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% Document Info
\author{bee.f (bee.f)}
\pdfinfo{
  /Title (5006-gi-system.pdf)
  /Creator (Cheatography)
  /Author (bee.f (bee.f))
  /Subject (5006 - GI System Cheat Sheet)
}

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\noindent
\begin{multicols}{3}
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    {\parbox{\dimexpr\textwidth-2\fboxsep\relax}{\noindent
        \hspace*{-6pt}\includegraphics[width=5.8cm]{/web/www.cheatography.com/public/images/cheatography_logo.pdf}}
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\begin{tabulary}{11cm}{L}
    \vspace{-2pt}\large{\bf{\textcolor{DarkBackground}{\textrm{5006 - GI System Cheat Sheet}}}} \\
    \normalsize{by \textcolor{DarkBackground}{bee.f (bee.f)} via \textcolor{DarkBackground}{\uline{cheatography.com/180201/cs/39011/}}}
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\fancyfoot[L]{ \footnotesize
\noindent
\begin{multicols}{3}
\begin{tabulary}{5.8cm}{LL}
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  \mymulticolumn{2}{p{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cheatographer}}  \\
  \vspace{-2pt}bee.f (bee.f) \\
  \uline{cheatography.com/bee-f} \\
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\begin{tabulary}{5.8cm}{L}
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  \mymulticolumn{1}{p{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cheat Sheet}}  \\
   \vspace{-2pt}Published 21st February, 2024.\\
   Updated 21st February, 2024.\\
   Page {\thepage} of \pageref{LastPage}.
\end{tabulary}
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  %\includegraphics[width=48px,height=48px]{dave.jpeg}
  Measure your website readability!\\
  www.readability-score.com
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\begin{document}
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% www.emerson.emory.edu/services/latex/latex_169.html
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\begin{tabularx}{17.67cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Reflux esophagitis}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{{\bf{MOTILITY}} disorder} \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{{\bf{Definition:}}\{\{nl\}\}- Complication of gastroesophageal disease (GERD = malfunction of LES)\{\{nl\}\}- Oesophagus inflammation due to stomach acid reflux} \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 3)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{{\bf{Mechanism:}}\{\{nl\}\}- Abnormal lower esophageal sphincter {\bf{(LES)}} relaxation → allowing the ascent of stomach acid into the esophagus damaging the lining → inflammation} \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 4)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{{\bf{Pathophysiology:}}\{\{nl\}\} Causes of excessive / prolonged LES relaxation\{\{nl\}\}- {\bf{1°:}} Hiatal hernia (✴), foods (coffee, alcohol, chocolate, mint, citrus), drugs (Ca channel blockers, β-agonist, anti-cholinergics)\{\{nl\}\}- {\bf{2°:}} scleroderma (autoimmune disorder), delayed gastric emptying} \tn 
% Row Count 14 (+ 6)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{{\bf{Sx \& Ssx:}}\{\{nl\}\}- Barret's esophagus: pre-cancerous lesion\{\{nl\}\}- Bright red hematemesis: blood in vomit\{\{nl\}\}- Mechanical dysphagia while eating solid foods (swallowing)\{\{nl\}\}- HEARTBURN: epigastric / retrosternal burning sensation\{\{nl\}\}- Acid regurgitation (water brash), can lead to → chronic cough (especially @ night), asthma, hoarse voice} \tn 
% Row Count 21 (+ 7)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{✴ {\bf{Hiatal hernia}}\{\{nl\}\}- {\bf{Type 1:}} sliding h.h. stomach intermittently slides up through the diaphragm (hiatus)\{\{nl\}\}- {\bf{Type 2:}} paraoesophagheal h.h. (\textless{} common) stomach bulges through hiatus but lies along the esophagus\{\{nl\}\}- {\bf{Mechanism:}} muscle weakness or ↑ abdominal pressure} \tn 
% Row Count 27 (+ 6)
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\begin{tabularx}{17.67cm}{X}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Acid peptic disease}}  \tn
% Row 0
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{{\bf{SECRETION}} disorder} \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{{\bf{Definition:}}\{\{nl\}\}- Formation of open ulcers in the lining of the stomach, duodenum (upper small intestine), or esophagus\{\{nl\}\}- 1° caused by imbalance between factors that protect the mucosal lining \& those that promote its erosion} \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 5)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{{\bf{Pathophysiology:}}\{\{nl\}\}- {\bf{Helicobacter pylori infection:}} bacterium that colonises in the stomach \& weakens the protective mechanisms of the gastric mucosa → \textgreater{} vulnerable to acid \& other harmful substances\{\{nl\}\}- {\bf{Acid production:}} excessive production (1° hydrochloric acid), contributes to development of peptic ulcers\{\{nl\}\}- {\bf{Impaired mucosal defence mechanisms:}} such as reduced mucus production, diminished blood flow to mucosa, or inadequate bicarbonate secretion, can compromise mucosal defense\{\{nl\}\}- {\bf{NSAIDs:}} such as aspirin or ibuprofen, can directly irritate gastric mucosa \& inhibit the production of protective substances like prostaglandins} \tn 
% Row Count 20 (+ 14)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{{\bf{Mechanism:}} imbalance between aggressive factors (acid \& pepsin) \& protective mechanisms leads to erosion \& damage to the mucosal lining, eventually → formation of ulcers\{\{nl\}\}- {\bf{Acid:}} excessive production / secretion of stomach acid ↑ acidity of gastric contents, can damage mucosal lining\{\{nl\}\}- {\bf{Pepsin:}} (enzyme that helps breakdown proteins in stomach), when excessive presence, can contribute to mucosal injury\{\{nl\}\}- {\bf{Mucus secretion:}} reduced mucus production can make the mucosa more susceptible to injury\{\{nl\}\}- {\bf{Bicarbonate secretion:}} (neutralises stomach acid), insufficient secretion can disrupt mucosal defence mechanisms} \tn 
% Row Count 34 (+ 14)
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\begin{tabularx}{17.67cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Acid peptic disease (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 4
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{{\bf{Sx \& Ssx:}}\{\{nl\}\}- Epigastric pain: in upper abdomen between meals or during the night\{\{nl\}\}- Heartburn\{\{nl\}\}- Nausea \& vomiting: especially if ulcers present in stomach\{\{nl\}\}- Loss of appetite or weight loss\{\{nl\}\}- GI bleeding: in severe cases} \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 5)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{Duodenal cancer is a complication of acid peptic disease}  \tn 
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\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{17.67cm}{x{4.8923 cm} x{6.0732 cm} x{5.9045 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Acute \& chronic gastritis}}  \tn
% Row 0
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\mymulticolumn{3}{x{17.67cm}}{{\bf{{\emph{Complication}}}} of {\bf{acid peptic disease}}} \tn 
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% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{17.67cm}}{{\bf{Definition:}}\{\{nl\}\}- Sudden onset inflammation in the stomach lining\{\{nl\}\}- Tends affect a wider area of mucosa} \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 3)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & {\bf{{\emph{Acute gastritis}}}} & {\bf{{\emph{Chronic gastritis}}}} \tn 
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\SetRowColor{white}
{\bf{Pathophysiology \& mechanisms:}} & - {\bf{Irritants \& toxins:}} consumption can directly damage the gastric mucosa, leading to acute inflammation\{\{nl\}\}- {\bf{Helicobacter pylori:}} infection\{\{nl\}\}- {\bf{Immune response:}} immune system triggers an inflammatory response in gastric mucosa, leading to release of inflammatory mediators (lymphocytes \& plasma cells), this inflammation can cause damage to mucosal lining & - {\bf{Heliobacter pylori:}} leads to chronic inflammation of the gastric mucosa\{\{nl\}\}- {\bf{Autoimmune response:}} mistakenly attacks the stomach lining cells, causing chronic inflammation\{\{nl\}\}- {\bf{Other factors:}} prolonged use of NSAIDs, alcohol, bile reflux \& certain medical conditions such as Crohn's disease or HIV infection \tn 
% Row Count 33 (+ 27)
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\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{17.67cm}{x{4.8923 cm} x{6.0732 cm} x{5.9045 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Acute \& chronic gastritis (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{Sx \& Ssx:}} & - Epigastric pain: typically burning or gnawing\{\{nl\}\}- Nausea \& vomiting\{\{nl\}\}- Loss of appetite\{\{nl\}\}- Bloating or feeling of fullness\{\{nl\}\}- Hematemesis: in severe cases & - Dyspepsia: abdominal discomfort after eating (often w/ early satiety \& bloating)\{\{nl\}\}- Loss of appetite or weight loss\{\{nl\}\}- Nausea or vomiting\{\{nl\}\}- Bloating or fullness\{\{nl\}\}- Anemia: vitamin B12 deficiency \tn 
% Row Count 16 (+ 16)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}---}
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{17.67cm}}{Chronic gastritis aka 'atrophic gastritis' is a pre-cancerous condition}  \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}---}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}



\end{document}