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% Document Info
\author{bee.f (bee.f)}
\pdfinfo{
  /Title (22-pathophysiology-of-the-urinary-system.pdf)
  /Creator (Cheatography)
  /Author (bee.f (bee.f))
  /Subject (22 Pathophysiology of the Urinary System Cheat Sheet)
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    \vspace{-2pt}\large{\bf{\textcolor{DarkBackground}{\textrm{22 Pathophysiology of the Urinary System Cheat Sheet}}}} \\
    \normalsize{by \textcolor{DarkBackground}{bee.f (bee.f)} via \textcolor{DarkBackground}{\uline{cheatography.com/180201/cs/37501/}}}
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\noindent
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  \mymulticolumn{2}{p{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cheatographer}}  \\
  \vspace{-2pt}bee.f (bee.f) \\
  \uline{cheatography.com/bee-f} \\
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  \mymulticolumn{1}{p{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cheat Sheet}}  \\
   \vspace{-2pt}Published 25th May, 2023.\\
   Updated 5th March, 2023.\\
   Page {\thepage} of \pageref{LastPage}.
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  Measure your website readability!\\
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\begin{multicols*}{2}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Chronic kidney Disease}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{{\bf{Definition:}}\{\{nl\}\}- Gradual loss of kidney function\{\{nl\}\}- Advanced disease can cause dangerous levels of fluid, electrolytes \& wastes build up in the body\{\{nl\}\}- Also called chronic kidney failure\{\{nl\}\}- Black, Native American \& Asian American are more at risk} \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 6)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{{\bf{Risk factors/causes:}}\{\{nl\}\}- Diabetes\{\{nl\}\}- Hypertension \& cardiovascular diseases\{\{nl\}\}- Glomerulonephritis\{\{nl\}\}- Polycystic kidney disease (inherited)\{\{nl\}\}- Smoking \& drug abuse\{\{nl\}\}- Obesity\{\{nl\}\}- Age\{\{nl\}\}- Family Hx of kidney disease} \tn 
% Row Count 11 (+ 5)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{{\bf{Pathophysiology \& mechanism:}} Causes → ↓ number of nephrons → activation of vasoactive mediators, cytokines, RAAS, growth factors → structural \& functional changes of surviving nephrons → hyperfiltration → ↑ intraglomerular capillary pressure → accelerated sclerosis of remaining nephrons → ↓ number of nephrons} \tn 
% Row Count 18 (+ 7)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{{\bf{Signs \& symptoms:}}\{\{nl\}\}- Nausea/vomiting\{\{nl\}\}- Loss of appetite\{\{nl\}\}- Frequent/difficulty urinating\{\{nl\}\}- Foamy urine\{\{nl\}\}- Ammonia-smelling breath\{\{nl\}\}- Fatigue \& weakness\{\{nl\}\}- Ankle \& feet swelling\{\{nl\}\}- Anaemia\{\{nl\}\}- Hypocalcaemia (↓ calcium)\{\{nl\}\}- Hyperphosphatemia (↑ phosphate)\{\{nl\}\}- Metabolic acidosis\{\{nl\}\}- Hyperkalaemia (↑ potassium)} \tn 
% Row Count 26 (+ 8)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{{\bf{Treatment:}} Medication or surgery (kidney transplant)} \tn 
% Row Count 28 (+ 2)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Chronic Kidney Disease}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
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\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{X}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Glomerulonephritis}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{{\bf{Definition:}} Inflammation \& damage of the tiny filters (glomeruli) in the kidneys (autoimmune origin)} \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 3)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{{\bf{Risk factors/causes:}}\{\{nl\}\}- Infections\{\{nl\}\}- Autoimmune\{\{nl\}\}- Vasculitis\{\{nl\}\}- Sclerotic conditions\{\{nl\}\}- Inherited\{\{nl\}\}- Cancers} \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 3)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{{\bf{Signs \& symptoms:}}\{\{nl\}\}- Nausea/vomiting\{\{nl\}\}- Fatigue\{\{nl\}\}- Less urination\{\{nl\}\}- Pink or cola-coloured urine\{\{nl\}\}- Foamy urine\{\{nl\}\}- Hypertension\{\{nl\}\}- Oedema (fluid retention)} \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 4)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{{\bf{Complications:}}\{\{nl\}\}- Accumulation of wastes or toxins in the bloodstream\{\{nl\}\}- Poor regulation of essential minerals \& nutrients\{\{nl\}\}- Loss of red blood cells\{\{nl\}\}- Loss of blood proteins} \tn 
% Row Count 14 (+ 4)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{{\bf{Treatment:}} Therapies for associated kidney failure} \tn 
% Row Count 16 (+ 2)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Nephritic Syndrome}}  \tn
% Row 0
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{{\bf{Definition:}} Inflammation of the glomeruli (glomerulonephritis) \& renal dysfunction} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{{\bf{Risk factors/causes:}}\{\{nl\}\}- Immunological (IgA nephropathy, tend to occur post-infection)\{\{nl\}\}- Within the course of autoimmune disease ({\emph{Lupus nephritis}})\{\{nl\}\}- Kidney disease (causes by many different bacteria, viruses, fungi, parasites, systemic, etc.)} \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 6)
% Row 2
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\{\{popup="https://www.drawittoknowit.com/course/pathology/glossary/pathophysiologic-disorder/nephritic-syndrome-glomerulonephritis"\}\}{\bf{Pathophysiology \& mechanism:}}\{\{/popup\}\} Deposition of immune complexes (antibody + antigen) or antibodies triggers inflammation with leukocyte infiltration → injurs cells \& degrades the glomerular basement membrane (GBM) → leakage of erythrocytes (RBC) + some proteinuria → S/Sx} \tn 
% Row Count 17 (+ 9)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{{\bf{Signs \& symptoms:}}\{\{nl\}\}- Blurred vision\{\{nl\}\}- Hypertension\{\{nl\}\}- Oliguria (low urine output)\{\{nl\}\}- Haematuria (blood in urine)\{\{nl\}\}- Proteinuria\{\{nl\}\}- Azotemia (↑levels of nitrogen-containing substance)} \tn 
% Row Count 22 (+ 5)
% Row 4
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{{\bf{Treatment:}} Medication \& surgery (kidney transplant)} \tn 
% Row Count 24 (+ 2)
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\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{X}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Nephritic Syndrome}}  \tn
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\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{X}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Diabetic Nephropathy}}  \tn
% Row 0
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{{\bf{Definition:}} Glomerular loss (glomeruli {[}filtration{]} malfunction) \& secondary disease to diabetes} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{{\bf{Risk factors/causes:}}\{\{nl\}\}- Hyperglycaemia (↑ blood sugar)\{\{nl\}\}- Hypertension\{\{nl\}\}- Smoking\{\{nl\}\}- Obesity\{\{nl\}\}- Family Hx of diabetes \& kidney disease\{\{nl\}\}- ↑ blood cholesterol} \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 4)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{{\bf{Pathophysiology \& mechanism:}} ↑glucose levels → ↑blood volume, pressure \& renal perfusion → damages the blood vessels (form glomeruli) → leaky vessels → extravasation of blood proteins (spilt into the capsule)} \tn 
% Row Count 11 (+ 5)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{{\bf{Signs \& symptoms:}}\{\{nl\}\}- Nausea\{\{nl\}\}- Loss of appetite\{\{nl\}\}- Fatigue/insomnia\{\{nl\}\}- Swollen ankles, feet \& hands\{\{nl\}\}- Dry/itchy skin\{\{nl\}\}- Difficulty concentrating} \tn 
% Row Count 15 (+ 4)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{{\bf{Treatment:}} Medication or surgery (kidney transplant)} \tn 
% Row Count 17 (+ 2)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
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\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Diabetic Nephropathy}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{p{8.4cm}}{\vspace{1px}\centerline{\includegraphics[width=5.1cm]{/web/www.cheatography.com/public/uploads/bee-f_1677970611_Diabetic Nephropathy.jpeg}}} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
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\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Nephrotic Syndrome}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{{\bf{Definition:}} {[}Sate of kidney failure{]} Kidney disorder that causes the body to pass too much protein in the urine (heavy proteinuria 3.0g/24 hours)} \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 3)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{{\bf{Risk factors/causes:}}\{\{nl\}\}- Metabolic\{\{nl\}\}- Immunological\{\{nl\}\}- Idiopathic/primary\{\{nl\}\}- Neoplastic\{\{nl\}\}- Medication/drug use\{\{nl\}\}- Infection\{\{nl\}\}- Allergic\{\{nl\}\}- Genetic syndromes} \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 4)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\{\{popup="https://www.drawittoknowit.com/course/pathology/glossary/pathophysiologic-disorder/nephrotic-syndrome-key-pathologies"\}\}{\bf{Pathophysiology \& mechanism:}}\{\{/popup\}\} Podocyte injury → podocyte damage, effacement (thinning), \& detachment from the basement membrane → proteins leak through the filtration membrane → enter urine → S/Sx} \tn 
% Row Count 14 (+ 7)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{{\bf{Signs \& symptoms:}}\{\{nl\}\}- Oedema (starts in the face, spreads peripheral)\{\{nl\}\}- Vomiting\{\{nl\}\}- Pale skin/fissures\{\{nl\}\}- Foamy urine (excess protein)\{\{nl\}\}- Fatigue\{\{nl\}\}- Loss of appetite\{\{nl\}\}- Weight gain (fluid retention)} \tn 
% Row Count 19 (+ 5)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{{\bf{Complications:}}\{\{nl\}\}- Tachycardia (↑BPM)\{\{nl\}\}- Hyperlipidemia (↑lipid levels)\{\{nl\}\}- Proteinuria (↑protein in urine)\{\{nl\}\}- Blood clots (blood proteins help prevent them)} \tn 
% Row Count 23 (+ 4)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{{\bf{Treatment:}} Medication \& surgery (kidney transplant)} \tn 
% Row Count 25 (+ 2)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
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\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Nephrotic Syndrome}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{p{8.4cm}}{\vspace{1px}\centerline{\includegraphics[width=5.1cm]{/web/www.cheatography.com/public/uploads/bee-f_1678029444_Nephrotic Syndrome.jpeg}}} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
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\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Hypertensive Nephropathy}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{{\bf{Definition:}} Progressive kidney damage due to long-term, poorly controlled high blood pressure} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{{\bf{Risk factors/causes:}} Hypertension \& lesion = {\emph{arteriolar nephrosclerosis}}} \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 2)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{{\bf{Pathophysiology \& mechanism:}} Hypertension → thickening of Bowman's capsule \& nephron capillaries due to cell proliferation (accumulation) \& collagen deposition → ↑glomerular pressure → ↓renal blood flow → alteration in inflammatory profile of different cells → ↓permeability \& filtration → glomerular sclerosis → hypertensive nephropathy} \tn 
% Row Count 12 (+ 8)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{{\bf{Signs \& symptoms:}}\{\{nl\}\}- Nausea/vomiting\{\{nl\}\}- Loss of appetite\{\{nl\}\}- Itching\{\{nl\}\}- Confusion} \tn 
% Row Count 14 (+ 2)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{{\bf{Complications of persistent ↑ BP:}}\{\{nl\}\}- Brain (strokes, hypertensive encephalopathy)\{\{nl\}\}- Blood (↑ sugar levels)\{\{nl\}\}- Eye retina (Hypertensive retinopathy)\{\{nl\}\}- Heart (MI, hypertensive cardiomyopathy)\{\{nl\}\}- Kidneys (hypertensive nephropathy)} \tn 
% Row Count 20 (+ 6)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
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\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{X}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Hypertensive Nephropathy}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{p{8.4cm}}{\vspace{1px}\centerline{\includegraphics[width=5.1cm]{/web/www.cheatography.com/public/uploads/bee-f_1678033197_Hypertensive Nephropathy.jpeg}}} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
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\par\addvspace{1.3em}


% That's all folks
\end{multicols*}

\end{document}