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\author{bellaelho}
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  /Title (psychology-chapters-1-4.pdf)
  /Creator (Cheatography)
  /Author (bellaelho)
  /Subject (Psychology Chapters 1-4 Cheat Sheet)
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    \vspace{-2pt}\large{\bf{\textcolor{DarkBackground}{\textrm{Psychology Chapters 1-4 Cheat Sheet}}}} \\
    \normalsize{by \textcolor{DarkBackground}{bellaelho} via \textcolor{DarkBackground}{\uline{cheatography.com/194340/cs/40522/}}}
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  \mymulticolumn{2}{p{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cheatographer}}  \\
  \vspace{-2pt}bellaelho \\
  \uline{cheatography.com/bellaelho} \\
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  \mymulticolumn{1}{p{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cheat Sheet}}  \\
   \vspace{-2pt}Not Yet Published.\\
   Updated 1st October, 2023.\\
   Page {\thepage} of \pageref{LastPage}.
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  Measure your website readability!\\
  www.readability-score.com
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\begin{multicols*}{3}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Chapter 1}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{What is Psychology?}}} \tn 
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\hspace*{6 px}\rule{2px}{6px}\hspace*{6 px}Scientific study of the mind, brain, and behaviours} \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 3)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{3 Levels of Analysis}}} \tn 
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\hspace*{6 px}\rule{2px}{6px}\hspace*{6 px}Biological, Psychological, Social cultural influences} \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 3)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{What do the 3 levels do?}}} \tn 
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\hspace*{6 px}\rule{2px}{6px}\hspace*{6 px}Provides views and information of 'psychological phenomenon'} \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 3)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Biological = ?}}} \tn 
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\hspace*{6 px}\rule{2px}{6px}\hspace*{6 px}Molecule, brain structures} \tn 
% Row Count 11 (+ 2)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Psychological = ?}}} \tn 
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\hspace*{6 px}\rule{2px}{6px}\hspace*{6 px}thoughts, feelings} \tn 
% Row Count 13 (+ 2)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Social culture influences = ?}}} \tn 
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\hspace*{6 px}\rule{2px}{6px}\hspace*{6 px}relating to others, personal relationships} \tn 
% Row Count 15 (+ 2)
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\textasciicircum{}Must focus on all 3, lack of understanding\textasciicircum{}} \tn 
% Row Count 16 (+ 1)
% Row 7
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{5 Major Challenges in Psychology}}} \tn 
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\hspace*{6 px}\rule{2px}{6px}\hspace*{6 px}multiply determined, psychological influences, individual differences, reciprocal determinism, cultural differences} \tn 
% Row Count 20 (+ 4)
% Row 8
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Multiply Determined = ?}}} \tn 
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\hspace*{6 px}\rule{2px}{6px}\hspace*{6 px}Caused by many factors} \tn 
% Row Count 22 (+ 2)
% Row 9
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Psychological influences}}} \tn 
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\hspace*{6 px}\rule{2px}{6px}\hspace*{6 px}rarely independent of one another} \tn 
% Row Count 24 (+ 2)
% Row 10
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Individual differences}}} \tn 
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\hspace*{6 px}\rule{2px}{6px}\hspace*{6 px}2 people, same issue, give different responses and expressions} \tn 
% Row Count 27 (+ 3)
% Row 11
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Reciprocal determinism}}} \tn 
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\hspace*{6 px}\rule{2px}{6px}\hspace*{6 px}ones actions can influence those around them {\emph{(Albert Bandura)}}} \tn 
% Row Count 30 (+ 3)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\vfill
\columnbreak
\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Chapter 1 (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 12
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Cultural differences}}} \tn 
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\hspace*{6 px}\rule{2px}{6px}\hspace*{6 px}limit generalizations, different cultures = express emotions differently} \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 3)
% Row 13
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{What is Science?}}} \tn 
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\hspace*{6 px}\rule{2px}{6px}\hspace*{6 px}An approach: observation, testing/examination, and decision to accept/discard} \tn 
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% Row 14
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\textasciicircum{}Science never tries to prove any ideas\textasciicircum{}} \tn 
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% Row 15
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{What is a Scientific Theory?}}} \tn 
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\hspace*{6 px}\rule{2px}{6px}\hspace*{6 px}Accounts existing data, generates testable predictions} \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 3)
% Row 16
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\textasciicircum{}It is not just a simple guess\textasciicircum{}} \tn 
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% Row 17
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Hypothesis}}} \tn 
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\hspace*{6 px}\rule{2px}{6px}\hspace*{6 px}Specific prediction in relation to solving their study} \tn 
% Row Count 14 (+ 3)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{2.4885 cm} x{2.4885 cm} }
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Chapter 1}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{2 Things a Good Scientist Does?}} & Engage in bias-free practice, attempts to avoid/prevent bias \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 3)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
{\bf{Confirmations Bias}} & Ability to recollect information when it boosts what we already have \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 4)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{Belief Perseverance}} & Believing what you already believe even if evidence proves wrong \tn 
% Row Count 11 (+ 4)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\textasciicircum{}Scientists recognize when they're wrong\textasciicircum{}} \tn 
% Row Count 12 (+ 1)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\textasciicircum{}Scientists never claim to prove their theories\textasciicircum{}} \tn 
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% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
{\bf{Scientific claims}} & They {\bf{can}} be tested \tn 
% Row Count 15 (+ 2)
% Row 6
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{\bf{Metaphysical claims}} & {\bf{Can't}} be physically tested using methods or science \tn 
% Row Count 18 (+ 3)
% Row 7
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{\bf{Pseudoscience}} & An imposter of science (astrology, self-help books) \tn 
% Row Count 21 (+ 3)
% Row 8
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\textasciicircum{}they CAN be tested but they never are. (relying on it can be dangerous)\textasciicircum{}} \tn 
% Row Count 23 (+ 2)
% Row 9
\SetRowColor{white}
{\bf{Why is it important to distinguish scientific claims from pseudoscience claims?}} & Provides with misinformation, convinced when there is lack of evidence \tn 
% Row Count 28 (+ 5)
% Row 10
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{What are the three Warning Signs?}} & Over reliance on anecdotes, Meaningless psychobabble, Talk of proof instead of evidence \tn 
% Row Count 33 (+ 5)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\vfill
\columnbreak
\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{2.4885 cm} x{2.4885 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Chapter 1 (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 11
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\textasciicircum{}When a warning sign is shown - not good quality evidence/fake science\textasciicircum{}} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 12
\SetRowColor{white}
{\bf{Over Reliance on Anecdotes}} & Not considered scientific evidence, based off one person, hard to verify \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 4)
% Row 13
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{Meaningless Psychobabble}} & Uses scientific-sounding words that don't mean anything \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 3)
% Row 14
\SetRowColor{white}
{\bf{Talk of proof instead of evidence}} & Science provides evidence that supports or contradicts ideas (using words like prove, proven) \tn 
% Row Count 14 (+ 5)
% Row 15
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{Emotional Reasoning Fallacy}} & allowing emotions to cloud judgments (which is wrong) \tn 
% Row Count 17 (+ 3)
% Row 16
\SetRowColor{white}
{\bf{Bandwagon Fallacy}} & believe something is true because others think it is true \tn 
% Row Count 20 (+ 3)
% Row 17
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{\bf{Not me Fallacy}} & thinking you're immune from what others struggle with \tn 
% Row Count 23 (+ 3)
% Row 18
\SetRowColor{white}
{\bf{Bias Blind Spot}} & unaware of own biases but highly aware of others \tn 
% Row Count 26 (+ 3)
% Row 19
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{Patternicity}} & tendency to see meaningful patterns in random stimuli \tn 
% Row Count 29 (+ 3)
% Row 20
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\textasciicircum{}It gives comfort by having a sense of conntrol over uncontrollable and unpredictable \textasciicircum{}} \tn 
% Row Count 31 (+ 2)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\vfill
\columnbreak
\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{2.4885 cm} x{2.4885 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Chapter 1 (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 21
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{3 Dangers of Pseudoscience}} & Opportunity cost, Direct harm, and Inability to think scientifically as citizens \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 4)
% Row 22
\SetRowColor{white}
{\bf{Opportunity Cost}} & using alternate methods instead of the most helpful/useful one \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 4)
% Row 23
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{\bf{Direct Harm}} & someone doing pseudoscientific activities and get hurt \seqsplit{physically/psychologically} \tn 
% Row Count 13 (+ 5)
% Row 24
\SetRowColor{white}
{\bf{An inability to think scientifically as citizens}} & affect broader decisions about society \tn 
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% Row 25
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{Scientific thinking = ?}} & aware of all biases that could happen - protects against error \tn 
% Row Count 20 (+ 4)
% Row 26
\SetRowColor{white}
{\bf{Scientific Skepticism = ?}} & evaluating all claims with an open mind - needs persuasive evidence beforehand \tn 
% Row Count 24 (+ 4)
% Row 27
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{\bf{Variable = ?}} & something that is not constant or cannot vary \tn 
% Row Count 27 (+ 3)
% Row 28
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\textasciicircum{}A correlation between two variables does not mean that there is a relationship between them\textasciicircum{}} \tn 
% Row Count 29 (+ 2)
% Row 29
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\textasciicircum{}Correlation is not causation\textasciicircum{}} \tn 
% Row Count 30 (+ 1)
\end{tabularx}
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\vfill
\columnbreak
\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{2.4885 cm} x{2.4885 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Chapter 1 (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 30
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{Third Variable Problem}} & when a correlation between 2 variables can be explained by a third \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 4)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{2.4885 cm} x{2.4885 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Chapter 1}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\textasciicircum{}Scientific claims are falsifiable\textasciicircum{}} \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
{\bf{ What factors may explain why a study's findings are not replicated by others who attempt to regulate it?}} & Finding's could be wrong, samples are not representative of one another \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 6)
% Row 2
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\textasciicircum{}More participants = better results\textasciicircum{}} \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 1)
% Row 3
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{\bf{Extraordinary Claims}} & Is the evidence strong enough to support? They require supportive evidence \tn 
% Row Count 12 (+ 4)
% Row 4
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{\bf{ Parsimony (Occam's Razor)}} & Starting with an explanation and then creating a complicated one \tn 
% Row Count 16 (+ 4)
% Row 5
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{The 6 Scientific Thinking Principles:}}} \tn 
% Row Count 17 (+ 1)
% Row 6
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{\bf{1) Ruling out alternative explanations}} & Having alternative explanations for findings \tn 
% Row Count 20 (+ 3)
% Row 7
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{\bf{2) Correlation vs. Causation}} & Error of assuming that because one thing is related to another, it must cause the other \tn 
% Row Count 25 (+ 5)
% Row 8
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{\bf{3) Falsifiability}} & Capable of being disproven \tn 
% Row Count 27 (+ 2)
% Row 9
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{\bf{4) Replicability}} & A study's findings are able to be duplicated \tn 
% Row Count 30 (+ 3)
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\vfill
\columnbreak
\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{2.4885 cm} x{2.4885 cm} }
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Chapter 1 (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 10
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{5) Extraordinary Claims}} & The more unlikely a claim is, the better the evidence \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 3)
% Row 11
\SetRowColor{white}
{\bf{6) Parsimony (Occam's Razor)}} & If two findings are equally as good, pick the simpler one \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 3)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}


% That's all folks
\end{multicols*}

\end{document}