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\author{bee.f (bee.f)}
\pdfinfo{
  /Title (25-pathophysiology-of-the-endocrine-system.pdf)
  /Creator (Cheatography)
  /Author (bee.f (bee.f))
  /Subject (25 Pathophysiology of the Endocrine System Cheat Sheet)
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    \vspace{-2pt}\large{\bf{\textcolor{DarkBackground}{\textrm{25 Pathophysiology of the Endocrine System Cheat Sheet}}}} \\
    \normalsize{by \textcolor{DarkBackground}{bee.f (bee.f)} via \textcolor{DarkBackground}{\uline{cheatography.com/180201/cs/37803/}}}
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  \mymulticolumn{2}{p{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cheatographer}}  \\
  \vspace{-2pt}bee.f (bee.f) \\
  \uline{cheatography.com/bee-f} \\
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  \mymulticolumn{1}{p{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cheat Sheet}}  \\
   \vspace{-2pt}Published 25th May, 2023.\\
   Updated 1st November, 2023.\\
   Page {\thepage} of \pageref{LastPage}.
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  Measure your website readability!\\
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\begin{multicols*}{2}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{X}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Hypercalcemia}}  \tn
% Row 0
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{{\bf{Definition:}} Above normal levels of calcium (Ca2+) in the blood} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 1
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{{\bf{Risk factors \& causes:}} Hyperparathyroidism or malignancy} \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 2)
% Row 2
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{{\bf{Signs \& symptoms:}}\{\{nl\}\}- Cognitive dysfunction\{\{nl\}\}- Fatigue\{\{nl\}\}- Muscle weakness\{\{nl\}\}- Constipation\{\{nl\}\}- Decreased appetite\{\{nl\}\}- Polyuria (↑ urination)\{\{nl\}\}- Polydipsia (excessive thirst)} \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 5)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{{\bf{Pathophysiology \& mechanism:}} Changes in Ca2+ concentration in the blood cause alterations in the balance of electrical charges of cell membranes leading to sluggish neuronal activity → ↓Ca2+ causes a ↓ in the permeability of collecting duct membrane in the nephrons → ↓ Ca2+ leads to increase in Na/Cl into tubule lumen (nephrons) with osmotic effects → leads to less water reabsorbed into the blood; \& more water eliminated in the urine} \tn 
% Row Count 19 (+ 10)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{{\bf{Complications:}} Ca deposition in different parts of the body causing stones (urolithiasis), flank pain (not specific)} \tn 
% Row Count 22 (+ 3)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{{\bf{ Treatment:}} Medication \& surgery} \tn 
% Row Count 23 (+ 1)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
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\par\addvspace{1.3em}

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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Hypercalcemia}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Hypercalcemia (contnd)}}  \tn
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\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{X}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Osteoporosis}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{{\bf{Definition:}} Imbalance of bones formation \& reabsorption leading to brittle bones} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{{\bf{Risk factors \& causes:}}\{\{nl\}\}- Females more likely\{\{nl\}\}- Age\{\{nl\}\}- White or Asian\{\{nl\}\}- FHx\{\{nl\}\}- Small body frames} \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 3)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{{\bf{Pathophysiology \& mechanism:}} In osteoporosis imbalance in bone reabsorption vs bone formation leading to a ↓ in bone density \& bone mass → ↓ serum concentrations of vitamin D lead to a decrease in Ca2+ available for the mineralisation of bone} \tn 
% Row Count 11 (+ 6)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{{\bf{Signs \& symptoms:}}\{\{nl\}\}- Pain (from fractures \& other conditions associated with osteoporosis)\{\{nl\}\}- Postural changes\{\{nl\}\}- Fractures\{\{nl\}\}- Loss of height} \tn 
% Row Count 15 (+ 4)
% Row 4
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{{\bf{Complications:}} Bone fractures (mainly spine \& hips)} \tn 
% Row Count 17 (+ 2)
% Row 5
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{{\bf{ Treatment:}} Prevention - Supplements \& weight bearing exercise} \tn 
% Row Count 19 (+ 2)
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\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{X}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Hypothyroidism}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{{\bf{Definition:}} Thyroid gland doesn't produce enough thyroid hormone (underactive thyroid)} \tn 
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% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{{\bf{Risk factors \& causes:}}\{\{nl\}\}- Autoimmune diseease\{\{nl\}\}- Thyroid surgeery\{\{nl\}\}- Radiation therapy\{\{nl\}\}- Thyroiditis\{\{nl\}\}- Medicine (e.g. lithium used to treat severe depression)\{\{nl\}\}- Pituitary disorder (insufficient produce of thyroid-stimulating hormone)\{\{nl\}\}- Women, FHx, Type 1 diabetes} \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 6)
% Row 2
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{{\bf{Pathophysiology \& mechanism:}} Impaired function of the gland \& a ↓ in the secretion of thyroid hormones T3 \& T4 → engages number of mechanisms (circled in red)} \tn 
% Row Count 12 (+ 4)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{{\bf{Signs \& symptoms:}}\{\{nl\}\}- Thinning/losing hair\{\{nl\}\}- Eyebrow hair loss\{\{nl\}\}- Puffy face\{\{nl\}\}- Enlarged thyroid\{\{nl\}\}- Dry \& coarse skin\{\{nl\}\}- Slow heartbeat\{\{nl\}\}- Poor appetite\{\{nl\}\}- Constipation\{\{nl\}\}- Infertility / heavy menstruation\{\{nl\}\}- Cool extremities \& swelling of the limbs\{\{nl\}\}- Carpal tunnel syndrome\{\{nl\}\}- Weight gain\{\{nl\}\}- Poor memory\{\{nl\}\}- Fatigue} \tn 
% Row Count 20 (+ 8)
% Row 4
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{{\bf{Complications:}}\{\{nl\}\}- Goiter\{\{nl\}\}- Cardiac problems\{\{nl\}\}-  Peripheeral neuropathy\{\{nl\}\}- Infertility\{\{nl\}\}- Birth defects} \tn 
% Row Count 23 (+ 3)
% Row 5
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{{\bf{ Treatment:}} Medicaation} \tn 
% Row Count 24 (+ 1)
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Hypothyroidism}}  \tn
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\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{X}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Hypocalcemia}}  \tn
% Row 0
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{{\bf{Definition:}} Low Ca2+ levels in the blood serum} \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{{\bf{Risk factors \& causes:}}\{\{nl\}\}- Hypoparathyroidism\{\{nl\}\}- Vitamin D inadequacy or resistance\{\{nl\}\}- Renal disease\{\{nl\}\}- Terminal liver disease with vitamin D inadequacy} \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 4)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{{\bf{Pathophysiology \& mechanism:}} Ca2+ changes lead to a change in cell membrane polarisation → ↓ in the threshold for cell depolarisation causing an increase in neuronal excitability → Sx \& SSx} \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 4)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{{\bf{Signs \& symptoms:}}\{\{nl\}\}- Paraesthesia (burning/prickling sensation)\{\{nl\}\}- Numbness\{\{nl\}\}- Chvostek's sign (twitching facial muscles)\{\{nl\}\}- Trousseaus's sign (hand \& wrist twitching)} \tn 
% Row Count 13 (+ 4)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{{\bf{Complications:}}\{\{nl\}\}- Ventricular tachycardia\{\{nl\}\}- Seizures\{\{nl\}\}- Respiratory disease} \tn 
% Row Count 15 (+ 2)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{{\bf{ Treatment:}} Iv infusion \& medication} \tn 
% Row Count 16 (+ 1)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
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\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{X}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Hypocalcemia}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{p{8.4cm}}{\vspace{1px}\centerline{\includegraphics[width=5.1cm]{/web/www.cheatography.com/public/uploads/bee-f_1679313021_Hypocalcemia-Clinical-Findings.jpg}}} \tn 
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\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Diabetes mellitus}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{{\bf{Definition:}} Body can't produce enough insulin (high blood sugar levels)} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{{\bf{Risk factors \& causes:}} Unhealthy lifestyle → intraperitoneal cavity accumulates visceral fat (endocrine organ that secrets 'bad' hormones)} \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 3)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{{\bf{Pathophysiology \& mechanism:}} Manifested by a state of resistance to the effects of insulin, consequently →\{\{nl\}\}- various organs are less able to use glucose as a source of energy\{\{nl\}\}- There's hyperglycaemia leading to glucotoxicity, i.e. damage to pancreatic cell that produce insulin\{\{nl\}\}- Deficient insulin causes diabetes} \tn 
% Row Count 12 (+ 7)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{{\bf{Signs \& symptoms:}} Depend on the specific body system affected\{\{nl\}\}- Frequent urination\{\{nl\}\}- Excessive thirst\{\{nl\}\}- Unexplained weight loss\{\{nl\}\}- Extreme hunger\{\{nl\}\}- Sudden vision changes\{\{nl\}\}- Tingling or numbness in the hands or feet\{\{nl\}\}- Feeling very tired much of the time\{\{nl\}\}- Very dry skin} \tn 
% Row Count 19 (+ 7)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{{\bf{Complications:}}\{\{nl\}\}- Cardiovascular disease\{\{nl\}\}- Nerve damage\{\{nl\}\}- Kidney damage\{\{nl\}\}- Eye damage\{\{nl\}\}- Foot damage\{\{nl\}\}- Skin \& mouth conditions\{\{nl\}\}- Hearing impairment} \tn 
% Row Count 23 (+ 4)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{{\bf{ Treatment:}} Prevention - Healthy diet \& exercise} \tn 
% Row Count 25 (+ 2)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
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\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{X}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Diabetes mellitus}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{p{8.4cm}}{\vspace{1px}\centerline{\includegraphics[width=5.1cm]{/web/www.cheatography.com/public/uploads/bee-f_1679313402_Diabetes mellitus.jpeg}}} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
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\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{X}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Hyperthyroidism}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{{\bf{Definition:}} Thyroid creates excessive thyroid hormones → speeding up the body's metabolism} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{{\bf{Risk factors \& causes:}}\{\{nl\}\}- Graves' diseases (attacks thyroid)\{\{nl\}\}- Overactive thyroid nodules (toxic adenoma)\{\{nl\}\}- Thyroiditis (inflamed thyroid)\{\{nl\}\}- FHx\{\{nl\}\}- Recent pregnancy} \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 4)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{{\bf{Pathophysiology \& mechanism:}} ↑ in production of thyroid hormone → abnormal ↑ in its endocrine effects over various organs \& systems\{\{nl\}\} =\textgreater{} Includes ↑ cardiac output, gut hypermotility, CNS overstimulation, increased thermogenesis, ↑ in osmotic pressure behind the eyes \& changes in the dermis \& subcutaneous tissues} \tn 
% Row Count 13 (+ 7)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{{\bf{Signs \& symptoms:}} May occur in various body systems → eyes / systemic signs / heart / nervous system / GI system / nutritional state / thermoregulation} \tn 
% Row Count 17 (+ 4)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{{\bf{Complications:}}\{\{nl\}\}- Cardiac problems\{\{nl\}\}- Brittlee bones\{\{nl\}\}- Discoloured / swollen skin\{\{nl\}\}-  Vision problems} \tn 
% Row Count 20 (+ 3)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{{\bf{ Treatment:}} Medicine, therapy \&/or surgery} \tn 
% Row Count 21 (+ 1)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
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\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Hyperthyroidism}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{p{8.4cm}}{\vspace{1px}\centerline{\includegraphics[width=5.1cm]{/web/www.cheatography.com/public/uploads/bee-f_1679314092_Hyperthyroidism.jpeg}}} \tn 
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\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Hypercortisolemia}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{{\bf{Definition:}} Abnormal ↑ of cortisol in the blood → ↑ in the effects of cortisol on various systems of the body} \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 3)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{{\bf{Risk factors \& causes:}} Cortisol is normally released in the blood in response to stress} \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 2)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{{\bf{Pathophysiology \& mechanism:}} ↑ in circulating cortisol → generalised catabolic state, i.e. the body breaks down / burns tissues \& reserves in order to release energy → most systems are affected} \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 5)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{{\bf{Signs \& symptoms:}}\{\{nl\}\}- Easy bruising\{\{nl\}\}- Supraclavicular \& dorsal fat pads\{\{nl\}\}- Central obesity\{\{nl\}\}- Round face\{\{nl\}\}-  Proximal muscle weakness\{\{nl\}\}- Purple striae\{\{nl\}\}- Hypertension\{\{nl\}\}- Arrhythmia, paralysis, cramps\{\{nl\}\}- Hirsutism, acne} \tn 
% Row Count 16 (+ 6)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{{\bf{Complications:}} Affects all the systems} \tn 
% Row Count 17 (+ 1)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
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\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Hypercortisolemia}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{p{8.4cm}}{\vspace{1px}\centerline{\includegraphics[width=5.1cm]{/web/www.cheatography.com/public/uploads/bee-f_1679314186_Hypercortisolemia.jpg}}} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
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\par\addvspace{1.3em}


% That's all folks
\end{multicols*}

\end{document}