\documentclass[10pt,a4paper]{article}

% Packages
\usepackage{fancyhdr}           % For header and footer
\usepackage{multicol}           % Allows multicols in tables
\usepackage{tabularx}           % Intelligent column widths
\usepackage{tabulary}           % Used in header and footer
\usepackage{hhline}             % Border under tables
\usepackage{graphicx}           % For images
\usepackage{xcolor}             % For hex colours
%\usepackage[utf8x]{inputenc}    % For unicode character support
\usepackage[T1]{fontenc}        % Without this we get weird character replacements
\usepackage{colortbl}           % For coloured tables
\usepackage{setspace}           % For line height
\usepackage{lastpage}           % Needed for total page number
\usepackage{seqsplit}           % Splits long words.
%\usepackage{opensans}          % Can't make this work so far. Shame. Would be lovely.
\usepackage[normalem]{ulem}     % For underlining links
% Most of the following are not required for the majority
% of cheat sheets but are needed for some symbol support.
\usepackage{amsmath}            % Symbols
\usepackage{MnSymbol}           % Symbols
\usepackage{wasysym}            % Symbols
%\usepackage[english,german,french,spanish,italian]{babel}              % Languages

% Document Info
\author{blakecromar}
\pdfinfo{
  /Title (bash.pdf)
  /Creator (Cheatography)
  /Author (blakecromar)
  /Subject (Bash Cheat Sheet)
}

% Lengths and widths
\addtolength{\textwidth}{6cm}
\addtolength{\textheight}{-1cm}
\addtolength{\hoffset}{-3cm}
\addtolength{\voffset}{-2cm}
\setlength{\tabcolsep}{0.2cm} % Space between columns
\setlength{\headsep}{-12pt} % Reduce space between header and content
\setlength{\headheight}{85pt} % If less, LaTeX automatically increases it
\renewcommand{\footrulewidth}{0pt} % Remove footer line
\renewcommand{\headrulewidth}{0pt} % Remove header line
\renewcommand{\seqinsert}{\ifmmode\allowbreak\else\-\fi} % Hyphens in seqsplit
% This two commands together give roughly
% the right line height in the tables
\renewcommand{\arraystretch}{1.3}
\onehalfspacing

% Commands
\newcommand{\SetRowColor}[1]{\noalign{\gdef\RowColorName{#1}}\rowcolor{\RowColorName}} % Shortcut for row colour
\newcommand{\mymulticolumn}[3]{\multicolumn{#1}{>{\columncolor{\RowColorName}}#2}{#3}} % For coloured multi-cols
\newcolumntype{x}[1]{>{\raggedright}p{#1}} % New column types for ragged-right paragraph columns
\newcommand{\tn}{\tabularnewline} % Required as custom column type in use

% Font and Colours
\definecolor{HeadBackground}{HTML}{333333}
\definecolor{FootBackground}{HTML}{666666}
\definecolor{TextColor}{HTML}{333333}
\definecolor{DarkBackground}{HTML}{6F6FA3}
\definecolor{LightBackground}{HTML}{F6F6F9}
\renewcommand{\familydefault}{\sfdefault}
\color{TextColor}

% Header and Footer
\pagestyle{fancy}
\fancyhead{} % Set header to blank
\fancyfoot{} % Set footer to blank
\fancyhead[L]{
\noindent
\begin{multicols}{3}
\begin{tabulary}{5.8cm}{C}
    \SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
    \vspace{-7pt}
    {\parbox{\dimexpr\textwidth-2\fboxsep\relax}{\noindent
        \hspace*{-6pt}\includegraphics[width=5.8cm]{/web/www.cheatography.com/public/images/cheatography_logo.pdf}}
    }
\end{tabulary}
\columnbreak
\begin{tabulary}{11cm}{L}
    \vspace{-2pt}\large{\bf{\textcolor{DarkBackground}{\textrm{Bash Cheat Sheet}}}} \\
    \normalsize{by \textcolor{DarkBackground}{blakecromar} via \textcolor{DarkBackground}{\uline{cheatography.com/218070/cs/48235/}}}
\end{tabulary}
\end{multicols}}

\fancyfoot[L]{ \footnotesize
\noindent
\begin{multicols}{3}
\begin{tabulary}{5.8cm}{LL}
  \SetRowColor{FootBackground}
  \mymulticolumn{2}{p{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cheatographer}}  \\
  \vspace{-2pt}blakecromar \\
  \uline{cheatography.com/blakecromar} \\
  \end{tabulary}
\vfill
\columnbreak
\begin{tabulary}{5.8cm}{L}
  \SetRowColor{FootBackground}
  \mymulticolumn{1}{p{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cheat Sheet}}  \\
   \vspace{-2pt}Not Yet Published.\\
   Updated 26th June, 2026.\\
   Page {\thepage} of \pageref{LastPage}.
\end{tabulary}
\vfill
\columnbreak
\begin{tabulary}{5.8cm}{L}
  \SetRowColor{FootBackground}
  \mymulticolumn{1}{p{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Sponsor}}  \\
  \SetRowColor{white}
  \vspace{-5pt}
  %\includegraphics[width=48px,height=48px]{dave.jpeg}
  Measure your website readability!\\
  www.readability-score.com
\end{tabulary}
\end{multicols}}




\begin{document}
\raggedright
\raggedcolumns

% Set font size to small. Switch to any value
% from this page to resize cheat sheet text:
% www.emerson.emory.edu/services/latex/latex_169.html
\footnotesize % Small font.

\begin{multicols*}{3}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{char*}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{char* my\_string = "hello"; \newline my\_string + 1;   // points to "ello" \newline my\_string + 2;   // points to "llo"} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{A pointer to a character, typically used to point to the start of a string. \newline  \newline Strings in C are just arrays of characters ending with a null terminator \textbackslash{}0. \newline  \newline Adding a number to the pointer moves it forward by that many characters.}  \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{sleep}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{sleep 1     \# pause for 1 second \newline sleep 30    \# pause for 30 seconds \newline sleep 0.5   \# pause for half a second} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Pauses the script for a specified number of seconds. \newline  \newline Used to simulate delays, timeouts, or hung processes in testing.}  \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{/dev/null}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{echo "discard this" \textgreater{} /dev/null   \# output is discarded \newline command 2\textgreater{} /dev/null              \# discard error output} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{A special file on Linux that discards anything written to it. \newline  \newline Commonly used to suppress unwanted output.}  \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Array Declaration ()}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{my\_array=("first" "second" "third") \newline echo \$\{my\_array{[}0{]}\}   \# prints "first" \newline echo \$\{my\_array{[}1{]}\}   \# prints "second" \newline echo \$\{my\_array{[}2{]}\}   \# prints "third"} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Parentheses are used to declare an array in bash. \newline  \newline Each space-separated value becomes its own element, accessible by index starting at 0. \newline  \newline "\$@" can be used to populate an array with all script arguments.}  \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{case ... in ... esac}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{case "\$\{MY\_VARIABLE\}" in \newline     \textless{}pattern1\textgreater{}) do\_something ;; \newline     \textless{}pattern2\textgreater{}) do\_something\_else ;; \newline     \textless{}*\textgreater{})        default\_action ;; \newline esac} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Bash's switch statement, matching a value against a set of patterns. \newline esac closes the case block (it's "case" spelled backwards). \newline Each pattern ends with ) and each case ends with ;;. \newline  \newline Note: *) is the catch-all pattern in a case statement, matching anything not already matched. Always placed last so specific patterns are checked first.}  \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{\$@}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\#!/usr/bin/env bash \newline echo "\$@"          \# prints all arguments \newline some\_command "\$@"  \# passes all arguments to another command} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Represents all arguments passed to a script or function. \newline  \newline Quoting it with "\$@" preserves arguments that contain spaces as single units. \newline  \newline Commonly used to pass all arguments along to another command or store them.}  \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{\# Length Operator}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{my\_string="hello" \newline \$\{\#my\_string\}      \# 5 (number of characters) \newline  \newline my\_array=("a" "b" "c") \newline \$\{\#my\_array{[}@{]}\}    \# 3 (number of elements)} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{When used inside \$\{\}, the \# returns the length of a variable or array. \newline  \newline For strings it returns the number of characters, for arrays the number of elements.}  \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{;}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{command1 ; command2        \# command2 runs regardless \newline command1 \&\& command2       \# command2 only runs if command1 succeeded \newline rm -f "\$src" ; exit 0      \# delete file then exit} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Separates two commands on the same line, running them sequentially. \newline  \newline The second command always runs regardless of whether the first succeeded or failed. \newline  \newline Different from \&\& which only runs the second command if the first succeeded.}  \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{exit}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{exit 0    \# success \newline exit 1    \# generic failure \newline exit 23   \# custom failure code} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Exits the script with a return code. \newline  \newline 0 means success, any non-zero value means failure. \newline  \newline The exit code can be checked by the calling process to determine if the script succeeded.}  \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{""}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{"\$\{MY\_VARIABLE\}"          \# preserved as single unit \newline some\_command "\$@"         \# preserves arguments with spaces} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Quotes preserve a value as a single unit if it contains spaces. \newline  \newline Without quotes, spaces would split the value into separate arguments.}  \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{\$\{\}}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\$\{MY\_VARIABLE\} \newline echo "Hello \$\{NAME\}world"  \# without braces NAME and world would merge} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Curly braces denote a variable expansion in bash. \newline  \newline Used to explicitly mark the boundaries of a variable name. \newline  \newline Required when combining a variable with other characters.}  \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Array Indexing}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{my\_array=("first" "second" "third") \newline \#           {[}0{]}     {[}1{]}      {[}2{]} \newline  \newline \$\{my\_array{[}0{]}\}              \# "first" \newline \$\{my\_array{[}2{]}\}              \# "third" (last element) \newline \$\{my\_array{[}\$\{\#my\_array{[}@{]}\} - 1{]}\}  \# "third" (last element dynamically) \newline \$\{my\_array{[}\$\{\#my\_array{[}@{]}\} - 2{]}\}  \# "second" (second to last dynamically)} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Arrays in bash start at index 0, not 1. \newline  \newline The last element is always at index length - 1. \newline  \newline The second to last element is at index length - 2.}  \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{\$(())}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\$(( 5 + 2 ))     \# 7 \newline \$(( 10 - 3 ))    \# 7 \newline \$(( 4 * 2 ))     \# 8} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Performs arithmetic in bash. \newline  \newline The result of the calculation is used as a value.}  \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{\textgreater{}\textgreater{}}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{echo "new line" \textgreater{}\textgreater{} existing\_file.txt   \# appends to file \newline echo "new line" \textgreater{} existing\_file.txt    \# overwrites file} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Appends output to a file without overwriting existing content. \newline  \newline Use \textgreater{} instead to overwrite the file completely.}  \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{\textgreater{}\&2}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{echo "something went wrong" \textgreater{}\&2   \# sends to stderr \newline echo "normal output"              \# sends to stdout} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Redirects output to stderr (standard error) instead of stdout (standard output). \newline  \newline Used for error messages so they can be separated from normal output.}  \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{:-}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\$\{MY\_VARIABLE:-default\_value\}  \# uses default\_value if MY\_VARIABLE is unset \newline \$\{MY\_VARIABLE:-/some/path\}     \# uses /some/path if MY\_VARIABLE is unset} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Provides a default value if the variable is unset or empty. \newline  \newline The value after :- is used as a fallback.}  \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{rm}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{rm file.txt          \# removes file, errors if not found \newline rm -f file.txt       \# removes file, no error if not found \newline rm -rf directory/    \# removes directory and all contents forcefully} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Removes a file from the filesystem. \newline  \newline Without flags it will prompt for confirmation on protected files and error on missing files. \newline  \newline A `-f` flag forces deletion — suppresses all prompts and ignores missing files, making it safe to use in scripts where the file may or may not exist.}  \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}


% That's all folks
\end{multicols*}

\end{document}