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% Packages
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\usepackage{multicol}           % Allows multicols in tables
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%\usepackage{opensans}          % Can't make this work so far. Shame. Would be lovely.
\usepackage[normalem]{ulem}     % For underlining links
% Most of the following are not required for the majority
% of cheat sheets but are needed for some symbol support.
\usepackage{amsmath}            % Symbols
\usepackage{MnSymbol}           % Symbols
\usepackage{wasysym}            % Symbols
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% Document Info
\author{Benjy}
\pdfinfo{
  /Title (c.pdf)
  /Creator (Cheatography)
  /Author (Benjy)
  /Subject (C++ Cheat Sheet)
}

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% Commands
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% Header and Footer
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\fancyhead{} % Set header to blank
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\fancyhead[L]{
\noindent
\begin{multicols}{3}
\begin{tabulary}{5.8cm}{C}
    \SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
    \vspace{-7pt}
    {\parbox{\dimexpr\textwidth-2\fboxsep\relax}{\noindent
        \hspace*{-6pt}\includegraphics[width=5.8cm]{/web/www.cheatography.com/public/images/cheatography_logo.pdf}}
    }
\end{tabulary}
\columnbreak
\begin{tabulary}{11cm}{L}
    \vspace{-2pt}\large{\bf{\textcolor{DarkBackground}{\textrm{C++ Cheat Sheet}}}} \\
    \normalsize{by \textcolor{DarkBackground}{Benjy} via \textcolor{DarkBackground}{\uline{cheatography.com/56918/cs/16149/}}}
\end{tabulary}
\end{multicols}}

\fancyfoot[L]{ \footnotesize
\noindent
\begin{multicols}{3}
\begin{tabulary}{5.8cm}{LL}
  \SetRowColor{FootBackground}
  \mymulticolumn{2}{p{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cheatographer}}  \\
  \vspace{-2pt}Benjy \\
  \uline{cheatography.com/benjy} \\
  \end{tabulary}
\vfill
\columnbreak
\begin{tabulary}{5.8cm}{L}
  \SetRowColor{FootBackground}
  \mymulticolumn{1}{p{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cheat Sheet}}  \\
   \vspace{-2pt}Not Yet Published.\\
   Updated 8th October, 2019.\\
   Page {\thepage} of \pageref{LastPage}.
\end{tabulary}
\vfill
\columnbreak
\begin{tabulary}{5.8cm}{L}
  \SetRowColor{FootBackground}
  \mymulticolumn{1}{p{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Sponsor}}  \\
  \SetRowColor{white}
  \vspace{-5pt}
  %\includegraphics[width=48px,height=48px]{dave.jpeg}
  Measure your website readability!\\
  www.readability-score.com
\end{tabulary}
\end{multicols}}




\begin{document}
\raggedright
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% from this page to resize cheat sheet text:
% www.emerson.emory.edu/services/latex/latex_169.html
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\begin{multicols*}{3}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{enum}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{enum Color \{ \newline     COLOR\_RED, // assigned 0 \newline     COLOR\_BLUE // assigned 1 \newline \}; \newline Color color=COLOR\_RED; \newline  \newline // input/output \newline int input\{\}; \newline std::cin \textgreater{}\textgreater{} input; \newline Color color=static\_cast\textless{}Color\textgreater{}(input)} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Prefer enum class if possible (C++11)}  \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{enum class (C++11)}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{enum class Color \{ \newline     RED, \newline     BLUE \newline \}; \newline Color color=Color::RED; \newline std::cout \textless{}\textless{} static\_cast\textless{}int\textgreater{}(color);} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{typedef}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{typedef double distance\_t; \newline using distance\_t = double; // C++11} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
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\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{struct}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{struct Employee \{ \newline     short id; \newline     int age; \newline \}; \newline Employee joe = \{1, 42\}; // initializer list \newline joe.age = 43; // member selection operator} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{std::vector}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\#include \textless{}vector\textgreater{} \newline std::vector\textless{}int\textgreater{} tab \{1, 2, 3, 4\}; \newline tab{[}0{]} // or tab.at(0) with bounds checking \newline tab.size() \newline tab.resize(3); // expensive \newline  \newline // capacity \& stack-like behavior \newline std::vector\textless{}int\textgreater{} stack; \newline stack.reserve(5); // set capacity \newline stack.push\_back(3); \newline int x = stack.back(); // top of stack \newline stack.pop\_back();} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{capacity = allocated memory \newline length = active values \newline Setting capacity avoid resizing the array}  \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{std::tuple - C++11}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\#include \textless{}tuple\textgreater{} \newline // using namespace std; \newline tuple\textless{}int, double\textgreater{} t = make\_tuple(3, 6.7); \newline int a = get\textless{}0\textgreater{}(t); \newline  \newline // std::tuple\textless{}int, double\textgreater{} foo(); \newline int a; \newline double b; \newline std::tie(a,b) = foo() \newline auto {[}a, b{]} = foo(); // C++17} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
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\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{std::array - C++11}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\#include \textless{}array\textgreater{} \newline std::array\textless{}int, 3\textgreater{} tab \{1, 2, 3\}; \newline tab{[}0{]} // or tab.at(0) with bounds checking \newline tab.size() // length not sizeof()} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{References}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{int value=5; \newline int \&ref=value; // non-const ref \newline const int value=5; \newline const int \&ref=value; // treats value as const} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{References are similar to const pointers (cannot change address)}  \tn 
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Pointers}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{int value=5; \newline int {\emph{const p=\&value; //const pointer \newline const int value=5; \newline const int }}p; // non-const pointer to const int \newline  \newline // const pointer to const value \newline const int {\emph{const p=\&value;  \newline  \newline // int foo(int x); \newline int (}}ptr)(int); // function pointer \newline int ({\emph{const ptr)(int) = foo; // const pointer \newline \#include \textless{}functional\textgreater{} \newline std::function\textless{}int(int)\textgreater{} ptr = foo; // C++11 \newline ptr(5); // implicit dereference or (}}ptr)(5)} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
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\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{new \& delete (dynamic allocation)}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{// scalar version \newline int {\emph{p=new int(3); \newline delete p; \newline  \newline // array version \newline int }}p = new int{[}3{]} \{1, 2, 3\}; // C++11 syntax \newline delete{[}{]} p;} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Classes}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{class Foo \{ \newline private: \newline     // non-static member initialization \newline     int m\_value = 10; // C++11 \newline     // static member variable // \newline     static int m\_id; \newline public: \newline     // constructor and destructor \newline     Foo(int value):m\_value(value); \newline     \textasciitilde{}Foo(); \newline    // copy constructor \newline     Foo(const Foo\& foo) \newline                :m\_value(foo.m\_value); \newline  \newline     // static member function \newline     static int get\_id(); // see definition \newline     // const member function \newline     void print() const; \newline     // friend function \newline     friend void reset(Foo \&foo); \newline \}; \newline  \newline Foo(6); // anonymous object \newline  \newline // static \newline int Foo::m\_id=0; \newline int Foo::get\_id() \{ return m\_id; \} // no static \newline int id = Foo::get\_id(); \newline  \newline // const member function \newline void Foo::print() const \{ {\emph{whatever}} \} \newline const Foo foo; \newline foo.print(); // no constness violation \newline  \newline // friend function \newline friend void reset(Foo \&foo) \{ foo.m\_value=0; \}} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{1) no implicit default constructor if at least one constructor provided \newline 2) implicit copy constructor and overloaded operator= use memberwise initialization (shallow copy)}  \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{std::initializer\_list (C++11)}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\#include \textless{}initalizer\_list\textgreater{} \newline int m\_size; \newline int *m\_array; \newline  \newline // prevent shallow copy (dynamic mem alloc) \newline Foo(const Foo\& foo) = delete;  \newline Foo\& operator=(const Foo\& foo) = delete; \newline  \newline Foo(const std::initializer\_list\textless{}int\textgreater{}\& list) \newline     :m\_size(static\_cast\textless{}int\textgreater{}(list.size)) \newline \{ \newline     // deep copy with for-each loop \newline     int count=0;  \newline     for (auto\& value : list) \newline         m\_array{[}count++{]} = value; \newline \} \newline Foo\& operator=(const std::initializer\_list\textless{}int\textgreater{} \&list) \newline \{ \newline     // same but delete{[}{]} m\_array \newline     // if same size (no need for new or delete) \newline     // deep copy \newline \} \newline  \newline Foo foo \{ 1, 2, 3, 4 \}; // call constructor \newline Foo foo = \{ 1, 2, 3, 4 \}; // call operator=} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{For-each loops - C++11}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{for (int num : tab) \newline for (auto num : tab) // avoid type conversion \newline for (auto \&num : tab) // avoid copy \newline for (const auto \&num : tab) // read-only} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{For-each loops don't work with array decayed to pointer (fixed or dynamic)}  \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{std::rand()}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\#include \textless{}cstdlib\textgreater{} \newline \#include \textless{}ctime\textgreater{} \newline std::stand(static\_cast\textless{}unsigned int\textgreater{}(std::time(nullptr))); // seed with time \newline std::rand(); // {[}0, RAND\_MAX{]} \newline  \newline // {[}min, max{]} \newline return min + \seqsplit{(std::rand()\%(max-min+1))} \newline //better \newline static constexpr double fraction \{1.0/(RAND\_MAX+1.0)\}; \newline return min + static\_cast\textless{}int\textgreater{}((max-min+1.0)*(std::rand()*fraction))} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\% is biased towards low numbers}  \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Input validation with std::cin}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{// extraneous input \newline std::cin.ignore(32767, '\textbackslash{}n'); // clears buffer \newline  \newline // extraction failure \newline if (std::cin.fail()) \{ // type or overflow \newline     std::cin.clear(); // back to normal mode \newline     std::cin.ignore(32767, '\textbackslash{}n'); \newline \} \newline  \newline // switch-like validation \newline int x \{\}; \newline do \{ \newline     std::cin \textgreater{}\textgreater{} x; \newline \} while (x\textless{}0);} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{std::cerr and assert}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\#include \textless{}cstdlib\textgreater{} // for exit \newline std::cerr \textless{}\textless{} "Error message"; \newline exit(1); \newline  \newline \#include \textless{}cassert\textgreater{} \newline assert(x==0); // combines cerr and exit \newline assert(x==0 \&\& "Error message"); \newline // check at compile-time \newline static\_assert(x==0, "Error message"); // C++11} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Operator overloading}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{int m\_value; \newline int *m\_array=nullptr; \newline  \newline // ret by value (ref to out of scope var) \newline friend Foo operator+(const Foo \&foo, const Foo\& bar);  \newline      \newline // subscript {[}{]} \newline // ret by ref to assign (l-value) \newline int\& operator{[}{]}(const int idx)  \newline \{ return m\_array{[}idx{]}; \}  \newline      \newline // overload int typecast \newline operator int() const \{ return m\_value; \} \newline  \newline // std::cout \newline std::ostream\& operator\textless{}\textless{}(std::ostream\& out, const Foo \&foo) \newline \{ \newline     out \textless{}\textless{} m\_value; \newline     return out; \newline \} \newline  \newline // std::cin \newline std::istream\& operator\textgreater{}\textgreater{}(std::istream\& in, Foo \&foo) \newline \{ \newline     in \textgreater{}\textgreater{} m\_value; \newline     return in; \newline \} \newline  \newline // increment operator as member function \newline Foo\& operator++(); // prefix, ++x \newline Foo operator++(int) // postfix, x++ \newline \{ \newline     Foo tmp(foo); \newline     // call implicit copy constructor \newline     // or assignment with tmp = foo \newline     // but beware of shallow copy \newline  \newline     // increment this \newline     return tmp; // return by value \newline \}} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{1) unary op or if modif to left operand  \newline -\textgreater{} member function \newline no modif, binary as friend or regular one \newline 2) {[}{]}, =, (), -\textgreater{} as member}  \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}


% That's all folks
\end{multicols*}

\end{document}