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% Document Info
\author{beepboop1273}
\pdfinfo{
  /Title (cardiac-muscle-npb-101.pdf)
  /Creator (Cheatography)
  /Author (beepboop1273)
  /Subject (Cardiac Muscle - NPB 101 Cheat Sheet)
}

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    \vspace{-2pt}\large{\bf{\textcolor{DarkBackground}{\textrm{Cardiac Muscle - NPB 101 Cheat Sheet}}}} \\
    \normalsize{by \textcolor{DarkBackground}{beepboop1273} via \textcolor{DarkBackground}{\uline{cheatography.com/213561/cs/46489/}}}
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  \mymulticolumn{2}{p{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cheatographer}}  \\
  \vspace{-2pt}beepboop1273 \\
  \uline{cheatography.com/beepboop1273} \\
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  \mymulticolumn{1}{p{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cheat Sheet}}  \\
   \vspace{-2pt}Not Yet Published.\\
   Updated 28th May, 2025.\\
   Page {\thepage} of \pageref{LastPage}.
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  %\includegraphics[width=48px,height=48px]{dave.jpeg}
  Measure your website readability!\\
  www.readability-score.com
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\begin{multicols*}{3}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Key Anatomy of the Heart}}  \tn
% Row 0
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{4 Chambers:} \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Right Atria \& Right Ventricle (Responsible for pumping {\bf{oxygen-poor}} blood to the lungs.)} \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 2)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Left Atria \& Left Ventricle (Responsible for pumping {\bf{oxygen-rich}} blood to the body tissues.} \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 2)
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\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Types of Valves}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{1}{p{5.377cm}}{\vspace{1px}\centerline{\includegraphics[width=5.1cm]{/web/www.cheatography.com/public/uploads/beepboop1273_1748386129_NPB 101 Lectures 3.jpeg}}} \tn 
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{The Flow of Blood}}  \tn
% Row 0
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Deoxygenated}} blood flows into {\emph{right atrium}} from the body.} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Then from the {\emph{right atrium}}, {\bf{deoxygenated}} blood flows into the {\emph{right ventricle}} via the {\bf{atrioventricular valve}} (AV valve)} \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 3)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{From {\emph{right ventricle}} the blood flows to the lungs to become {\bf{oxygenated}} via the {\bf{pulmonary valve}}} \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 3)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Oxygenated}} blood is then pumped into the {\emph{left atrium}} where it can then flow into the {\emph{left ventricle}} via another {\bf{AV valve}}} \tn 
% Row Count 11 (+ 3)
% Row 4
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{From {\emph{left ventricle}} the {\bf{oxygenated}} blood is then pumped through the {\bf{aortic valve}} into rest of body} \tn 
% Row Count 14 (+ 3)
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\par\addvspace{1.3em}

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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Diagram of Ventricles}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{1}{p{5.377cm}}{\vspace{1px}\centerline{\includegraphics[width=5.1cm]{/web/www.cheatography.com/public/uploads/beepboop1273_1748386019_NPB 101 Lectures.jpeg}}} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{(Blue = oxygen-poor blood, Red = oxygen-rich blood)}  \tn 
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Diagram of Blood Flow Through the Heart}}  \tn
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Structure of Heart Walls}}  \tn
% Row 0
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Endocardium - thin layer of endothelial tissue that lines the {\bf{inside}} of each chamber} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Myocardium - middle layer of heart wall consisting of {\emph{desmosomes}} and {\emph{gap-junctions}}} \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 2)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\emph{Desmosomes}} help hold things together so the heart doesn't rip apart, {\emph{Gap-Junctions}} allow the cardiac muscle to form a {\bf{functional syncytium}}} \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 3)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Epicardium - thin {\bf{external}} membrane that covers the heart and filled with {\emph{pericardial fluid}} to prevent friction.} \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 3)
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\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Fun Fact!  \newline 99\% of cardiac cells are contractile and require an outside source to activate an action potential. While 1\% of the remaining cardiac cells are auto-rhythmic and initiate their own action potentials!}  \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Comparison of 2 Types of Cardiac Action Potentials}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Action Potentials in Pacemaker Cells}}  \tn
% Row 0
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{3 Channel Types}}} \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 1
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{I\textasciitilde{}f\textasciitilde{} = Funny Channels} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 1)
% Row 2
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{T = Transient-type (short time) Ca\textasciicircum{}2+\textasciicircum{} channels} \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 1)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{L = Long-lasting Ca\textasciicircum{}2+\textasciicircum{} channels} \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 1)
% Row 4
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Pacemaker Activity}}} \tn 
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% Row 5
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Resting Potential = -60mV} \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 1)
% Row 6
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{K\textasciicircum{}+\textasciicircum{} Channels are closed and I\textasciitilde{}f\textasciitilde{} channels allow for concentration of Na\textasciicircum{}+\textasciicircum{} to increase in the cell. (Na\textasciicircum{}+\textasciicircum{} in)} \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 3)
% Row 7
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{T channels open and Ca\textasciicircum{}2+\textasciicircum{} is let into the cell, allowing the potential to reach threshold. (Ca\textasciicircum{}2+\textasciicircum{} in)} \tn 
% Row Count 12 (+ 3)
% Row 8
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Once threshold is reached, L channels open to create the action potential. (More Ca\textasciicircum{}2+\textasciicircum{} in)} \tn 
% Row Count 14 (+ 2)
% Row 9
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{At the peak of the action potential, K\textasciicircum{}+\textasciicircum{} channels open, and L channels close, creating the {\emph{falling phase}}. (K\textasciicircum{}+\textasciicircum{} out)} \tn 
% Row Count 17 (+ 3)
% Row 10
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Cycle repeats} \tn 
% Row Count 18 (+ 1)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Pacemaker Cells}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{1}{p{5.377cm}}{\vspace{1px}\centerline{\includegraphics[width=5.1cm]{/web/www.cheatography.com/public/uploads/beepboop1273_1748387847_NPB 101 Lectures 4.jpeg}}} \tn 
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Electrical Activity within the Heart}}  \tn
% Row 0
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Nodes - groups of specialized cardiac cells capable of pacemaker activity} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Different Types of Nodes} \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 1)
% Row 2
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Sinoatrial (SA) Node}}} \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 1)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Located in wall of {\emph{right atrium}}, exhibits an autorhythmicity of {\bf{70}} AP/minute. This is the fastest node and it leads the activity of other pacemaker structures.} \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 4)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Atrioventricular (AV) Node}}} \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 1)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Located at base of the {\emph{right atrium}}, exhibits autorhythmicity of {\bf{50}} AP/minute.} \tn 
% Row Count 11 (+ 2)
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Bundle of His}}} \tn 
% Row Count 12 (+ 1)
% Row 7
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Tract of specialized, cardiac pacemaker cells. Starts at AV Node and divides into the left and right ventricles.} \tn 
% Row Count 15 (+ 3)
% Row 8
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Purkinje Fibers}}} \tn 
% Row Count 16 (+ 1)
% Row 9
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Terminal fibers that extend from bundle of His and spreads throughout the ventricular myocardium.} \tn 
% Row Count 18 (+ 2)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
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\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Sequence of Current Flow Through the Heart Wall}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{SA Node -\textgreater{} AV Node -\textgreater{} Bundle of His -\textgreater{} Right \& Left Bundle of His Branches -\textgreater{} Purkinje Fibers} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Action Potentials in Cardiac Cells}}  \tn
% Row 0
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Threshold = -70mV} \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Resting Potential = -90mV} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 1)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Fast Na\textasciicircum{}+\textasciicircum{} channels open, creating a fast rising phase. (Na\textasciicircum{}+\textasciicircum{} in fast)} \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 2)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Na\textasciicircum{}+\textasciicircum{} channels inactivate and transient K\textasciicircum{}+\textasciicircum{} channels open. L-type Ca\textasciicircum{}2+\textasciicircum{} channels open and K\textasciicircum{}+\textasciicircum{} channels (transient \& leaky) slowly close. (K\textasciicircum{}+\textasciicircum{} out fast, Ca\textasciicircum{}2+\textasciicircum{} in slow)} \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 4)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Voltage-Gated K\textasciicircum{}+\textasciicircum{} channels open and L-type Ca\textasciicircum{}2+\textasciicircum{} channels close resulting in a rapid falling phase. (K\textasciicircum{}+\textasciicircum{} out fast)} \tn 
% Row Count 11 (+ 3)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Resting potential maintained by closing of VG K\textasciicircum{}+\textasciicircum{} channels and opening of leaky K\textasciicircum{}+\textasciicircum{} channels} \tn 
% Row Count 13 (+ 2)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
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\par\addvspace{1.3em}


% That's all folks
\end{multicols*}

\end{document}