapse & the junction or region between the axon of one neuron and the dendrites or cell body of another \tn 
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Three Ways Neurotransmitters Cleared from a Synapse & 1) Via Auto Receptors \tn 
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 & 2) Reuptake \tn 
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 & 3) Enzyme Deactivation \tn 
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Action Potential & electrical signal that travels the length of an axon to a synapse \tn 
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Resting Potential & the diff. in electrical charge between the inside of a neuron's cell membrane \tn 
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Stimulus & sensory input from the environment \tn 
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Reaction Time & amt of time to response to a specifc stimulus \tn 
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Myelin & a type of fatty tissue, covers sections of the axons of some neurons, assisting in the rapid transmission of signals through the axon \tn 
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Reliable & if an instrument can attain the same measurement repeatedly when measuring the same thing \tn 
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Validity & the degree to which an external even reflects a concept or idea \tn 
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PNS: Peripheral Nervous System & 1) Somatic Nervous System - comm. info. between voluntary muscles\&CNS involved in coordinating beh. \tn 
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 & 2) Autonomic Nervous System - comm. info automatically to blood vessels, organs, and glands \tn 
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Ions & charges particles \tn 
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Self-Selection & problem occurs when anything about a person determines inclusion in a group \tn 
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Representing Data & 1) Graphic Representation - picturing \tn 
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 & 2) Descriptive Stats - discussing \tn 
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Measures of Variability & 1) Range: largest value - smallest value = range \tn 
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 & 2) Standard Deviation: how much an avg. the scores differ from the mean \tn 
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Variables & Independent - being manipulated \tn 
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 & Dependent - measured \tn 
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Third Variable Problem & 2 variables are correlated only bc each is casually related to a 3rd variable \tn 
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Groups & Experimental - exposed to manipulation \tn 
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 & Control - not exposed \tn 
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Experimental Tools & 1) Manipulation - changing a variable to determine its casual power \tn 
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 & 2) Random Assignment - away of eliminating biases or uneven levels of third variables in the experimental and control groups \tn 
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Double Blind & neither observer nor participate knows the true nature of the study \tn 
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Demand Characteristics & can keep people from behaving naturally in an observational setting \tn 
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Before we measure something ... & we must define it. \tn 
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To the degree that an instrument can detect minute variation in magnitude that instrument has & power \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Subdivisions of the Brain}}  \tn
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\seqsplit{ForeBrain} & * Supports high-order cognition \& emotion \tn 
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 & 2 Main Divisions: \tn 
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 & 1) Cerebral Cortex - outer area of the brain \tn 
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 & 2) Subcortical Structures - housed under the cortex at the center of the brain \tn 
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\seqsplit{HindBrain} & * Coordinates info entering\&exiting the spinal cord \tn 
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 & * Controls basic functions of life: respiration, alertness, motor skills \tn 
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 & * Composed of sections: the medulla, reticular formation, cerebellum, and the pons \tn 
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\seqsplit{MidBrain} & * Relatively small in humans \tn 
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 & * Consisting  of 2 mains parts - Tectum \& Tegmentum: both orient you to stimuli in environment \tn 
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Pituitary & Master Hormone Gland \tn 
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Amygdala & Deals with Emotion \& Emotional Memories \tn 
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Motor Cortex & Front Lobe \tn 
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\seqsplit{Somatosensory} Cortex & Parietal Lobe \tn 
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Corpus Callosum & Thick band nerve fibers connects large areas of cerebral cortex \tn 
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Hypothalamus & Regulate body temp., hunger, thirst, and sexual behavior \tn 
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Hippocampus & Help create new memories and sends them to other parts of the cortex \tn 
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Thalamus & Takes in info. from all the major senses - except smell \tn 
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Structional & Functional \tn 
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1) Computerized Axial Tomography (CT) & 1) Position Emission Tomography (PET) \tn 
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2) Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) & 2) functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) \tn 
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 & 3) Trans-cranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS) \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Mind Theories (Psyc)}}  \tn
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Mind & the private inner experience of perceptions, thoughts, memories, feelings \tn 
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Cultural Psyc & the study of how cultures reflect\&shape the psyc processes of their members \tn 
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Social Psyc & the study of the causes\&consequences of sociality \tn 
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\seqsplit{Evolutionary} Psyc & a psyc approach that explains minds\&beh. in terms of adaptive value of abilities that are preserved over time by natural selection \tn 
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Cognitive Psyc & computer \& human mind -{}-{}-\textgreater{} register, store, retrieve info. -{}-{}-\textgreater{} parallel/similar \tn 
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Physiology & the study of biological processes \tn 
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Behaviorism & observable actions of human beings \& animals \tn 
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Clinical Psyc & came out of medicine \tn 
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 & - Most PhDs in Psyc \tn 
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Idealism & objects perceived existences dependent upon the activity of a mind \tn 
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Realism & matter as the objects of perception is basic \& exists independent of the perceiver \tn 
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Hysteria & physical ailments w/out apparent cause \tn 
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\seqsplit{Humanistic} \seqsplit{Psyc-gist} & 1) Abraham Maslow & 2) Carl Roger \tn 
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Marie \seqsplit{Flourens} & 1794-1867 & removed areas from the brains of various animals \& realized that their beh. differed from those of unaltered animals \tn 
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Rene \seqsplit{Decrates} & 12th century Frenchman & Dualism - mind/brain fundamentally diff. substances \tn 
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Donald \seqsplit{BroadBent} &  & 1st to study attention \tn 
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Kurt Lewin & early 20th century & recognized the stimulus response model wasn't enough \tn 
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 &  & personal view/experience the response of a stimulus \tn 
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Karl Lashley & 20th century & recorded how rats learned to run mazes and then removed parts of their brain and tested them against to see of they could still run the maze \tn 
% Row Count 34 (+ 9)
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Wundt & Introspection & subjective observation of one's own experience \tn 
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 & Structuralism & analysis of basic elements that constitute the mind \tn 
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William James & philosopher & human beh. can teach us about the human mind \tn 
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 & Functionalism & Consciousness - subjective experience of world\&mind \tn 
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Greek \seqsplit{Thinkings} & Phil. Position & Plato: Nativism - innate traits \tn 
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 &  & Aristotle: Empiricism - knowledge through experience \tn 
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Thomas Hobbs & 17th Century Brit & mind is what brain does \tn 
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G. Stanley Hall &  & studied \seqsplit{education\&human} development \tn 
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\seqsplit{Helmholtz} & physicist \& physiologist & measured stimulus \& response time \tn 
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 &  & studied speed of nerves in frogs \tn 
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Gestalt Psyc &  & emphasizes how the mind takes pieces of an \seqsplit{experiences\&integrates} them into a single, or unified form \tn 
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John Watson & 1st to really work out the LIMITS OF BEHAVIOR & Animal behaviorist \tn 
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 &  & Humans don't have mind \tn 
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BF Skinner & writer -{}-{}-\textgreater{} psychologist & Skinner Boxes -\textgreater{} Rats -\textgreater{} Food \seqsplit{(Reinforcements)} -\textgreater{} results (training) \tn 
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\seqsplit{Ebbinghaus} &  & nonsense syllabus -\textgreater{} storage device -\textgreater{} no connection to life experience \tn 
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Sigmund Freud & medical Dr. associated w/ & Psychoanalysis - a process to uncover unconscious problems that might drive conscious beh. \tn 
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Noam Chomsky & behaviorist model could NOT account for language in children & shows the blinding effect of human stubbornness \tn 
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Ivan Pavlov & 19th Century Physiologist & noticed in his study of canine digestion, that dogs salivated not only when they saw their food, but eventually at the sight of their master who would feed them. \tn 
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Paul Broca & 19th century French Surgeon & Localization of Function - specific functions linked to specific brain areas \tn 
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Franz Gall & 18th \& 19th century & Phrenology - defunct theory: memory - happiness, localized areas of the brain \tn 
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\par\addvspace{1.3em}


% That's all folks
\end{multicols*}

\end{document}