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\author{Bayan (Bayan.A)}
\pdfinfo{
  /Title (comptia-itf-exam-objectives.pdf)
  /Creator (Cheatography)
  /Author (Bayan (Bayan.A))
  /Subject (CompTIA ITF+ Exam Objectives Cheat Sheet)
}

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        \hspace*{-6pt}\includegraphics[width=5.8cm]{/web/www.cheatography.com/public/images/cheatography_logo.pdf}}
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    \vspace{-2pt}\large{\bf{\textcolor{DarkBackground}{\textrm{CompTIA ITF+ Exam Objectives Cheat Sheet}}}} \\
    \normalsize{by \textcolor{DarkBackground}{Bayan (Bayan.A)} via \textcolor{DarkBackground}{\uline{cheatography.com/122738/cs/35530/}}}
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  \mymulticolumn{2}{p{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cheatographer}}  \\
  \vspace{-2pt}Bayan (Bayan.A) \\
  \uline{cheatography.com/bayan-a} \\
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  \mymulticolumn{1}{p{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cheat Sheet}}  \\
   \vspace{-2pt}Published 15th December, 2022.\\
   Updated 9th December, 2022.\\
   Page {\thepage} of \pageref{LastPage}.
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  Measure your website readability!\\
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{1.1 Compare and contrast notational systems.}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{Binary}} & Data type support 1-bit storage, representing FALSE and TRUE \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 3)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
 & Boolean logic is a statement that resolves to a true or false condition and underpins the branching and looping features of computer code. \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 5)
% Row 2
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{\bf{Hexadecimal}} & Notational system with 16 values per digit. Values above 9 are represented by the letters A,B,C,D,E,F. \tn 
% Row Count 12 (+ 4)
% Row 3
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 & Hex is a compact way of referring to long byte values, such as MAC and IPv6 addresses. \tn 
% Row Count 16 (+ 4)
% Row 4
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{\bf{Float}} & Data type supporting storage of floating point numbers (decimal fractions). \tn 
% Row Count 19 (+ 3)
% Row 5
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{\bf{ASCII}} & 7-bit code page mapping binary values to character glyphs \tn 
% Row Count 22 (+ 3)
% Row 6
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 & Standard ASCII can represent 127 characters, though some values are reserved for non-printing control characters. \tn 
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{\bf{Unicode}} & Extensible system of code pages capable of representing millions of character glyphs, allowing for international alphabets. \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{1.2 Data types and their characteristics}}  \tn
% Row 0
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{\bf{Char}} & Data type supporting storage of a single character. \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 1
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{\bf{String}} & Data type supporting storage of a variable length series of characters. \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 3)
% Row 2
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{\bf{Integer}} & Data type supporting storage of whole numbers. \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 2)
% Row 3
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{\bf{Float}} & Data type supporting storage of floating point numbers (decimal fractions). \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 3)
% Row 4
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{\bf{Boolean}} & Data type support 1-bit storage, representing FALSE and TRUE \tn 
% Row Count 12 (+ 2)
% Row 5
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 & Boolean logic is a statement that resolves to a true or false condition and underpins the branching and looping features of computer code. \tn 
% Row Count 17 (+ 5)
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\begin{tabularx}{17.67cm}{x{4.4902 cm} x{12.7798 cm} }
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{1.3 Basics of computing and  processing.}}  \tn
% Row 0
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{\bf{Input}} & the computer receives data entered by the user through peripheral devices, such as mice, keyboards, scanners, cameras, and microphones. \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 5)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
{\bf{Processing}} & the data is written to memory and manipulated by the CPU, acting on instructions from the operating system and applications software. \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 5)
% Row 2
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{\bf{Output}} & the processed data is shown or played to the user through an output device, such as a monitor or loudspeaker system. \tn 
% Row Count 14 (+ 4)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
{\bf{Storage}} & the data may be written to different types of storage devices, such as hard disks or optical discs, because data stored in most types of system memory is only preserved while the computer is powered on. \tn 
% Row Count 21 (+ 7)
% Row 4
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{Additionally, most computers are configured in networks, allowing them to exchange data. You can think of networking as a special class of input and output, but it is probably more helpful to conceive of it as a separate function.} \tn 
% Row Count 26 (+ 5)
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\begin{tabularx}{17.67cm}{x{5.7358 cm} x{5.5671 cm} x{5.5671 cm} }
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\mymulticolumn{3}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{1.4 Vallue of data and information}}  \tn
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{\bf{Data and information as assets}} & For \seqsplit{organisations}, computer data can be considered an asset &  \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 5)
% Row 1
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 & An asset is something of commercial value &  \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 4)
% Row 2
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{\bf{Investing in security}} & A mechanism designed to protect an information asset or processing system is called a security control &  \tn 
% Row Count 17 (+ 8)
% Row 3
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 & they are designed to prevent, deter, detect, and/or recover from attempts to view or modify data without \seqsplit{authorization}. &  \tn 
% Row Count 27 (+ 10)
% Row 4
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 & can be costly, both in terms of purchasing hardware and software and in terms of more complex procedures and staff training. &  \tn 
% Row Count 37 (+ 10)
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\mymulticolumn{3}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{1.4 Vallue of data and information (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 5
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{\bf{Return on Security Investment (ROSI)}} & This is the calculation made for the case of investing in security. &  \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 6)
% Row 6
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 & This is done by performing {\bf{risk assessments}} to work out how much the loss of data would cost and how likely it is that data loss might occur. &  \tn 
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% Row 7
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 & The use of security controls should reuce the impact and likelihood of losses, justifying the investment made &  \tn 
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% Row 8
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\mymulticolumn{3}{x{17.67cm}}{{\bf{Security Controls}}} \tn 
% Row Count 28 (+ 1)
% Row 9
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{\bf{Backup}} & ensure that you maintain copies of your data and that these copies can be quickly and easily accessed when necessary. &  \tn 
% Row Count 37 (+ 9)
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\mymulticolumn{3}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{1.4 Vallue of data and information (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 10
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{\bf{Access control}} & The control of access to stored data via: &  \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 4)
% Row 11
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 & Permissions & assign permissions on data files to users and groups of users. \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 5)
% Row 12
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 & Usage restrictions & use rights management software to control what users can do with data files \tn 
% Row Count 15 (+ 6)
% Row 13
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 & Data encryption & data is encoded in some way that only a person with the correct key can read it \tn 
% Row Count 22 (+ 7)
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\begin{tabularx}{17.67cm}{x{5.5671 cm} x{5.5671 cm} x{5.7358 cm} }
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\mymulticolumn{3}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{1.5  Common units of  measure.}}  \tn
% Row 0
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{\bf{Data storage Units}} & The fundamental unit of data storage is the bit (binary digit) which can represent 1 or 0 &  \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 7)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
 & {\bf{Bit}} & basic unit of computer data \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 3)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 &  & can represent two values (zero or one) \tn 
% Row Count 13 (+ 3)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
 & {\bf{Byte}} & 8 bits \tn 
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% Row 4
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 &  & The first multiple of bits \tn 
% Row Count 16 (+ 2)
% Row 5
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 & {\bf{Double byte}} & 16 bits \tn 
% Row Count 18 (+ 2)
% Row 6
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 & {\bf{KiloByte (KB)}} & 1000 bytes \tn 
% Row Count 20 (+ 2)
% Row 7
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 &  & (or 103 or 10{\emph{10}}10 bytes) \tn 
% Row Count 23 (+ 3)
% Row 8
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 &  & Small files are often measured in KB. \tn 
% Row Count 26 (+ 3)
% Row 9
\SetRowColor{white}
 & {\bf{MegaByte (MB)}} & 1000 KB \tn 
% Row Count 28 (+ 2)
% Row 10
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 &  & 1000*1000 bytes \tn 
% Row Count 30 (+ 2)
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 &  & (or 1,000,000 bytes) \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 12
\SetRowColor{white}
 &  & Many files would be measured in megabytes. \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 4)
% Row 13
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & {\bf{GigaByte (GB)}} & 1000 MB \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 2)
% Row 14
\SetRowColor{white}
 &  & 1000{\emph{1000}}1000 bytes \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 2)
% Row 15
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 &  & (1,000,000,000 bytes) \tn 
% Row Count 12 (+ 2)
% Row 16
\SetRowColor{white}
 &  & Gigabytes are usually used to talk about disk capacity. \tn 
% Row Count 17 (+ 5)
% Row 17
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & {\bf{TeraByte (TB)}} & 1000 GB \tn 
% Row Count 19 (+ 2)
% Row 18
\SetRowColor{white}
 &  & (1,000,000,000,000 bytes) \tn 
% Row Count 21 (+ 2)
% Row 19
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 &  & ome individual disk units might be 1 or 2 terabytes but these units are usually used to describe large storage networks. \tn 
% Row Count 31 (+ 10)
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\mymulticolumn{3}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{1.5  Common units of  measure. (cont)}}  \tn
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 & {\bf{PetaByte (PB)}} & 1000 TB \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 21
\SetRowColor{white}
 &  & or 1015 bytes (1,000,000,000,000,000 bytes) \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 4)
% Row 22
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 &  & The largest storage networks and cloud systems would have petabytes of capacity. \tn 
% Row Count 13 (+ 7)
% Row 23
\SetRowColor{white}
{\bf{Throughput Rate \seqsplit{Units/Transfer} Rate}} & rate that a particular connection can sustain is measured in bits per second (bps) &  \tn 
% Row Count 20 (+ 7)
% Row 24
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & The amount of data that can be transferred over a network connection in a given amount of time, typically measured in bits or bytes per second (or some more suitable multiple thereof). &  \tn 
% Row Count 35 (+ 15)
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\begin{tabularx}{17.67cm}{x{5.5671 cm} x{5.5671 cm} x{5.7358 cm} }
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\mymulticolumn{3}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{1.5  Common units of  measure. (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 25
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 & described variously as data rate, bit rate, connection speed, transmission speed, or (sometimes \seqsplit{inaccurately)} bandwidth or baud &  \tn 
% Row Count 11 (+ 11)
% Row 26
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 & often quoted as the peak, maximum, theoretical value; sustained, actual throughput is often considerably less. &  \tn 
% Row Count 20 (+ 9)
% Row 27
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & {\bf{Kbps (or Kb/s)}} & 1000 bits per second \tn 
% Row Count 22 (+ 2)
% Row 28
\SetRowColor{white}
 &  & Older computer peripheral interfaces (or buses) and slow network links would be measured in Kbps. \tn 
% Row Count 30 (+ 8)
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\begin{tabularx}{17.67cm}{x{5.5671 cm} x{5.5671 cm} x{5.7358 cm} }
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\mymulticolumn{3}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{1.5  Common units of  measure. (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 29
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 & {\bf{Mbps (or Mb/s)}} & 1000Kbps \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 30
\SetRowColor{white}
 &  & 1,000,000 bits per second. \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 2)
% Row 31
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 &  & Many internal computer interfaces have throughputs measured in Mbps \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 6)
% Row 32
\SetRowColor{white}
 &  & Wireless networks and residential Internet links also typically have this sort of throughput. \tn 
% Row Count 18 (+ 8)
% Row 33
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & {\bf{Gbps (or Gb/s)}} & 1000Mpbs \tn 
% Row Count 20 (+ 2)
% Row 34
\SetRowColor{white}
 &  & 1,000,000,000 bits per second \tn 
% Row Count 23 (+ 3)
% Row 35
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 &  & The latest PC bus standards and networks can support this higher level of throughput. \tn 
% Row Count 30 (+ 7)
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\mymulticolumn{3}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{1.5  Common units of  measure. (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 36
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 & {\bf{Tbps (or Tb/s)}} & 1000Gbps \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 37
\SetRowColor{white}
 &  & 1,000,000,000,000 bits per second \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 3)
% Row 38
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 &  & This sort of capacity is found in major \seqsplit{telecommunications} links between data centers, cities, and countries. \tn 
% Row Count 14 (+ 9)
% Row 39
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{17.67cm}}{Throughput units are {\bf{always}} base 10.} \tn 
% Row Count 15 (+ 1)
% Row 40
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{\bf{Processing Speed Units}} & A computer's internal clock and the speed at which its processors work is measured in units of time called Hertz (Hz). 1 Hz represents one cycle per second. &  \tn 
% Row Count 27 (+ 12)
% Row 41
\SetRowColor{white}
 & {\bf{Megahertz (MHz)}} & 1 million (1,000,000) cycles per second. \tn 
% Row Count 31 (+ 4)
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% Row 42
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 &  & Older PC bus interfaces and many types of network interfaces work at this slower signaling speed. \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 8)
% Row 43
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 & {\bf{Gigahertz (GHz)}} & 1000 million (1,000,000,000) cycles per second. \tn 
% Row Count 12 (+ 4)
% Row 44
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 &  & Modern CPUs and bus types plus fiber-optic network equipment work at these much faster speeds. \tn 
% Row Count 20 (+ 8)
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\mymulticolumn{3}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{1.6 Explain the troubleshooting methodology.}}  \tn
% Row 0
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\mymulticolumn{3}{x{17.67cm}}{Troubleshooting is a process of problem solving. It is important to realize that problems have causes, symptoms, and consequences. For example:} \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 3)
% Row 1
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\mymulticolumn{3}{x{17.67cm}}{{\bf{CompTIA Troubleshooting Model}}} \tn 
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% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
1.{\bf{ Identify}} the problem: & Gather information. &  \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 3)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
 & Duplicate the \seqsplit{problem(observe} as it occurs. via remote desktop, lab system or VM) &  \tn 
% Row Count 14 (+ 7)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & Question users (how, when, who, changes) &  \tn 
% Row Count 18 (+ 4)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
 & Identify symptoms. &  \tn 
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% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & Determine if anything has changed. &  \tn 
% Row Count 23 (+ 3)
% Row 7
\SetRowColor{white}
 & Approach multiple problems \seqsplit{individually.} - if problems related, treat each as a separate case. if related, check for outstanding support or maintenance tickets.) &  \tn 
% Row Count 36 (+ 13)
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\mymulticolumn{3}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{1.6 Explain the troubleshooting methodology. (cont)}}  \tn
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2. {\bf{Research}} knowledge \seqsplit{base/Internet} & observe in operation via remote desktop or in-person &  \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 4)
% Row 9
\SetRowColor{white}
 & View system, application, or network log files. &  \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 4)
% Row 10
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & Monitor other support requests to identify similar problems &  \tn 
% Row Count 13 (+ 5)
% Row 11
\SetRowColor{white}
\seqsplit{Understanding} the Problem & determine a theory of probable cause from analysis of the symptoms &  \tn 
% Row Count 19 (+ 6)
% Row 12
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
3. Establish a theory of {\bf{probable cause}} & Question the obvious. &  \tn 
% Row Count 23 (+ 4)
% Row 13
\SetRowColor{white}
 & Step through the process of using the system or application making sure that you verify even the simplest steps by questioning the obvious &  \tn 
% Row Count 34 (+ 11)
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\begin{tabularx}{17.67cm}{x{5.7358 cm} x{5.5671 cm} x{5.5671 cm} }
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\mymulticolumn{3}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{1.6 Explain the troubleshooting methodology. (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 14
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 & Consider multiple approaches. &  \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 3)
% Row 15
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 & Divide and conquer( Using tests to helps you more quickly identify probable causes.) &  \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 7)
% Row 16
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & Workarounds (provides a way for the user to continue to work with the system) &  \tn 
% Row Count 16 (+ 6)
% Row 17
\SetRowColor{white}
4. {\bf{Test}} the theory to determine cause. & Once the theory is confirmed (confirmed root cause), determine the next steps to resolve the problem. &  \tn 
% Row Count 24 (+ 8)
% Row 18
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & If the theory is not confirmed, establish a new theory or escalate. &  \tn 
% Row Count 30 (+ 6)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{17.67cm}{x{5.7358 cm} x{5.5671 cm} x{5.5671 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{1.6 Explain the troubleshooting methodology. (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 19
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & establish a root cause for the problem &  \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 3)
% Row 20
\SetRowColor{white}
5. Establish a {\bf{plan of action}} to resolve the problem and identify potential effects. & establish a plan of action to eliminate the root cause without \seqsplit{destabilizing} some other part of the system. &  \tn 
% Row Count 12 (+ 9)
% Row 21
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & Repair & you need to determine whether the cost of repair/time taken to reconfigure something makes this the best option. \tn 
% Row Count 21 (+ 9)
% Row 22
\SetRowColor{white}
 & Replace & often more expensive and may be \seqsplit{time-consuming} if a part is not available. There may also be an opportunity to upgrade the device or software. \tn 
% Row Count 32 (+ 11)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{17.67cm}{x{5.7358 cm} x{5.5671 cm} x{5.5671 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{1.6 Explain the troubleshooting methodology. (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 23
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & Ignore & as any software developer will tell you, not all problems are critical. If neither repair nor replace is \seqsplit{cost-effective}, it may be best either to find a workaround or just to document the issue and move on. \tn 
% Row Count 16 (+ 16)
% Row 24
\SetRowColor{white}
6.{\bf{Implement}} the solution or escalate as necessary. & Your plan of action should contain the detailed steps and resources required to implement the solution. As well as these practical steps, you have to consider the issue of \seqsplit{authorization} &  \tn 
% Row Count 31 (+ 15)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{17.67cm}{x{5.7358 cm} x{5.5671 cm} x{5.5671 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{1.6 Explain the troubleshooting methodology. (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 25
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & If applying the solution is disruptive to the wider network, you also need to consider the most appropriate time to schedule the \seqsplit{reconfiguration} work and plan how to notify other network users. &  \tn 
% Row Count 15 (+ 15)
% Row 26
\SetRowColor{white}
7. {\bf{Verify}} full system \seqsplit{functionality} and, if applicable, implement preventive measures. & identify the results and effects of the solution &  \tn 
% Row Count 22 (+ 7)
% Row 27
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & Ensure that you were right and that the problem is resolved &  \tn 
% Row Count 27 (+ 5)
% Row 28
\SetRowColor{white}
 & Restate what the problem was and how it was resolved then confirm with the customer that the incident log can be closed. &  \tn 
% Row Count 37 (+ 10)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{17.67cm}{x{5.7358 cm} x{5.5671 cm} x{5.5671 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{1.6 Explain the troubleshooting methodology. (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 29
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & To fully solve the root cause of a problem, you should try to eliminate any factors that may cause the problem to recur. &  \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 10)
% Row 30
\SetRowColor{white}
6. {\bf{Document}} \seqsplit{findings/lessons} learned, actions and outcomes. & it is important that information about the problem, tests performed, and attempted resolutions are recorded &  \tn 
% Row Count 19 (+ 9)
% Row 31
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & when a problem is resolved, a complete record exists documenting the symptoms, possible causes investigated, and the ultimate resolution &  \tn 
% Row Count 30 (+ 11)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}---}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{17.67cm}{x{5.7358 cm} x{5.5671 cm} x{5.5671 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{2.1  types of input/output device interfaces}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{17.67cm}}{{\bf{Networking}}} \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{17.67cm}}{{\bf{Wired}}} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 1)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{RJ (Registered Jack) Connector}} & Ethernet Connector & used for twisted pair cabling. 4-pair network cabling uses the larger {\bf{RJ-45}} connector. \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 7)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
 & \seqsplit{Modem/telephone} & 2=pair cabling uses the RJ-11 connector. \tn 
% Row Count 13 (+ 4)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{17.67cm}}{{\bf{Wireless}}} \tn 
% Row Count 14 (+ 1)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
{\bf{Bluetooth}} & Short-range radio-based technology, working at up to 10m (30 feet) at up to 1 Mbps used to connect peripherals (such as mice, keyboards, and printers) and for \seqsplit{communication} between two devices (such as a laptop and smartphone). &  \tn 
% Row Count 33 (+ 19)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{17.67cm}{x{5.7358 cm} x{5.5671 cm} x{5.5671 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{2.1  types of input/output device interfaces (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & The advantage of radio-based signals is that devices do not need \seqsplit{line-of-sight}, though the signals can still be blocked by thick walls and metal and can suffer from interference from other radio sources operating at the same frequency (2.4 GHz) &  \tn 
% Row Count 20 (+ 20)
% Row 7
\SetRowColor{white}
 & Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE) is designed for small \seqsplit{battery-powered} devices that transmit small amounts of data infrequently &  \tn 
% Row Count 30 (+ 10)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{17.67cm}{x{5.7358 cm} x{5.5671 cm} x{5.5671 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{2.1  types of input/output device interfaces (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 8
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & BLE is not \seqsplit{backwards-compatible} with "classic" Bluetooth though a device can support both standards \seqsplit{simultaneously}. &  \tn 
% Row Count 11 (+ 11)
% Row 9
\SetRowColor{white}
{\bf{RFID (Radio Frequency Identification)}} & A chip allowing data to be read wirelessly. &  \tn 
% Row Count 15 (+ 4)
% Row 10
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{NFC (Nearfield Communications)}} & Standard for peer-to-peer (2-way) radio \seqsplit{communications} over very short (around 4") distances, facilitating contactless payment and similar \seqsplit{technologies.} &  \tn 
% Row Count 28 (+ 13)
% Row 11
\SetRowColor{white}
 & NFC is based on RFID. &  \tn 
% Row Count 30 (+ 2)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{17.67cm}{x{5.7358 cm} x{5.5671 cm} x{5.5671 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{2.1  types of input/output device interfaces (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 12
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{17.67cm}}{{\bf{Peripheral devices}}} \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 13
\SetRowColor{white}
{\bf{USB (Universal Serial Bus)}} & USB permits the connection of up to 127 different peripherals. A larger Type A connector attaches to a port on the host; Type B and Mini- or Micro- Type B connectors are used for devices. &  \tn 
% Row Count 16 (+ 15)
% Row 14
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & USB 1.1 supports 12 Mbps while USB 2.0 supports 480 Mbps and is backward compatible with 1.1 devices (which run at the slower speed). &  \tn 
% Row Count 27 (+ 11)
% Row 15
\SetRowColor{white}
 & USB devices are hot swappable. & (Hot swappable: a device that can be added or removed without having to restart the operating system) \tn 
% Row Count 35 (+ 8)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{17.67cm}{x{5.7358 cm} x{5.5671 cm} x{5.5671 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{2.1  types of input/output device interfaces (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 16
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & A device can draw up to 2.5W power. &  \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 3)
% Row 17
\SetRowColor{white}
 & USB 3.0 defines a 4.8 Gbps SuperSpeed rate and can deliver 4.5W power. &  \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 6)
% Row 18
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{Firewire (IEEE 1394 Standard)}} & This serial SCSI bus standard supports high data rates (up to 400 Mbps) and this in turn, makes it attractive for applications requiring intensive data transfer (such as video cameras, satellite receivers, and digital media players). &  \tn 
% Row Count 28 (+ 19)
% Row 19
\SetRowColor{white}
 & Firewire is the brand name for the IEEE standard 1394. &  \tn 
% Row Count 33 (+ 5)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{17.67cm}{x{5.7358 cm} x{5.5671 cm} x{5.5671 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{2.1  types of input/output device interfaces (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 20
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{Thunderbolt}} & interface was developed by Intel and is primarily used on Apple workstations and laptops. &  \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 7)
% Row 21
\SetRowColor{white}
 & can be used as a display interface (like DisplayPort) and as a general peripheral interface (like USB 3). &  \tn 
% Row Count 16 (+ 9)
% Row 22
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{17.67cm}}{{\bf{Graphic Devices}}} \tn 
% Row Count 17 (+ 1)
% Row 23
\SetRowColor{white}
{\bf{VGA (Video Graphics Array) }}Connector & A 15-pin HD connector has been used to connect the graphics adapter to a monitor since 1987. &  \tn 
% Row Count 25 (+ 8)
% Row 24
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{HDMI (High Definition Multimedia Interface)}} & \seqsplit{High-specification} digital connector for audio-video equipment. &  \tn 
% Row Count 31 (+ 6)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{17.67cm}{x{5.7358 cm} x{5.5671 cm} x{5.5671 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{2.1  types of input/output device interfaces (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 25
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{Digital Visual Interface (DVI)}} & high-quality digital interface designed for flat-panel display equipment. &  \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 6)
% Row 26
\SetRowColor{white}
 & Single- or \seqsplit{dual-link—dual-link} makes more bandwidth available. This may be required for resolutions better than HDTV (1920x1200). &  \tn 
% Row Count 17 (+ 11)
% Row 27
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & Analog and/or \seqsplit{digital—DVI-I} supports analog equipment (such as CRTs) and digital. DVI-A supports only analog equipment, and DVI-D supports only digital. &  \tn 
% Row Count 29 (+ 12)
% Row 28
\SetRowColor{white}
 & DVI has been superseded by HDMI and \seqsplit{DisplayPort/Thunderbolt} but was very widely used on graphics adapters and computer displays. &  \tn 
% Row Count 39 (+ 10)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{17.67cm}{x{5.7358 cm} x{5.5671 cm} x{5.5671 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{2.1  types of input/output device interfaces (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 29
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{DisplayPort}} & royalty-free standard intended to "complement" HDMI. &  \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 4)
% Row 30
\SetRowColor{white}
 & uses a 20-pin connector. &  \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 2)
% Row 31
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & A DP++ port allows a connection with DVI-D and HDMI devices (using a suitable adapter cable) &  \tn 
% Row Count 14 (+ 8)
% Row 32
\SetRowColor{white}
{\bf{mini DisplayPort format (MiniDP or mDP)}} & developed by Apple and licensed to other vendors. &  \tn 
% Row Count 18 (+ 4)
% Row 33
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & uses the same physical interface as Thunderbolt &  \tn 
% Row Count 22 (+ 4)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}---}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{17.67cm}{x{7.0807 cm} x{10.1893 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{2.2 Set up peripherals}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{Plug-and-Play (PnP)}} & A Plug-and-Play system (comprising a compatible BIOS, operating system, and hardware) is self-configuring. \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 6)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
{\bf{Mouse}} & A mouse can be interfaced using a PS/2, USB, or wireless (IrDA or Bluetooth) port. \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 4)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & Optical mouse—this uses LEDs to detect movement over a surface. \tn 
% Row Count 13 (+ 3)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
 & Laser mouse—this uses an infrared laser, which gives greater precision than an optical mouse. \tn 
% Row Count 18 (+ 5)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & essential device to implement a WIMP GUI, a mouse simply controls the movement of a cursor that can be used to select objects from the screen. \tn 
% Row Count 25 (+ 7)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
 & also feature a scroll wheel. \tn 
% Row Count 27 (+ 2)
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & All Windows mice feature two click buttons, which are configured to perform different actions. \tn 
% Row Count 32 (+ 5)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{17.67cm}{x{7.0807 cm} x{10.1893 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{2.2 Set up peripherals (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 7
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & A standard mouse does not need a special driver installing and basic settings can be configured using the Mouse applet in Control Panel/Settings \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 7)
% Row 8
\SetRowColor{white}
 & many different designs and layouts for different countries. Some keyboards feature special keys. \tn 
% Row Count 12 (+ 5)
% Row 9
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{Keyboard}} & Desktop keyboards can have PS/2, USB, or wireless (IrDA or Bluetooth) interfaces \tn 
% Row Count 16 (+ 4)
% Row 10
\SetRowColor{white}
 & to access and configure extra buttons on some mice you will need to install the manufacturer's driver. \tn 
% Row Count 21 (+ 5)
% Row 11
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & When a hardware device is added or removed, the operating system detects the change and automatically installs the appropriate drivers \tn 
% Row Count 27 (+ 6)
% Row 12
\SetRowColor{white}
 & use the Keyboard applet in Control Panel to configure it. \tn 
% Row Count 30 (+ 3)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{17.67cm}{x{7.0807 cm} x{10.1893 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{2.2 Set up peripherals (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 13
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{Keyboard Regionalization}} & can vary from country to country \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 14
\SetRowColor{white}
 & type of keyboard layout is configured through the Language applet in Control Panel/Setting \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 4)
% Row 15
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & key combo (START+SPACEBAR in Windows 10) can be used to switch between the different layouts(if enabled) \tn 
% Row Count 11 (+ 5)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{17.67cm}{x{8.635 cm} x{8.635 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{2.3 Internal computing components}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{Motherboard}} & provides the basic foundation for all of the computer's hardware including the processor, RAM, BIOS, and expansion cards. \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 7)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
{\bf{BIOS (Basic Input/Output System)}} & The BIOS is firmware that contains programs and information relating to the basic operation of PC components such as drives, keyboard, video display, and ports. \tn 
% Row Count 16 (+ 9)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & It also contains specific routines to allow set-up configuration to be viewed and edited and it contains the self-diagnostic Power-On Self-Test (POST) program used to detect fundamental faults in PC components \tn 
% Row Count 27 (+ 11)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
 & BIOS can also be used to secure components not protected by the OS by specifying a supervisor password (to prevent tampering with BIOS settings) and a user password (to boot the PC). \tn 
% Row Count 37 (+ 10)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{17.67cm}{x{8.635 cm} x{8.635 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{2.3 Internal computing components (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{RAM (Random Access Memory)}} & Random Access Memory is the principal storage space for computer data and program instructions \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 5)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
 & RAM is generally described as being volatile in the sense that once power has been removed or the computer has been rebooted, data is lost. \tn 
% Row Count 12 (+ 7)
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{ARM (Advanced RISC Machines)}} & Designer of CPU and chipset architectures widely used in mobile devices. \tn 
% Row Count 16 (+ 4)
% Row 7
\SetRowColor{white}
 & RISC stands for Reduced Instruction Set Computing. \tn 
% Row Count 19 (+ 3)
% Row 8
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & RISC microarchitectures use simple instructions processed very quickly \tn 
% Row Count 23 (+ 4)
% Row 9
\SetRowColor{white}
 & This contrasts with Complex (CISC) microarchitectures, which use more powerful instructions but process each one more slowly. \tn 
% Row Count 30 (+ 7)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{17.67cm}{x{8.635 cm} x{8.635 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{2.3 Internal computing components (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 10
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{32-bit versus 64-bit}} & Processing modes referring to the size of each instruction processed by the CPU. 32-bit CPUs replaced earlier 16-bit CPUs and were used through the 1990s to the present day, though most CPUs now work in 64-bit mode. \tn 
% Row Count 11 (+ 11)
% Row 11
\SetRowColor{white}
 & The main 64-bit platform is called AMD64 or EM64T (by Intel) \tn 
% Row Count 14 (+ 3)
% Row 12
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & This platform is supported by 64-bit versions of Windows as well as various Linux distributions \tn 
% Row Count 19 (+ 5)
% Row 13
\SetRowColor{white}
 & Software can be compiled as 32-bit or 64-bit. 64-bit CPUs can run most 32-bit software but a 32-bit CPU cannot execute 64-bit software. \tn 
% Row Count 26 (+ 7)
% Row 14
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{HDD (Hard Disk Drive)}} & High capacity units typically providing persistent mass storage for a PC (saving data when the computer is turned off). \tn 
% Row Count 32 (+ 6)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{17.67cm}{x{8.635 cm} x{8.635 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{2.3 Internal computing components (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 15
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & Data is stored using platters with a magnetic coating that are spun under disk heads that can read and write to locations on each platter (sectors) \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 8)
% Row 16
\SetRowColor{white}
 & A HDD installed within a PC is referred to as the fixed disksA HDD installed within a PC is referred to as the fixed disks \tn 
% Row Count 15 (+ 7)
% Row 17
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & HDDs are often used with enclosures as portable storage or as Network Attached Storage (NAS).HDDs are often used with enclosures as portable storage or as Network Attached Storage (NAS). \tn 
% Row Count 25 (+ 10)
% Row 18
\SetRowColor{white}
{\bf{SD (Secure Digital) CardSD (Secure Digital) Card}} & One of the first types of flash memory card. \tn 
% Row Count 28 (+ 3)
% Row 19
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{Solid State Drive (SSD)}} & use a type of transistor-based memory called flash memory and are much faster than HDDs. \tn 
% Row Count 33 (+ 5)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{17.67cm}{x{8.635 cm} x{8.635 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{2.3 Internal computing components (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 20
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{Cooling Device}} & A CPU generates a large amount of heat that must be dissipated to prevent damage to the chip \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 5)
% Row 21
\SetRowColor{white}
 & Generally, a CPU will be fitted with a heatsink (a metal block with fins) and fan \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 5)
% Row 22
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & Thermal compound is used at the contact point between the chip and the heatsink to ensure good heat transfer. \tn 
% Row Count 16 (+ 6)
% Row 23
\SetRowColor{white}
 & The PSU also incorporates a fan to expel warm air from the system. \tn 
% Row Count 20 (+ 4)
% Row 24
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & Modern motherboards have temperature sensors that provide warning of overheating before damage can occur. \tn 
% Row Count 26 (+ 6)
% Row 25
\SetRowColor{white}
 & Very high performance or overclocked systems or systems designed for quiet operation may require more sophisticated cooling systems, such as liquid cooling. \tn 
% Row Count 35 (+ 9)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{17.67cm}{x{8.635 cm} x{8.635 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{2.3 Internal computing components (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 26
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & Cooling systems that work without electricity are described as passive; those requiring a power source are classed as active. \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 7)
% Row 27
\SetRowColor{white}
{\bf{Liquid Cooling System}} & Using water piped around the PC and heatsinks for cooling. \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 3)
% Row 28
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & This is more efficient and allows for fewer fans and less noise. \tn 
% Row Count 14 (+ 4)
% Row 29
\SetRowColor{white}
{\bf{Graphics Processing Unit (GPU)}} & display functions are often performed by a dedicated processor \tn 
% Row Count 18 (+ 4)
% Row 30
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & Displays high-resolution images that requires a lot of processing power, especially if the image changes rapidly, as with video, or uses complicated 3D and texture effects, as with computer games. \tn 
% Row Count 28 (+ 10)
% Row 31
\SetRowColor{white}
{\bf{Video Card}} & Provides the interface between the graphics components of the computer and the display device. \tn 
% Row Count 33 (+ 5)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{17.67cm}{x{8.635 cm} x{8.635 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{2.3 Internal computing components (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 32
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & A number of connectors may be provided for the display, including VGA, DVI, and HDMI. \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 5)
% Row 33
\SetRowColor{white}
 & Graphics adapters receive information from the microprocessor and store this data in video RAM. \tn 
% Row Count 11 (+ 6)
% Row 34
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & An adapter may support both analog and digital outputs or analog/digital only (as most LCDs use digital inputs the use of analog outputs is declining). \tn 
% Row Count 19 (+ 8)
% Row 35
\SetRowColor{white}
 & Most adapters come with their own processor (Graphics Processing Unit {[}GPU{]}) and onboard memory. \tn 
% Row Count 24 (+ 5)
% Row 36
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{Network Adapter (NIC {[}Network Interface Card{]})}} & The network adapter allows a physical connection between the host and the transmission media \tn 
% Row Count 29 (+ 5)
% Row 37
\SetRowColor{white}
 & A NIC can address other cards and can recognize data that is destined for it, using a unique address known as the Media Access Control (MAC) address \tn 
% Row Count 37 (+ 8)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{17.67cm}{x{8.635 cm} x{8.635 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{2.3 Internal computing components (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 38
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & The card also performs error checking. Network cards are designed for specific types of networks and do not work on different network products. \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 8)
% Row 39
\SetRowColor{white}
 & Different adapters may also support different connection speeds and connector types. \tn 
% Row Count 13 (+ 5)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{17.67cm}{x{4.5549 cm} x{6.0732 cm} x{6.2419 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{2.4 Internet service types.}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Fiber Optic & perform much better over long distances and are not affected by noise in the way that electrical signals over copper cable are. &  \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 10)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
Fiber to the Home (FTTH) & providing a fiber cable all the way to customer premises &  \tn 
% Row Count 14 (+ 4)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & requires substantial investment by the telecom providers and is not widely available. &  \tn 
% Row Count 21 (+ 7)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
Fiber to the Curb (FTTC) & a compromise solution widely deployed in urban and some rural areas. &  \tn 
% Row Count 26 (+ 5)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & provider has installed a fiber network terminating at a cabinet somewhere in a nearby street &  \tn 
% Row Count 33 (+ 7)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{17.67cm}{x{4.5549 cm} x{6.0732 cm} x{6.2419 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{2.4 Internet service types. (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & Each residence is connected to the fiber network over the ordinary copper telephone cabling using Very High Bit Rate DSL (VDSL) &  \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 10)
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{white}
Very High Bit Rate DSL (VDSL) & VDSL supports a downlink of up to 52 Mbps and an uplink of 16 Mbps at a distance of up to about 300m. &  \tn 
% Row Count 18 (+ 8)
% Row 7
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & VDSL2 also specifies a very short range (100m/300 feet) rate of 100 Mbps \seqsplit{(bi-directional)}. &  \tn 
% Row Count 25 (+ 7)
% Row 8
\SetRowColor{white}
 & The VDSL Internet modem/router is connected in much the same way as an ADSL modem/router. &  \tn 
% Row Count 32 (+ 7)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{17.67cm}{x{4.5549 cm} x{6.0732 cm} x{6.2419 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{2.4 Internet service types. (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 9
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Cable (Hybrid Fiber Coax) & usually provided as part of a Cable Access TV (CATV) service &  \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 5)
% Row 10
\SetRowColor{white}
 & These networks are often described as Hybrid Fiber Coax (HFC) as they combine a fiber optic core network with coax links to customer premises equipment &  \tn 
% Row Count 16 (+ 11)
% Row 11
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & Coax is another type of copper cable but manufactured in a different way to twisted pair. &  \tn 
% Row Count 23 (+ 7)
% Row 12
\SetRowColor{white}
 & The cable modem or modem/router is interfaced to the computer through an Ethernet adapter and to the cable network by a short segment of coax, terminated using an F-connector. &  \tn 
% Row Count 36 (+ 13)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{17.67cm}{x{4.5549 cm} x{6.0732 cm} x{6.2419 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{2.4 Internet service types. (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 13
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & Cable based on the Data Over Cable Service Interface Specification (DOCSIS) version 3.0 supports downlink speeds of up to about 1.2 Gbps. &  \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 10)
% Row 14
\SetRowColor{white}
Digital \seqsplit{Subscriber} Line (DSL) & one of the most popular SOHO Internet service types. &  \tn 
% Row Count 14 (+ 4)
% Row 15
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & works over an ordinary telephone line, providing the line is of sufficient quality &  \tn 
% Row Count 20 (+ 6)
% Row 16
\SetRowColor{white}
 & modem/router is connected to the telephone line using a cable with RJ-11 connectors between the WAN port on the router and the telephone point &  \tn 
% Row Count 31 (+ 11)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{17.67cm}{x{4.5549 cm} x{6.0732 cm} x{6.2419 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{2.4 Internet service types. (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 17
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & Data is transferred over the line using the high frequency ranges that voice calls don't need to use. &  \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 8)
% Row 18
\SetRowColor{white}
ADSL \seqsplit{(Asymmetric} DSL) & the uplink (up to about 1.4 Mbps) is slower than the downlink (up to about 24 Mbps) &  \tn 
% Row Count 14 (+ 6)
% Row 19
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & The speeds achievable rely heavily on the quality of the telephone wiring and the distance to the local telephone exchange. &  \tn 
% Row Count 23 (+ 9)
% Row 20
\SetRowColor{white}
 & The maximum supported distance is about three miles. &  \tn 
% Row Count 27 (+ 4)
% Row 21
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
RF (Radio \seqsplit{Frequency)} & Radio waves propagate at different frequencies and wavelengths. &  \tn 
% Row Count 32 (+ 5)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{17.67cm}{x{4.5549 cm} x{6.0732 cm} x{6.2419 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{2.4 Internet service types. (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 22
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & Wi-Fi network products typically work at 2.4 GHz or 5 GHz &  \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 5)
% Row 23
\SetRowColor{white}
Satellite & System of microwave transmissions where orbital satellites relay signals between terrestrial receivers or other orbital satellites. &  \tn 
% Row Count 15 (+ 10)
% Row 24
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & Satellite internet connectivity is enabled through a reception antenna connected to the PC or network through a DVB-S modem. &  \tn 
% Row Count 24 (+ 9)
% Row 25
\SetRowColor{white}
Cellular Radio & data connections use radio transmissions but at greater range than Wi-Fi. &  \tn 
% Row Count 30 (+ 6)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{17.67cm}{x{4.5549 cm} x{6.0732 cm} x{6.2419 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{2.4 Internet service types. (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 26
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & more closely associated with Internet access for cell phones and smartphones than with computers. &  \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 7)
% Row 27
\SetRowColor{white}
 & makes a connection using the nearest available transmitter (cell or base station). &  \tn 
% Row Count 13 (+ 6)
% Row 28
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & ach base station has an effective range of up to 5 miles (8 km) &  \tn 
% Row Count 18 (+ 5)
% Row 29
\SetRowColor{white}
 & The transmitter connects the phone to the mobile and public switched telephone networks (PSTN) &  \tn 
% Row Count 25 (+ 7)
% Row 30
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & Cellular radio works in the 850 and 1900 MHz frequency bands (mostly in the Americas) and the 900 and 1800 MHz bands (rest of the world). &  \tn 
% Row Count 35 (+ 10)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{17.67cm}{x{4.5549 cm} x{6.0732 cm} x{6.2419 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{2.4 Internet service types. (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 31
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
LTE (Long Term \seqsplit{Evolution)} & LTE is the cellular providers (3GPP) upgrade to 3G technologies such as W-CDMA and HSPA &  \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 7)
% Row 32
\SetRowColor{white}
 & LTE Advanced is designed to provide 4G standard network access. &  \tn 
% Row Count 12 (+ 5)
% Row 33
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & developed in two competing formats, established in different markets: & GSM (Global System for Mobile \seqsplit{Communication)-allows} subscribers to use a SIM (Subscriber Identity Module) card \tn 
% Row Count 20 (+ 8)
% Row 34
\SetRowColor{white}
 &  & TIA/EIA IS-95 \seqsplit{(cdmaOne)-based} handsets. managed by the provider not the SIM. CDMA adoption is largely restricted to the telecom providers Sprint and Verizon. \tn 
% Row Count 32 (+ 12)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}---}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{17.67cm}{x{8.635 cm} x{8.635 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{2.5 Storage types.}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Volatile Memory & stores data and computer programs that the CPU may need in real-time, and it erases them once a user switches off the computer. \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 7)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
 & Dynamic RAM \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 1)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & RAM(Random Access Memory) \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 2)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
 & Cache \tn 
% Row Count 11 (+ 1)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Non-Volatile Memory & Static memory - remains in a computer even after a user switches it off. \tn 
% Row Count 15 (+ 4)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
 & HDD \tn 
% Row Count 16 (+ 1)
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & SSD \tn 
% Row Count 17 (+ 1)
% Row 7
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{Local Storage Types:} \tn 
% Row Count 18 (+ 1)
% Row 8
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
RAM (Random Access Memory) & Random Access Memory is the principal storage space for computer data and program instructions. \tn 
% Row Count 23 (+ 5)
% Row 9
\SetRowColor{white}
 & RAM is generally described as being volatile in the sense that once power has been removed or the computer has been rebooted, data is lost. \tn 
% Row Count 30 (+ 7)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{17.67cm}{x{8.635 cm} x{8.635 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{2.5 Storage types. (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 10
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
DRAM (Dynamic RAM) & Dynamic RAM is a type of volatile memory that stores data in the form of electronic charges within transistors \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 6)
% Row 11
\SetRowColor{white}
 & Due to the effects of leakage and the subsequent loss of electrical charge, DRAM has to be refreshed at regular intervals. \tn 
% Row Count 13 (+ 7)
% Row 12
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & Memory refreshing can be performed when the data bits are accessed regularly, but this periodic access slows down the operation of this memory type. \tn 
% Row Count 21 (+ 8)
% Row 13
\SetRowColor{white}
 & Standard DRAM is the lowest common denominator of the DRAM types. \tn 
% Row Count 25 (+ 4)
% Row 14
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & Modern PCs use a DRAM derivative to store data (currently DDR2/3 SDRAM). \tn 
% Row Count 29 (+ 4)
% Row 15
\SetRowColor{white}
DDR SDRAM (Double Data Rate SDRAM) & Standard for SDRAM where data is transferred twice per clock cycle (making the maximum data rate {[}64+64{]} x the bus speed in bps). \tn 
% Row Count 36 (+ 7)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{17.67cm}{x{8.635 cm} x{8.635 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{2.5 Storage types. (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 16
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & DDR2/DDR3 SDRAM uses lower voltage chips and higher bus speeds \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 4)
% Row 17
\SetRowColor{white}
Flash Memory & Flash RAM is similar to a ROM chip in that it retains information even when power is removed, but it adds flexibility in that it can be reprogrammed with new contents quickly. \tn 
% Row Count 13 (+ 9)
% Row 18
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & has found a popular role in USB thumb drives and memory cards. \tn 
% Row Count 17 (+ 4)
% Row 19
\SetRowColor{white}
 & These tiny cards can provide removable, megabyte or gigabyte storage for devices such as digital cameras. \tn 
% Row Count 23 (+ 6)
% Row 20
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & Other evolving uses of flash memory are in Solid State Drives (SSD), designed to replicate the function of hard drives, and hybrid drives (standard hard drives with a multigigabyte flash memory cache). \tn 
% Row Count 34 (+ 11)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{17.67cm}{x{8.635 cm} x{8.635 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{2.5 Storage types. (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 21
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Blu-ray (Optical) & Latest generation of optical drive technology, with disc capacity of 25 GB per layer \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 5)
% Row 22
\SetRowColor{white}
 & Transfer rates are measured in multiples of 36 MBps. \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 3)
% Row 23
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
CD-ROM (Compact Disc - Read Only Memory) (Optical) & optical storage technology \tn 
% Row Count 11 (+ 3)
% Row 24
\SetRowColor{white}
 & The discs can normally hold 700 MB of data or 80 minutes of audio data \tn 
% Row Count 15 (+ 4)
% Row 25
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & useful for archiving material \tn 
% Row Count 17 (+ 2)
% Row 26
\SetRowColor{white}
 & Unlike magnetic media, the data on the disc cannot be changed (assuming that the disc is closed to prevent further rewriting in the case of RW media) \tn 
% Row Count 25 (+ 8)
% Row 27
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & This makes them useful for preserving tamper-proof records \tn 
% Row Count 28 (+ 3)
% Row 28
\SetRowColor{white}
UDF (Universal Disk Format) & File system used for optical media, replacing CDFS (ISO 9660). \tn 
% Row Count 32 (+ 4)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{17.67cm}{x{8.635 cm} x{8.635 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{2.5 Storage types. (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 29
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Removable Media & In order to share files and programs, computers can either be connected to each other (across a direct link or via a network) or must be able store and retrieve files from an interim storage medium \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 10)
% Row 30
\SetRowColor{white}
 & The most common types of removable media are floppy disks and optical discs \tn 
% Row Count 14 (+ 4)
% Row 31
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & However the term "removable media" also covers tape drives, high capacity disks, and removable hard drives \tn 
% Row Count 20 (+ 6)
% Row 32
\SetRowColor{white}
HDD (Hard Disk Drive)(Static) & High capacity units typically providing persistent mass storage for a PC (saving data when the computer is turned off) \tn 
% Row Count 26 (+ 6)
% Row 33
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & Data is stored using platters with a magnetic coating that are spun under disk heads that can read and write to locations on each platter (sectors) \tn 
% Row Count 34 (+ 8)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{17.67cm}{x{8.635 cm} x{8.635 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{2.5 Storage types. (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 34
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & A HDD installed within a PC is referred to as the fixed disks. HDDs are often used with enclosures as portable storage or as Network Attached Storage (NAS) \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 8)
% Row 35
\SetRowColor{white}
SSD (solid-state drive) & non-volatile storage media stores persistent data on solid-state flash memory \tn 
% Row Count 12 (+ 4)
% Row 36
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & significantly faster \tn 
% Row Count 13 (+ 1)
% Row 37
\SetRowColor{white}
 & With an SSD, the device's operating system will boot up more rapidly, programs will load quicker and files can be saved faster. \tn 
% Row Count 20 (+ 7)
% Row 38
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & has no moving parts to break or spin up or down. The two key components in an SSD are the flash controller and NAND flash memory chips. \tn 
% Row Count 27 (+ 7)
% Row 39
\SetRowColor{white}
 & read and write data to an underlying set of interconnected flash memory chips. These chips use floating gate transistors (FGTs) to hold an electrical charge, which enables the SSD to store data even when it is not connected to a power source. Each FGT contains a single bit of data, designated either as a 1 for a charged cell or a 0 if the cell has no electrical charge. \tn 
% Row Count 46 (+ 19)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{17.67cm}{x{8.635 cm} x{8.635 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{2.5 Storage types. (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 40
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
NAS (Network Attached Storage) & a storage device with an embedded OS that supports typical network file access protocols (TCP/IP and SMB for instance). \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 6)
% Row 41
\SetRowColor{white}
 & These may be subject to exploit attacks (though using an embedded OS is often thought of as more secure as it exposes a smaller attack "footprint"). \tn 
% Row Count 14 (+ 8)
% Row 42
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & The unauthorized connection of such devices to the network is also a concern. \tn 
% Row Count 18 (+ 4)
% Row 43
\SetRowColor{white}
File Server & In file server based networks, a central machine(s) provides dedicated file and print services to workstations. \tn 
% Row Count 24 (+ 6)
% Row 44
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & Benefits of server-based networks include ease of administration through centralization. \tn 
% Row Count 29 (+ 5)
% Row 45
\SetRowColor{white}
Cloud Computing & Any environment where software (Software as a Service and Platform as a Service) or computer/network resources (Infrastructure as a Service and Network as a Service) are provided to an end user who has no knowledge of or responsibility for how the service is provided. \tn 
% Row Count 43 (+ 14)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{17.67cm}{x{8.635 cm} x{8.635 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{2.5 Storage types. (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 46
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & provide elasticity of resources and pay-per-use charging models. \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 4)
% Row 47
\SetRowColor{white}
 & Cloud access arrangements can be public, hosted private, or private (this type of cloud could be onsite or offsite relative to the other business units). \tn 
% Row Count 12 (+ 8)
% Row 48
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Cloud-based Storage & There are also business-oriented solutions, such as DropBox and Amazon \tn 
% Row Count 16 (+ 4)
% Row 49
\SetRowColor{white}
 & These services are typically operated with a browser or smartphone/tablet app. \tn 
% Row Count 20 (+ 4)
% Row 50
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & In Windows 10, a cloud storage client (OneDrive) is built into the OS and can be accessed via File Explorer. \tn 
% Row Count 26 (+ 6)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{17.67cm}{x{3.8801 cm} x{6.5793 cm} x{6.4106 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{2.6 Computing devices and their purposes}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Mobile Device & Portable phones and smart phones can be used to interface with workstations using technologies such as Bluetooth or USB. &  \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 9)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
 & As such, they are increasingly the focus of viruses and other malware &  \tn 
% Row Count 14 (+ 5)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & Portable devices storing valuable information are a considerable security risk when taken offsite. &  \tn 
% Row Count 21 (+ 7)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
Tablet & A type of ultra-portable laptop with a touchscreen &  \tn 
% Row Count 25 (+ 4)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & usually based on form factors with either 7" or 10" screens &  \tn 
% Row Count 29 (+ 4)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
 & A phablet is a smaller device (like a large smartphone). &  \tn 
% Row Count 33 (+ 4)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{17.67cm}{x{3.8801 cm} x{6.5793 cm} x{6.4106 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{2.6 Computing devices and their purposes (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\seqsplit{Laptop/Notebook} & portable computer offering similar functionality to a desktop computer &  \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 5)
% Row 7
\SetRowColor{white}
 & comes with built-in LCD screens and input devices (keyboard and touchpad) &  \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 5)
% Row 8
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & can be powered from building power (via an AC Adapter) or by a battery &  \tn 
% Row Count 15 (+ 5)
% Row 9
\SetRowColor{white}
 & Peripheral devices can be connected via USB, PCMCIA, or ExpressCard adapters. &  \tn 
% Row Count 21 (+ 6)
% Row 10
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\seqsplit{Workstation} & type of PC is housed in a case that can sit on or under a desk &  \tn 
% Row Count 26 (+ 5)
% Row 11
\SetRowColor{white}
 & often referred to as desktop PCs or just as desktops &  \tn 
% Row Count 30 (+ 4)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{17.67cm}{x{3.8801 cm} x{6.5793 cm} x{6.4106 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{2.6 Computing devices and their purposes (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 12
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Server & provides shared resources on the network and allows clients to access this information. &  \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 6)
% Row 13
\SetRowColor{white}
 & The advantage of a server-based system is that resources can be administered and secured centrally. &  \tn 
% Row Count 13 (+ 7)
% Row 14
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & must be kept secure by careful configuration (running only necessary services) and maintenance (OS and application updates, \seqsplit{malware/intrusion} detection, and so on). &  \tn 
% Row Count 24 (+ 11)
% Row 15
\SetRowColor{white}
 & Where a network is connected to the Internet, servers storing private information or running local network services should be protected by firewalls so as not to be accessible from the Internet. &  \tn 
% Row Count 37 (+ 13)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{17.67cm}{x{3.8801 cm} x{6.5793 cm} x{6.4106 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{2.6 Computing devices and their purposes (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 16
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Gaming Consoles & contains many of the same components as a workstation. &  \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 4)
% Row 17
\SetRowColor{white}
 & have powerful CPUs and graphics processors, plus Ethernet and Wi-Fi for wired and wireless home networking and Internet connectivity &  \tn 
% Row Count 13 (+ 9)
% Row 18
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & Web cameras and microphones are also available as peripherals &  \tn 
% Row Count 18 (+ 5)
% Row 19
\SetRowColor{white}
 & The main difference to a workstation is that a console is designed to be operated by a gaming pad rather than a keyboard and mouse, though these are often also available as options. A gaming console would use an HD (High Definition) TV for a display. &  \tn 
% Row Count 35 (+ 17)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{17.67cm}{x{3.8801 cm} x{6.5793 cm} x{6.4106 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{2.6 Computing devices and their purposes (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 20
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Internet of Things (IoT) & a world in which many different types of things are embedded with processing and networking functionality &  \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 7)
% Row 21
\SetRowColor{white}
 & Processing and networking functionality can be provisioned by very small chips, so the "things" can range from motor vehicles and washing machines to clothing and birthday cards. &  \tn 
% Row Count 19 (+ 12)
% Row 22
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & The global network of personal devices (such as phones, tablets, and fitness trackers), home appliances, home control systems, vehicles, and other items that have been equipped with sensors, software, and network connectivity. &  \tn 
% Row Count 35 (+ 16)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{17.67cm}{x{3.8801 cm} x{6.5793 cm} x{6.4106 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{2.6 Computing devices and their purposes (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 23
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Home \seqsplit{Automation} & from a clock to an alarm system or a refrigerator can be controlled over the Internet by home automation software &  \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 8)
% Row 24
\SetRowColor{white}
 & sitting at the heart of this automation, is a smart hub to which other devices connect &  \tn 
% Row Count 14 (+ 6)
% Row 25
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & usually controlled using voice recognition systems and smartphone apps. &  \tn 
% Row Count 19 (+ 5)
% Row 26
\SetRowColor{white}
 & specific home automation product categories include: & \seqsplit{Thermostats—monitor} and adjust your home or office Heating, Ventilation, and Air Conditioning (HVAC) controls from an app installed on your phone. \tn 
% Row Count 29 (+ 10)
% Row 27
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 &  & Security \seqsplit{systems—monitor} and control alarms, locks, lighting, and videophone entry systems remotely. \tn 
% Row Count 36 (+ 7)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{17.67cm}{x{3.8801 cm} x{6.5793 cm} x{6.4106 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{2.6 Computing devices and their purposes (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 28
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 &  & IP \seqsplit{cameras—often} used for security, these devices connect to Internet Protocol (IP)-based networks such as the Internet and support direct upload and sync to cloud storage for remote monitoring. \tn 
% Row Count 14 (+ 14)
% Row 29
\SetRowColor{white}
 &  & Home \seqsplit{appliances—check} the contents of your refrigerator from your smartphone while out shopping or start the washing machine cycle so that it has finished just as you get back to your house. \tn 
% Row Count 27 (+ 13)
% Row 30
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 &  & Streaming media—play content stored on a storage device through any smart speaker or TV connected to the home network. \tn 
% Row Count 35 (+ 8)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{17.67cm}{x{3.8801 cm} x{6.5793 cm} x{6.4106 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{2.6 Computing devices and their purposes (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 31
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & Medical devices & class of devices where use of electronics to remotely monitor and configure the appliance is expanding rapidly. \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 8)
% Row 32
\SetRowColor{white}
 &  & hospitals and clinics but includes portable devices such as cardiac \seqsplit{monitors/defibrillators} and insulin pumps. \tn 
% Row Count 16 (+ 8)
% Row 33
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 &  & allow doctors and nurses to remotely monitor a patient and potentially to adjust dosage levels or other settings without the patient having to visit the care provider. \tn 
% Row Count 28 (+ 12)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}---}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{17.67cm}{x{5.7358 cm} x{5.5671 cm} x{5.5671 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{2.7 Basic networking concepts}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
IP (Internet Protocol) & Network (internet) layer protocol in the TCP/IP suite providing packet addressing and routing for all higher level protocols in the suite &  \tn 
% Row Count 11 (+ 11)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
Packet \seqsplit{Transmission/Packet} Switching Network & Packet switching introduces the ability for one computer to forward information to another. &  \tn 
% Row Count 18 (+ 7)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & To ensure information reaches the correct destination, each packet is addressed with a source and destination address and then transferred using any available pathway to the destination computer &  \tn 
% Row Count 33 (+ 15)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{17.67cm}{x{5.7358 cm} x{5.5671 cm} x{5.5671 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{2.7 Basic networking concepts (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & A host capable of performing this forwarding function is called a router. &  \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 6)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{white}
 & described as "robust" because it can \seqsplit{automatically} recover from \seqsplit{communication} link failures. &  \tn 
% Row Count 14 (+ 8)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & It re-routes data packets if transmission lines are damaged or if a router fails to respond. It can utilize any available network path rather than a single, dedicated one. &  \tn 
% Row Count 28 (+ 14)
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{white}
 & As well as the forwarding function and use of multiple paths, data is divided into small chunks or packets. &  \tn 
% Row Count 37 (+ 9)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{17.67cm}{x{5.7358 cm} x{5.5671 cm} x{5.5671 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{2.7 Basic networking concepts (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 7
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & Using numerous, small packets means that if some are lost or damaged during transmission, it is easier to resend just the small, lost packets than having to re-transmit the entire message. &  \tn 
% Row Count 15 (+ 15)
% Row 8
\SetRowColor{white}
DNS (Domain Name System) & This industry standard name resolution system provides name to IP address mapping services on the Internet and large intranets. &  \tn 
% Row Count 25 (+ 10)
% Row 9
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & DNS is a hierarchical, distributed database. DNS name servers host the database for domains for which they are \seqsplit{authoritative}. &  \tn 
% Row Count 35 (+ 10)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{17.67cm}{x{5.7358 cm} x{5.5671 cm} x{5.5671 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{2.7 Basic networking concepts (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 10
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & Root servers hold details of the top-level domains. DNS servers also perform queries or lookups to service client requests &  \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 10)
% Row 11
\SetRowColor{white}
 & The DNS protocol defines the mechanisms by which DNS servers and clients interact &  \tn 
% Row Count 17 (+ 7)
% Row 12
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & The DNS protocol utilizes TCP/UDP port 53. &  \tn 
% Row Count 21 (+ 4)
% Row 13
\SetRowColor{white}
URL (Uniform Resource \seqsplit{Locator/Identifier)} & \seqsplit{Application-level} addressing scheme for TCP/IP, allowing for \seqsplit{human-readable} resource addressing &  \tn 
% Row Count 29 (+ 8)
% Row 14
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & For example: \seqsplit{protocol://server/file}, where "protocol" is the type of resource (HTTP, FTP), "server" is the name of the computer \seqsplit{(www.microsoft.com)}, and "file" is the name of the resource you wish to access. &  \tn 
% Row Count 45 (+ 16)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{17.67cm}{x{5.7358 cm} x{5.5671 cm} x{5.5671 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{2.7 Basic networking concepts (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 15
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & The term URI (Uniform Resource Indicator) is preferred in standards \seqsplit{documentation} but most people refer to these addresses as URLs. &  \tn 
% Row Count 11 (+ 11)
% Row 16
\SetRowColor{white}
A URL consists of the following parts: & Protocol & this describes the access method or service type being used. URLs can be used for protocols other than HTTP/HTTPS. The protocol is followed by the characters :// \tn 
% Row Count 24 (+ 13)
% Row 17
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & Host location & this could be an IP address, but as IP addresses are very hard for people to remember, it is usually represented by a Fully Qualified Domain Name (FQDN). \tn 
% Row Count 36 (+ 12)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{17.67cm}{x{5.7358 cm} x{5.5671 cm} x{5.5671 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{2.7 Basic networking concepts (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 18
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 &  & DNS allows the web browser to locate the IP address of a web server based on its FQDN. \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 7)
% Row 19
\SetRowColor{white}
 & File path & specifies the directory and file name location of the resource, if required \tn 
% Row Count 13 (+ 6)
% Row 20
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 &  & Each directory is delimited by a forward slash. \tn 
% Row Count 17 (+ 4)
% Row 21
\SetRowColor{white}
 &  & The file path may or may not be \seqsplit{case-sensitive}, depending on how the server is configured. \tn 
% Row Count 24 (+ 7)
% Row 22
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 &  & If no file path is used, the server will return the default (home) page for the website. \tn 
% Row Count 31 (+ 7)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{17.67cm}{x{5.7358 cm} x{5.5671 cm} x{5.5671 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{2.7 Basic networking concepts (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 23
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
WAN (Wide Area Network) & A Wide Area Network is a network that spans a relatively large geographical area, \seqsplit{incorporating} more than one site and often a mix of different media types and protocols. &  \tn 
% Row Count 14 (+ 14)
% Row 24
\SetRowColor{white}
 & Connections are made using methods such as telephone lines, fiber optic cables, or satellite links &  \tn 
% Row Count 22 (+ 8)
% Row 25
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
LAN (Local Area Network) & A type of network covering various different sizes but generally considered to be restricted to a single geographic location and \seqsplit{owned/managed} by a single \seqsplit{organization.} &  \tn 
% Row Count 35 (+ 13)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{17.67cm}{x{5.7358 cm} x{5.5671 cm} x{5.5671 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{2.7 Basic networking concepts (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 26
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
IP Address & Each IP host must have a unique IP address. &  \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 4)
% Row 27
\SetRowColor{white}
 & This can be manually assigned or dynamically allocated (using a DHCP server). &  \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 6)
% Row 28
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & In IPv4, the 32-bit binary address is expressed in the standard four byte, dotted decimal notation: 10.0.5.1. In IPv6, addresses are 128-bit expressed as hexadecimal (for example, \seqsplit{2001:db8::0bcd:abcd:ef12:1234)}. &  \tn 
% Row Count 27 (+ 17)
% Row 29
\SetRowColor{white}
 & IPv6 provides a much larger address space, stateless \seqsplit{autoconfiguration} (greatly simplifying network \seqsplit{administration)}, and replaces inefficient broadcast \seqsplit{transmissions} with multicast ones. &  \tn 
% Row Count 42 (+ 15)
\end{tabularx}
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\begin{tabularx}{17.67cm}{x{5.7358 cm} x{5.5671 cm} x{5.5671 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{2.7 Basic networking concepts (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 30
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
MAC (Media Access Control) Address & A MAC is a unique hardware address that is hard-coded into a network card by the manufacturer &  \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 8)
% Row 31
\SetRowColor{white}
 & This is required for directing data frames across a network and for allowing the network card to compare destination addresses (coded into the data frame) and its own unique MAC address. &  \tn 
% Row Count 23 (+ 15)
% Row 32
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & A MAC address is 48 bits long with the first half representing the \seqsplit{manufacturer's} \seqsplit{Organizationally} Unique Identifier (OUI) &  \tn 
% Row Count 33 (+ 10)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{17.67cm}{x{5.7358 cm} x{5.5671 cm} x{5.5671 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{2.7 Basic networking concepts (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 33
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
HTTP & The protocol (HyperText Transfer Protocol) used to provide web content to browsers. &  \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 7)
% Row 34
\SetRowColor{white}
 & HTTP uses port 80. HTTPS provides for encrypted transfers, using SSL and port 443 &  \tn 
% Row Count 14 (+ 7)
% Row 35
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
POP (Post Office Protocol) & TCP/IP application protocol providing a means for a client to access email messages stored in a mailbox on a remote server. &  \tn 
% Row Count 24 (+ 10)
% Row 36
\SetRowColor{white}
 & The server usually deletes messages once the client has downloaded them. POP3 utilizes TCP port 110. &  \tn 
% Row Count 32 (+ 8)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{17.67cm}{x{5.7358 cm} x{5.5671 cm} x{5.5671 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{2.7 Basic networking concepts (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 37
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
IMAP (Internet Message Access Protocol) & TCP/IP application protocol providing a means for a client to access email messages stored in a mailbox on a remote server. &  \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 10)
% Row 38
\SetRowColor{white}
 & Unlike POP3, messages persist on the server after the client has downloaded them. &  \tn 
% Row Count 17 (+ 7)
% Row 39
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & IMAP also supports mailbox management functions, such as creating subfolders and access to the same mailbox by more than one client at the same time. IMAP4 utilizes TCP port number 143. &  \tn 
% Row Count 32 (+ 15)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{17.67cm}{x{5.7358 cm} x{5.5671 cm} x{5.5671 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{2.7 Basic networking concepts (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 40
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol) & The protocol used to send mail between hosts on the Internet. Messages are sent over TCP port 25 &  \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 8)
% Row 41
\SetRowColor{white}
Modem \seqsplit{(Modulator/Demodulator)} & Modems are devices that are used to convert the digital signals from a computer into the appropriate analog signal that is required for transmission over public phone lines - this is called modulation &  \tn 
% Row Count 24 (+ 16)
% Row 42
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & The reverse process, demodulation, occurs at the receiving computer &  \tn 
% Row Count 30 (+ 6)
\end{tabularx}
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\begin{tabularx}{17.67cm}{x{5.7358 cm} x{5.5671 cm} x{5.5671 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{2.7 Basic networking concepts (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 43
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & Modems are available in internal and external forms for different computer expansion slots and vary in terms of speed and data handling \seqsplit{capabilities.} &  \tn 
% Row Count 12 (+ 12)
% Row 44
\SetRowColor{white}
Router & Routers are able to link dissimilar networks and can support multiple alternate paths between locations based upon the parameters of speed, traffic loads, and cost. &  \tn 
% Row Count 25 (+ 13)
% Row 45
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & A router works at layer 3 (Network) of the OSI model. Routers form the basic connections of the Internet. &  \tn 
% Row Count 34 (+ 9)
\end{tabularx}
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\begin{tabularx}{17.67cm}{x{5.7358 cm} x{5.5671 cm} x{5.5671 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{2.7 Basic networking concepts (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 46
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & They allow data to take multiple paths to reach a destination (reducing the likelihood of transmission failure) &  \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 9)
% Row 47
\SetRowColor{white}
 & Routers can access source and destination addresses within packets and can keep track of multiple active paths within a given source and destination network. &  \tn 
% Row Count 22 (+ 13)
% Row 48
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & TCP/IP routers on a LAN can also be used to divide the network into logical subnets &  \tn 
% Row Count 29 (+ 7)
% Row 49
\SetRowColor{white}
Switch & Ethernet (or LAN) switches perform the functions of a specialized bridge. &  \tn 
% Row Count 35 (+ 6)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{17.67cm}{x{5.7358 cm} x{5.5671 cm} x{5.5671 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{2.7 Basic networking concepts (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 50
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & Switches receive incoming data into a buffer then the destination MAC address is compared with an address table. &  \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 9)
% Row 51
\SetRowColor{white}
 & The data is then only sent out to the port with the \seqsplit{corresponding} MAC address. &  \tn 
% Row Count 15 (+ 6)
% Row 52
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & In a switched network, each port is in a separate collision domain and, therefore, collisions cannot occur. This is referred to as \seqsplit{microsegmentation}. &  \tn 
% Row Count 27 (+ 12)
% Row 53
\SetRowColor{white}
 & Advanced switches perform routing at layers 3 (IP), 4 (TCP), or 7 \seqsplit{(Application)}. &  \tn 
% Row Count 34 (+ 7)
\end{tabularx}
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\begin{tabularx}{17.67cm}{x{5.7358 cm} x{5.5671 cm} x{5.5671 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{2.7 Basic networking concepts (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 54
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & Switches routing at layer 4/7 are referred to as load balancers and content switches. &  \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 7)
% Row 55
\SetRowColor{white}
AP (Access Point) & Device that provides connectivity between wireless devices and a cabled network. &  \tn 
% Row Count 14 (+ 7)
% Row 56
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & APs with Internet connectivity located in public buildings (cafes, libraries, airports for instance) are often referred to as hotspots. &  \tn 
% Row Count 25 (+ 11)
% Row 57
\SetRowColor{white}
Firewall & Hardware or software that filters traffic passing into or out of a network (for example, between a private network and the Internet) &  \tn 
% Row Count 36 (+ 11)
\end{tabularx}
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\begin{tabularx}{17.67cm}{x{5.7358 cm} x{5.5671 cm} x{5.5671 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{2.7 Basic networking concepts (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 58
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & A basic \seqsplit{packet-filtering} firewall works at Layers 3 and 4 (Network and Transport) of the OSI model. &  \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 8)
% Row 59
\SetRowColor{white}
 & Packets can be filtered depending on several criteria (inbound or outbound, IP address, and port number). &  \tn 
% Row Count 17 (+ 9)
% Row 60
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & More advanced firewalls (proxy and stateful inspection) can examine higher layer information, to provide enhanced security &  \tn 
% Row Count 27 (+ 10)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}---}
\end{tabularx}
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\begin{tabularx}{17.67cm}{x{7.2534 cm} x{10.0166 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{2.8  Set up a wireless network}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Wireless networking & generally understood to mean the IEEE's 802.11 standards for Wireless LANs (WLAN), also called Wi-Fi. \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 5)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
802.11n standard & an use either frequency band and deliver much improved data rates (nominally up to 600 Mbps) \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 4)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
802.11a and 802.11b, & supported data rates of 54 Mbps and 11 Mbps respectively. \tn 
% Row Count 12 (+ 3)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
802.11g & acted as an upgrade path for 802.11b, working at 54 Mbps but also allowing support for older 802.11b clients \tn 
% Row Count 17 (+ 5)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
802.11a & not as widely adopted but does use a less crowded frequency band (5 GHz) and is considered less susceptible to interference than the 2.4 GHz band used by 802.11b/g. \tn 
% Row Count 25 (+ 8)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
802.11ac & latest standardis now widely supported. 802.11ac access points can deliver up to 1.7 Gbps throughput at the time of writing. 802.11ac works only in the 5 GHz range with the 2.4 GHz band reserved for legacy standards support (802.11b/g/n). \tn 
% Row Count 36 (+ 11)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{17.67cm}{x{7.2534 cm} x{10.0166 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{2.8  Set up a wireless network (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{Most SOHO routers support 802.11g/n or 802.11g/n/ac. This means that you can have a mix of client devices. For example, you might have a new router that supports 802.11ac but computers and tablets with wireless adapters that only support 802.11n. You can use the access point in compatibility mode to allow these devices to connect.} \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 7)
% Row 7
\SetRowColor{white}
Configuring an Access Point & connect a PC or laptop to one of the LAN ports on the SOHO router. \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 3)
% Row 8
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & The SOHO router should assign the computer's adapter an Internet Protocol (IP) address using a service called the Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP). \tn 
% Row Count 17 (+ 7)
% Row 9
\SetRowColor{white}
 & Look at the SOHO router's setup guide to find out the router's IP address. Open a web browser and type the router's IP address into the address bar. This should open a management page for you to log on. Enter the user name and password listed in the router's setup guide. Most routers will invite you to complete the configuration using a wizard, which guides you through the process. \tn 
% Row Count 34 (+ 17)
\end{tabularx}
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\begin{tabularx}{17.67cm}{x{7.2534 cm} x{10.0166 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{2.8  Set up a wireless network (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 10
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & Use the System page to choose a new admin password. The admin password is used to configure the router. It is vital that this password be kept secret and secure. You must choose a strong password that cannot be cracked by password-guessing software. Use a long, memorable phrase of at least 12 characters. \tn 
% Row Count 14 (+ 14)
% Row 11
\SetRowColor{white}
 & (Use the System page to choose a new admin password. The admin password is used to configure the router. It is vital that this password be kept secret and secure. You must choose a strong password that cannot be cracked by password-guessing software. Use a long, memorable phrase of at least 12 characters.) \tn 
% Row Count 28 (+ 14)
% Row 12
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & Use the Wireless settings page to configure the router as an access point. Having checked the box to enable wireless communications, you can adjust the following settings from the default. \tn 
% Row Count 37 (+ 9)
\end{tabularx}
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\begin{tabularx}{17.67cm}{x{7.2534 cm} x{10.0166 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{2.8  Set up a wireless network (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 13
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & SSID (Service Set ID) - a name for the WLAN. This is usually set by default to the router vendor's name. It is a good idea to change the SSID from the default to something unique to your network. Remember that the SSID is easily visible to other wireless devices, so do not use one that identifies you personally or your address. The SSID can be up to 32 characters. \tn 
% Row Count 16 (+ 16)
% Row 14
\SetRowColor{white}
 & Wireless mode—enable compatibility for different 802.11 devices. \tn 
% Row Count 19 (+ 3)
% Row 15
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Configuring Wireless Security & To prevent snooping, you should enable encryption on the wireless network. Encryption scrambles the messages being sent over the WLAN so that anyone intercepting them is not able to capture any valuable information. An encryption system consists of a cipher, which is the process used to scramble the message, and a key. The key is a unique value that allows the recipient to decrypt a message that has been encrypted using the same cipher and key. Obviously, the key must be known only to valid recipients or the encryption system will offer no protection. \tn 
% Row Count 44 (+ 25)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{17.67cm}{x{7.2534 cm} x{10.0166 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{2.8  Set up a wireless network (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 16
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & under Encryption, you would select the highest security mode supported by devices on the network. \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 5)
% Row 17
\SetRowColor{white}
 & WEP (Wired Equivalent Privacy)—this is an older standard. WEP is flawed and you would only select this if compatibility with legacy devices and software is imperative. \tn 
% Row Count 13 (+ 8)
% Row 18
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & Wi-Fi Protected Access (WPA)—this fixes most of the security problems with WEP. WPA uses the same weak RC4 (Rivest Cipher) cipher as WEP but adds a mechanism called the Temporal Key Integrity Protocol (TKIP) to make it stronger. \tn 
% Row Count 23 (+ 10)
% Row 19
\SetRowColor{white}
 & WPA2—this implements the 802.11i WLAN security standard. The main difference to WPA is the use of the AES (Advanced Encryption Standard) cipher for encryption. AES is much stronger than RC4/TKIP. The only reason not to use WPA2 is if it is not supported by devices on the network. In many cases, devices that can support WPA can be made compatible with WPA2 with a firmware or driver upgrade. \tn 
% Row Count 41 (+ 18)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{17.67cm}{x{7.2534 cm} x{10.0166 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{2.8  Set up a wireless network (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 20
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
attenuation & The distance between the wireless client (station) and access point determines the attenuation (or loss of strength) of the signal \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 6)
% Row 21
\SetRowColor{white}
interference & Radio signals pass through solid objects, such as ordinary brick or drywall walls but can be weakened or blocked by particularly dense or thick material and metal. Other radio-based devices and nearby Wi-Fi networks can also cause interference \tn 
% Row Count 17 (+ 11)
% Row 22
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Captive Portal & A web page or website to which a client is redirected before being granted full network access \tn 
% Row Count 22 (+ 5)
% Row 23
\SetRowColor{white}
 & The portal might allow limited network browsing, provide an authentication mechanism, or provide resources, such as access to patches or signature updates to allow the device to become compliant with network access policies. It can also function as a secondary authentication mechanism for open access points. \tn 
% Row Count 36 (+ 14)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{17.67cm}{x{7.2534 cm} x{10.0166 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{2.8  Set up a wireless network (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 24
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & On connecting, the user's browser is redirected to a server to enter credentials (and possibly payment for access). \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 5)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{17.67cm}{x{5.7358 cm} x{5.5671 cm} x{5.5671 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{3.1 Purpose of operating systems.}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{Application}} & a program, or group of programs, that allow users to perform different tasks, such as web browsing, email, and word processing &  \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 10)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
 & With an OS, application software developers do not need to worry about writing routines to access the hard disk or send a document to a printer; they simply "call" functions of the OS that allow them to do these things. &  \tn 
% Row Count 27 (+ 17)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & This allows application software designers to concentrate on application functions and makes the computer more reliable &  \tn 
% Row Count 37 (+ 10)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{17.67cm}{x{5.7358 cm} x{5.5671 cm} x{5.5671 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{3.1 Purpose of operating systems. (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & One consequence of this is that there are relatively few operating systems, as it takes a lot of work to produce software applications that will work with different systems &  \tn 
% Row Count 14 (+ 14)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{white}
 & Application vendors have to decide which operating systems they will support. &  \tn 
% Row Count 20 (+ 6)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{Hardware}} & Each hardware component requires a driver to wor &  \tn 
% Row Count 24 (+ 4)
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{white}
 & OS software is built from a kernel of core functions with additional driver software and system utility applications &  \tn 
% Row Count 33 (+ 9)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{17.67cm}{x{5.7358 cm} x{5.5671 cm} x{5.5671 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{3.1 Purpose of operating systems. (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 7
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & The OS is responsible for identifying the components installed on the PC and loading drivers to enable the user to configure and use them. &  \tn 
% Row Count 11 (+ 11)
% Row 8
\SetRowColor{white}
{\bf{SOHO (Small Office Home Office)}} & Typically used to refer to network devices designed for small-scale LANs (up to 10 users). &  \tn 
% Row Count 19 (+ 8)
% Row 9
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{Kernel}} & All operating systems have a kernel &  \tn 
% Row Count 22 (+ 3)
% Row 10
\SetRowColor{white}
 & which is a low-level piece of code responsible for controlling the rest of the operating system &  \tn 
% Row Count 30 (+ 8)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{17.67cm}{x{5.7358 cm} x{5.5671 cm} x{5.5671 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{3.1 Purpose of operating systems. (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 11
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & Windows uses a \seqsplit{multiprocessor} aware, pre-emptive multitasking kernel. &  \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 6)
% Row 12
\SetRowColor{white}
{\bf{Mobile device OS}} & designed for handheld devices, such as smartphones and tablets. &  \tn 
% Row Count 11 (+ 5)
% Row 13
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{Android}} & Mobile (smartphone and tablet) OS developed by the Open Handset Alliance (primarily sponsored by Google). Android is open source software. &  \tn 
% Row Count 22 (+ 11)
% Row 14
\SetRowColor{white}
{\bf{iOS}} & Mobile OS developed by Apple for its iPhone and iPad devices &  \tn 
% Row Count 27 (+ 5)
% Row 15
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{OS X}} & Operating system designed by Apple for their range of iMac computers, Mac workstations, and MacBook portables &  \tn 
% Row Count 36 (+ 9)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{17.67cm}{x{5.7358 cm} x{5.5671 cm} x{5.5671 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{3.1 Purpose of operating systems. (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 16
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & OS X is based on the BSD version of UNIX &  \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 4)
% Row 17
\SetRowColor{white}
 & OS X is well supported by application vendors, especially in the design industry \seqsplit{(Adobe/Macromedia)}. &  \tn 
% Row Count 13 (+ 9)
% Row 18
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{Chrome OS}} & derived from Linux, via an open source OS called Chromium &  \tn 
% Row Count 18 (+ 5)
% Row 19
\SetRowColor{white}
 & Chrome OS itself is proprietary &  \tn 
% Row Count 21 (+ 3)
% Row 20
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & developed by Google to run on specific laptop \seqsplit{(chromebooks)} and PC \seqsplit{(chromeboxes)} hardware. &  \tn 
% Row Count 29 (+ 8)
% Row 21
\SetRowColor{white}
{\bf{Linux}} & An open-source operating system supported by a wide range of hardware and software vendors &  \tn 
% Row Count 37 (+ 8)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{17.67cm}{x{5.7358 cm} x{5.5671 cm} x{5.5671 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{3.1 Purpose of operating systems. (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 22
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{Microsoft}} & world's foremost supplier of operating system and Office productivity software &  \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 7)
% Row 23
\SetRowColor{white}
 & dominated the PC market since the development of the first IBM compatible PCs running MS-DOS. &  \tn 
% Row Count 15 (+ 8)
% Row 24
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{Workstation OS}} & runs a traditional desktop PC or laptop. Examples include Microsoft Windows, Apple OS X/macOS, Linux, and Chrome OS. &  \tn 
% Row Count 24 (+ 9)
% Row 25
\SetRowColor{white}
 & The general workstation OS types are: & Enterprise \seqsplit{client—designed} to work as a client in business networks \tn 
% Row Count 30 (+ 6)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{17.67cm}{x{5.7358 cm} x{5.5671 cm} x{5.5671 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{3.1 Purpose of operating systems. (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 26
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 &  & Home \seqsplit{client—designed} to work on standalone or workgroup PCs and laptops in a home or small office. This will also allow each client to run some basic peer-to-peer network services, such as file sharing. \tn 
% Row Count 16 (+ 16)
% Row 27
\SetRowColor{white}
{\bf{Network Operating System (NOS), or server OS}} & designed to run on servers in business networks &  \tn 
% Row Count 20 (+ 4)
% Row 28
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & A server OS, such as Windows Server, Linux, or UNIX, is often based on similar code to its workstation OS equivalent. &  \tn 
% Row Count 29 (+ 9)
% Row 29
\SetRowColor{white}
 & For example, Windows 10 and Windows Server 2016 are very similar in terms of the OS kernel. &  \tn 
% Row Count 36 (+ 7)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{17.67cm}{x{5.7358 cm} x{5.5671 cm} x{5.5671 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{3.1 Purpose of operating systems. (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 30
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & A server OS is likely to include software packages (or roles) to run network services and use different licensing to support more users. &  \tn 
% Row Count 11 (+ 11)
% Row 31
\SetRowColor{white}
 & A server OS is also likely to have a simpler command-line interface, rather than a GUI, to make it more secure and reliable. &  \tn 
% Row Count 21 (+ 10)
% Row 32
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{Embedded OS}} & a computer or appliance designed for a very specific function. &  \tn 
% Row Count 26 (+ 5)
% Row 33
\SetRowColor{white}
 & hese systems can be as contained as a \seqsplit{microcontroller} in an intravenous drip-rate meter or as large and complex as an industrial control system managing a water treatment plant. &  \tn 
% Row Count 40 (+ 14)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{17.67cm}{x{5.7358 cm} x{5.5671 cm} x{5.5671 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{3.1 Purpose of operating systems. (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 34
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & Embedded systems are typically static \seqsplit{environments.} A PC is a dynamic environment &  \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 7)
% Row 35
\SetRowColor{white}
{\bf{Firmware}} & refers to software instructions stored \seqsplit{semi-permanently} (embedded) on a hardware device (BIOS instructions stored in a ROM chip on the motherboard for instance). &  \tn 
% Row Count 20 (+ 13)
% Row 36
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{Hypervisor}} & also known as a virtual machine monitor or VMM &  \tn 
% Row Count 24 (+ 4)
% Row 37
\SetRowColor{white}
 & software that creates and runs virtual machines (VMs) &  \tn 
% Row Count 29 (+ 5)
% Row 38
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & allows one host computer to support multiple guest VMs by virtually sharing its resources, such as memory and processing. &  \tn 
% Row Count 39 (+ 10)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{17.67cm}{x{5.7358 cm} x{5.5671 cm} x{5.5671 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{3.1 Purpose of operating systems. (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 39
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{Hypervisor Type 1}} & "bare metal" &  \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 40
\SetRowColor{white}
 & acts like a lightweight operating system and runs directly on the host's hardware &  \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 7)
% Row 41
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{Hypervisor Type 2}} & runs as a software layer on an operating system, like other computer programs &  \tn 
% Row Count 15 (+ 6)
% Row 42
\SetRowColor{white}
{\bf{Disk Management}} & Disk management • Process  \seqsplit{management/scheduling} (Kill process/end task) •  Memory management • Access \seqsplit{control/protection} &  \tn 
% Row Count 25 (+ 10)
% Row 43
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & The Disk Management snap-in displays a summary of any fixed and removable drives attached to the system. The top pane lists drives; the bottom pane lists disks, showing information about the partitions created on each disk plus any \seqsplit{unpartitioned} space. You can use the tool to create and modify partitions, reformat a partition, assign a different drive letter, and so on. &  \tn 
% Row Count 54 (+ 29)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{17.67cm}{x{5.7358 cm} x{5.5671 cm} x{5.5671 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{3.1 Purpose of operating systems. (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 44
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & one of the snap-ins included with the default Computer Management console &  \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 6)
% Row 45
\SetRowColor{white}
 & you can open the tool directly from the Windows+X menu (or run \seqsplit{diskmgmt.msc).} &  \tn 
% Row Count 12 (+ 6)
% Row 46
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{Partitions}} & allows a single disk to be divided into multiple different logical areas, each of which can be accessed via the OS as a separate drive. &  \tn 
% Row Count 23 (+ 11)
% Row 47
\SetRowColor{white}
 & A disk must have at least one partition for the OS to use it. &  \tn 
% Row Count 28 (+ 5)
% Row 48
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & each partition must be formatted with a file system so that the OS can read and write files to the drive. &  \tn 
% Row Count 37 (+ 9)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{17.67cm}{x{5.7358 cm} x{5.5671 cm} x{5.5671 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{3.1 Purpose of operating systems. (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 49
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{Process}} & When a program starts (either because it has been scheduled to do so by the OS or opened by a user), the application code executes in memory as a process &  \tn 
% Row Count 12 (+ 12)
% Row 50
\SetRowColor{white}
{\bf{Task Manager(taskmgr)}} & allows the user to shut down processes that are not responding. &  \tn 
% Row Count 17 (+ 5)
% Row 51
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & An ordinary user can end unresponsive applications, but \seqsplit{administrative} rights are required to end processes that were started by the system rather than the signed in user &  \tn 
% Row Count 31 (+ 14)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{17.67cm}{x{5.7358 cm} x{5.5671 cm} x{5.5671 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{3.1 Purpose of operating systems. (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 52
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & This protects the system as things like malware cannot disable anti-virus software &  \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 7)
% Row 53
\SetRowColor{white}
 & In addition to this \seqsplit{functionality}, Task Manager can be used to monitor the PC's key resources. &  \tn 
% Row Count 15 (+ 8)
% Row 54
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & There are various ways to run Task Manager, including pressing \seqsplit{CTRL+SHIFT+ESC}, \seqsplit{right-clicking} the taskbar, \seqsplit{right-clicking} the Start button, or pressing Windows+X. &  \tn 
% Row Count 28 (+ 13)
% Row 55
\SetRowColor{white}
{\bf{taskkill}} & Terminating a process like this (rather than using the \seqsplit{application's} Close or Exit function) is often called "killing" the process. &  \tn 
% Row Count 39 (+ 11)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{17.67cm}{x{5.7358 cm} x{5.5671 cm} x{5.5671 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{3.1 Purpose of operating systems. (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 56
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & The command line option for doing this in Windows is indeed called taskkill &  \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 6)
% Row 57
\SetRowColor{white}
 & Always try to close or end a task normally before attempting to "kill" it. &  \tn 
% Row Count 12 (+ 6)
% Row 58
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{Service}} & a Windows process that does not require any sort of user interaction and thus runs in the background (without a window). &  \tn 
% Row Count 22 (+ 10)
% Row 59
\SetRowColor{white}
 & provide \seqsplit{functionality} for many parts of the Windows OS, such as allowing sign in, browsing the network, or indexing file details to optimize searches &  \tn 
% Row Count 34 (+ 12)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{17.67cm}{x{5.7358 cm} x{5.5671 cm} x{5.5671 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{3.1 Purpose of operating systems. (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 60
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & may be installed by Windows and by other applications, such as anti-virus, database, or backup software. &  \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 8)
% Row 61
\SetRowColor{white}
 & use this snap-in to check which services are running and to start and stop each service or configure its properties, such as whether it starts \seqsplit{automatically} at system boot time. &  \tn 
% Row Count 22 (+ 14)
% Row 62
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{Task Scheduler}} & sets tasks to run at a particular time. &  \tn 
% Row Count 25 (+ 3)
% Row 63
\SetRowColor{white}
 & Tasks can be run once at a future date or time or according to a recurring schedule &  \tn 
% Row Count 32 (+ 7)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{17.67cm}{x{5.7358 cm} x{5.5671 cm} x{5.5671 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{3.1 Purpose of operating systems. (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 64
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & A task can be a simple application process (including a command with any options if necessary) or a batch file, also called a script (a file that contains commands). &  \tn 
% Row Count 13 (+ 13)
% Row 65
\SetRowColor{white}
 & accessed via its own console and can also be found in the Computer Management console. &  \tn 
% Row Count 20 (+ 7)
% Row 66
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & In Linux, the cron utility is often used to run tasks or scripts at a particular time. &  \tn 
% Row Count 27 (+ 7)
% Row 67
\SetRowColor{white}
{\bf{Memory Management}} & When a process executes, it takes up space in system memory. &  \tn 
% Row Count 32 (+ 5)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{17.67cm}{x{5.7358 cm} x{5.5671 cm} x{5.5671 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{3.1 Purpose of operating systems. (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 68
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & If the system runs out of memory, then processes will be unable to start, and running processes may crash because they cannot load the data they need. &  \tn 
% Row Count 12 (+ 12)
% Row 69
\SetRowColor{white}
 & There is not a lot to configure in terms of memory management. &  \tn 
% Row Count 17 (+ 5)
% Row 70
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & Badly written programs and malware can cause a memory leak, where the process keeps claiming memory addresses without releasing them &  \tn 
% Row Count 28 (+ 11)
% Row 71
\SetRowColor{white}
 & If the system keeps running out of memory, you would use Task Manager or another monitoring program to find the offending process and disable it from running. &  \tn 
% Row Count 41 (+ 13)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{17.67cm}{x{5.7358 cm} x{5.5671 cm} x{5.5671 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{3.1 Purpose of operating systems. (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 72
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{Access control}} & means that a computing device (or any information stored on the device) can only be used by an authorized person, such as its owner. &  \tn 
% Row Count 11 (+ 11)
% Row 73
\SetRowColor{white}
 & on workstation operating systems is usually enforced by the concept of user accounts &  \tn 
% Row Count 18 (+ 7)
% Row 74
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & Each user of the device is allocated an account and uses a password (or other credential) to authenticate to that account. &  \tn 
% Row Count 28 (+ 10)
% Row 75
\SetRowColor{white}
 & The OS can restrict the privileges allocated to an account so that it is not able to reconfigure settings or access certain data areas. &  \tn 
% Row Count 39 (+ 11)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{17.67cm}{x{5.7358 cm} x{5.5671 cm} x{5.5671 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{3.1 Purpose of operating systems. (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 76
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{Administrator account}} & When the OS is first installed, the account created or used during setup is a powerful local \seqsplit{administrator} account &  \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 9)
% Row 77
\SetRowColor{white}
 & you should only use this account to manage the computer (install applications and devices, perform \seqsplit{troubleshooting}, and so on). &  \tn 
% Row Count 19 (+ 10)
% Row 78
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{Standard users group}} & You should create ordinary user accounts for day-to-day access to the computer &  \tn 
% Row Count 25 (+ 6)
% Row 79
\SetRowColor{white}
 & cannot change the system \seqsplit{configuration} and are restricted to saving data files within their own user profile folder or the Public profile. &  \tn 
% Row Count 36 (+ 11)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{17.67cm}{x{5.7358 cm} x{5.5671 cm} x{5.5671 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{3.1 Purpose of operating systems. (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 80
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{Least privilege principle}} & users should have only sufficient permissions required to perform tasks and no more. &  \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 7)
% Row 81
\SetRowColor{white}
{\bf{User Account Control (UAC)}} & Windows' solution to the problem of elevated privileges &  \tn 
% Row Count 12 (+ 5)
% Row 82
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & In order to change important settings on the computer (such as installing drivers or software), \seqsplit{administrative} privileges are required. &  \tn 
% Row Count 23 (+ 11)
% Row 83
\SetRowColor{white}
{\bf{Device management}} & Primary interface for configuring and managing hardware devices in Windows. &  \tn 
% Row Count 29 (+ 6)
% Row 84
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & Device Manager enables the \seqsplit{administrator} to disable and remove devices, view hardware properties and system resources, and update device drivers. &  \tn 
% Row Count 41 (+ 12)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{17.67cm}{x{5.7358 cm} x{5.5671 cm} x{5.5671 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{3.1 Purpose of operating systems. (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 85
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & You can open Device Manager via the Windows+X menu, locate the device, then right-click and select Uninstall &  \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 9)
% Row 86
\SetRowColor{white}
 & Or via the Computer Management Console &  \tn 
% Row Count 12 (+ 3)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}---}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{17.67cm}{x{5.061 cm} x{5.9045 cm} x{5.9045 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{3.2 Components of an  operating system}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Services & See 3.1 &  \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
Processes & See 3.1 &  \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 1)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Task Scheduler & The Task Scheduler enables the user to perform an action (such as running a program or a script) automatically at a pre-set time or in response to some sort of trigger. &  \tn 
% Row Count 14 (+ 12)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
Computer Management Console & The Computer Management Console provides tools for administering the local computer, including Device Manager, Event Viewer, Disk Management, Services, and Performance Monitor &  \tn 
% Row Count 27 (+ 13)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Command Line Interfaces & The Computer Management Console provides tools for administering the local computer, including Device Manager, Event Viewer, Disk Management, Services, and Performance Monitor. &  \tn 
% Row Count 40 (+ 13)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{17.67cm}{x{5.061 cm} x{5.9045 cm} x{5.9045 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{3.2 Components of an  operating system (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & represents an alternative means of configuring an OS or application to a GUI &  \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 6)
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{white}
 & To access the console, alt-click (My) Computer and select Manage. &  \tn 
% Row Count 11 (+ 5)
% Row 7
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & displays a prompt, showing that it is ready to accept a command. &  \tn 
% Row Count 16 (+ 5)
% Row 8
\SetRowColor{white}
 & When you type the command plus any switches and press ENTER, the shell executes the command, displays any output associated with the execution, and then returns to the prompt. &  \tn 
% Row Count 29 (+ 13)
% Row 9
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
GUI (Graphical User Interface) & A GUI provides an easy to use, intuitive interface for a computer operating system &  \tn 
% Row Count 35 (+ 6)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{17.67cm}{x{5.061 cm} x{5.9045 cm} x{5.9045 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{3.2 Components of an  operating system (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 10
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & m. Most GUIs require a pointing device, such as a mouse, to operate efficientl &  \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 6)
% Row 11
\SetRowColor{white}
Device Driver & A small piece of code that is loaded during the boot sequence of an operating system. &  \tn 
% Row Count 13 (+ 7)
% Row 12
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & This code, usually provided by the hardware vendor, provides access to a device, or hardware, from the OS kernel. &  \tn 
% Row Count 22 (+ 9)
% Row 13
\SetRowColor{white}
 & . Under Windows, a signing system is in place for drivers to ensure that they do not make the OS unstable. &  \tn 
% Row Count 30 (+ 8)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{17.67cm}{x{5.061 cm} x{5.9045 cm} x{5.9045 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{3.2 Components of an  operating system (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 14
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\seqsplit{Plug-and-Play} (PnP) & A Plug-and-Play system (comprising a compatible BIOS, operating system, and hardware) is \seqsplit{self-configuring} &  \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 8)
% Row 15
\SetRowColor{white}
 & When a hardware device is added or removed, the operating system detects the change and automatically installs the appropriate drivers. &  \tn 
% Row Count 18 (+ 10)
% Row 16
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Driver update & Device Manager provides the interface for configuring and managing hardware devices in Windows. &  \tn 
% Row Count 25 (+ 7)
% Row 17
\SetRowColor{white}
 & In the Device Manager, the admin can disable and remove devices, view hardware properties and systems resources, and update device drivers &  \tn 
% Row Count 35 (+ 10)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{17.67cm}{x{5.061 cm} x{5.9045 cm} x{5.9045 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{3.2 Components of an  operating system (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 18
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & Windows ships with a number of default drivers and can also try to locate a driver in the Windows Update website &  \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 8)
% Row 19
\SetRowColor{white}
 & third-party drivers should be obtained from the vendor's website &  \tn 
% Row Count 13 (+ 5)
% Row 20
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & To update, you download the driver files and install them using the supplied setup program or extract them manually and save them to the hard disk. You can then use the device's property dialog in Device Manager to update the driver. You can either scan for the update automatically or point the tool to the updated version you saved to the hard disk. &  \tn 
% Row Count 39 (+ 26)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{17.67cm}{x{5.061 cm} x{5.9045 cm} x{5.9045 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{3.2 Components of an  operating system (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 21
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
TWAIN & Standard "driver" model for interfacing scanner hardware with applications software. &  \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 6)
% Row 22
\SetRowColor{white}
WIA (Windows Image \seqsplit{Acquisition)} & Driver model and API (Application Programming Interface) for interfacing scanner hardware with applications software on Windows PCs &  \tn 
% Row Count 16 (+ 10)
% Row 23
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
File System & When data is stored on a disk, it is located on that medium in a particular, standardized format. &  \tn 
% Row Count 23 (+ 7)
% Row 24
\SetRowColor{white}
 & This allows the drive and the computer to be able to extract the information from the disk using similar functions and thus data can be accessed in a predictable manner &  \tn 
% Row Count 35 (+ 12)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{17.67cm}{x{5.061 cm} x{5.9045 cm} x{5.9045 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{3.2 Components of an  operating system (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 25
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & r. Examples of file systems include FAT16, FAT32, and NTFS (all used for hard disks) and CDFS (ISO 9660) and UDF (Universal Disk Format), used for optical media such as CD, DVD, and Blu-ray. &  \tn 
% Row Count 14 (+ 14)
% Row 26
\SetRowColor{white}
Partition & A discrete area of storage defined on a hard disk using either the Master Boot Record (MBR) scheme or the GUID Partition Table (GPT) scheme. &  \tn 
% Row Count 24 (+ 10)
% Row 27
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & Each partition can be formatted with a different file system, and a partition can be marked as active (made bootable). &  \tn 
% Row Count 33 (+ 9)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{17.67cm}{x{5.061 cm} x{5.9045 cm} x{5.9045 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{3.2 Components of an  operating system (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 28
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
NTFS (New Technology Filing System) & The NT File System supports a 64-bit address space and is able to provide extra features such as file-by-file compression and RAID support as well as advanced file attribute management tools, encryption, and disk quotas &  \tn 
% Row Count 16 (+ 16)
% Row 29
\SetRowColor{white}
FAT (File Allocation Table) & When a disk is formatted using the FAT or FAT32 file system a File Allocation Table (FAT) is written in a particular track or sector &  \tn 
% Row Count 26 (+ 10)
% Row 30
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & r. The FAT contains information relating to the position of file data chunks on the disk; data is not always written to one area of the disk but may be spread over several tracks. &  \tn 
% Row Count 39 (+ 13)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{17.67cm}{x{5.061 cm} x{5.9045 cm} x{5.9045 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{3.2 Components of an  operating system (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 31
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & The original 16-bit version (FAT16, but often simply called FAT) was replaced by a 32-bit version that is almost universally supported by different operating systems and devices. &  \tn 
% Row Count 13 (+ 13)
% Row 32
\SetRowColor{white}
 & A 64-bit version (exFAT) was introduced with Windows 7 and is also supported by XP SP3 and Vista SP1 and some versions of Linux and OS X. &  \tn 
% Row Count 23 (+ 10)
% Row 33
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\seqsplit{Hierarchical} File System (HFS+) & Apple Mac workstations and laptops use the extended Hierarchical File System (HFS+) &  \tn 
% Row Count 29 (+ 6)
% Row 34
\SetRowColor{white}
 & the latest macOS version is being updated to the Apple File System (APFS) &  \tn 
% Row Count 35 (+ 6)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{17.67cm}{x{5.061 cm} x{5.9045 cm} x{5.9045 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{3.2 Components of an  operating system (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 35
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
ext & Most Linux distributions use some version of the ext file system to format partitions on mass storage devices. &  \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 8)
% Row 36
\SetRowColor{white}
 & ext3 is a 64-bit file system with support for journaling, which means that the file system tracks changes, giving better reliability and less chance of file corruption in the event of crashes or power outages &  \tn 
% Row Count 23 (+ 15)
% Row 37
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & Support for journaling is the main difference between ext3 and its predecessor (ext2). &  \tn 
% Row Count 30 (+ 7)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{17.67cm}{x{5.061 cm} x{5.9045 cm} x{5.9045 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{3.2 Components of an  operating system (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 38
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & ext4 delivers significantly better performance than ext3 and would usually represent the best choice for new systems. &  \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 9)
% Row 39
\SetRowColor{white}
exFAT & can be used where the NTFS file system is not a feasible solution (due to data structure overhead), but require a greater file size limit than the standard FAT32 file system (i.e. 4 GiB). &  \tn 
% Row Count 23 (+ 14)
% Row 40
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & exFAT has been adopted by the SD Card Association as the default file system for SDXC cards larger than 32 GiB &  \tn 
% Row Count 31 (+ 8)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{17.67cm}{x{5.061 cm} x{5.9045 cm} x{5.9045 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{3.2 Components of an  operating system (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 41
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & Along with most of the features of NTFS, less overhead means faster processing for the exFAT file system, making it particularly suitable for flash drives. &  \tn 
% Row Count 12 (+ 12)
% Row 42
\SetRowColor{white}
Compression Software & To send or store a file it often needs to be compressed in some way, to reduce the amount of space it takes up on the storage media or the bandwidth required to send it over a network &  \tn 
% Row Count 26 (+ 14)
% Row 43
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & There are a number of compression utilities and formats &  \tn 
% Row Count 30 (+ 4)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{17.67cm}{x{5.061 cm} x{5.9045 cm} x{5.9045 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{3.2 Components of an  operating system (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 44
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Compression Formats & zip & this format was developed for the PKZIP utility but is now supported "natively" by Windows, Mac OS X, and Linux. \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 8)
% Row 45
\SetRowColor{white}
 &  & "Natively" means that the OS can create and extract files from the archive without having to install a third-party application \tn 
% Row Count 17 (+ 9)
% Row 46
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & tar & this was originally a UNIX format for writing to magnetic tape (tape archive) but is still used with gzip compression (tgz or .tar.gz) as a compressed file format for UNIX, Linux, and macOS. \tn 
% Row Count 31 (+ 14)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{17.67cm}{x{5.061 cm} x{5.9045 cm} x{5.9045 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{3.2 Components of an  operating system (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 47
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 &  & A third-party utility is required to create and decompress tar files in Windows. \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 6)
% Row 48
\SetRowColor{white}
 & rar & this proprietary format is used by the WinRAR compression program. \tn 
% Row Count 11 (+ 5)
% Row 49
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & 7z & this type of archive is created and opened using the open-source 7-Zip compression utility \tn 
% Row Count 18 (+ 7)
% Row 50
\SetRowColor{white}
 & gz & this type of archive is created and opened by the gzip utility, freely available for UNIX and Linux computers. \tn 
% Row Count 26 (+ 8)
% Row 51
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 &  & A number of Windows third-party utilities can work with \seqsplit{gzip-compressed} files. \tn 
% Row Count 32 (+ 6)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{17.67cm}{x{5.061 cm} x{5.9045 cm} x{5.9045 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{3.2 Components of an  operating system (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 52
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & iso & this is a file in one of the formats used by optical media. The main formats are ISO 9660 (used by CDs) and UDF (used by DVDs and Blu-Ray Discs) \tn 
% Row Count 11 (+ 11)
% Row 53
\SetRowColor{white}
 &  & Many operating systems can mount an image file so that the contents can be read through the file browser. \tn 
% Row Count 19 (+ 8)
% Row 54
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & vhd/vmdk & these are disk image file formats used with Microsoft Hyper-V and VMware virtual machines respectively. \tn 
% Row Count 27 (+ 8)
% Row 55
\SetRowColor{white}
 &  & A disk image is a file containing the contents of a hard disk, including separate partitions and file systems \tn 
% Row Count 35 (+ 8)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{17.67cm}{x{5.061 cm} x{5.9045 cm} x{5.9045 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{3.2 Components of an  operating system (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 56
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 &  & Like an ISO, such a file can often be mounted within an OS so that the contents can be inspected via the file browser. \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 9)
% Row 57
\SetRowColor{white}
 & dmg & this is a disk image file format used by Apple macOS. \tn 
% Row Count 13 (+ 4)
% Row 58
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Encryption & Scrambling the characters used in a message so that the message can be seen but not understood or modified unless it can be deciphered &  \tn 
% Row Count 23 (+ 10)
% Row 59
\SetRowColor{white}
 & Encryption provides for a secure means of transmitting data and \seqsplit{authenticating} users. &  \tn 
% Row Count 30 (+ 7)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{17.67cm}{x{5.061 cm} x{5.9045 cm} x{5.9045 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{3.2 Components of an  operating system (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 60
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & It is also used to store data securely &  \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 3)
% Row 61
\SetRowColor{white}
 & Encryption systems allow for different levels of security (128-bit encryption is currently considered secure). &  \tn 
% Row Count 11 (+ 8)
% Row 62
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Key \seqsplit{(Encryption)} & An encryption cipher scrambles a message (plaintext) using an algorithm &  \tn 
% Row Count 17 (+ 6)
% Row 63
\SetRowColor{white}
 & The algorithm is given a key so that someone intercepting the message could not just reverse the algorithm to unscramble the message; they must also know the key. In symmetric encryption, the same key is used for encryption and decryption &  \tn 
% Row Count 34 (+ 17)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{17.67cm}{x{5.061 cm} x{5.9045 cm} x{5.9045 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{3.2 Components of an  operating system (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 64
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & In asymmetric encryption, different keys are used (one key is linked to but not derivable from the other key). &  \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 8)
% Row 65
\SetRowColor{white}
Full device encryption & Provided by all but the early versions of mobile device OS for smartphones and tablets, such as Android and iOS &  \tn 
% Row Count 16 (+ 8)
% Row 66
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
iOS 5 (and up) Levels of Encryption & All user data on the device is always encrypted, but the key is stored on the device. This is primarily used as a means of wiping the device. The OS just needs to delete the key to make the data inaccessible rather than wiping each storage location. &  \tn 
% Row Count 34 (+ 18)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{17.67cm}{x{5.061 cm} x{5.9045 cm} x{5.9045 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{3.2 Components of an  operating system (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 67
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & Email data and any apps using the "Data Protection" option are also encrypted using a key derived from the user's passcode (if this is configured). This provides security for data in the event that the device is stolen. Not all user data is encrypted; contacts, SMS messages, and pictures are not, for example. &  \tn 
% Row Count 23 (+ 23)
% Row 68
\SetRowColor{white}
Data Protection encryption & iOS &  \tn 
% Row Count 26 (+ 3)
% Row 69
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & enabled automatically when you configure a password lock on the device &  \tn 
% Row Count 31 (+ 5)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{17.67cm}{x{5.061 cm} x{5.9045 cm} x{5.9045 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{3.2 Components of an  operating system (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 70
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & In Android, you need to enable encryption via Settings \textgreater{} Security. Android uses full-disk encryption with a \seqsplit{passcode-derived} key. When encryption is enabled, it can take some time to encrypt the device. &  \tn 
% Row Count 15 (+ 15)
% Row 71
\SetRowColor{white}
Permissions & To access files and folders on a volume, the administrator of the computer will need to grant file permissions to the user (or a group to which the user belongs) &  \tn 
% Row Count 27 (+ 12)
% Row 72
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & File permissions are Page 9/16 supported by NTFS-based Windows systems &  \tn 
% Row Count 32 (+ 5)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{17.67cm}{x{5.061 cm} x{5.9045 cm} x{5.9045 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{3.2 Components of an  operating system (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 73
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
AAA & \seqsplit{Authentication}, Authorization, and Accounting - the principal stages of security control. A resource should be protected by all three types of controls. &  \tn 
% Row Count 11 (+ 11)
% Row 74
\SetRowColor{white}
ACL (Access Control List) & The permissions attached to or configured on a network resource, such as folder, file, or firewall &  \tn 
% Row Count 18 (+ 7)
% Row 75
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & The ACL specifies which subjects (user accounts, host IP addresses, and so on) are allowed or denied access and the privileges given over the object (read only, read/write, and so on). &  \tn 
% Row Count 32 (+ 14)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{17.67cm}{x{5.061 cm} x{5.9045 cm} x{5.9045 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{3.2 Components of an  operating system (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 76
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Group Account & A group account is a collection of user accounts &  \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 4)
% Row 77
\SetRowColor{white}
 & These are useful when establishing file permissions and user rights because when many individuals need the same level of access, a Page 15/16 group could be established containing all the relevant users &  \tn 
% Row Count 19 (+ 15)
% Row 78
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & The group could then be assigned the necessary rights. &  \tn 
% Row Count 23 (+ 4)
% Row 79
\SetRowColor{white}
MAC (Mandatory Access Control) & Access control model where resources are protected by inflexible, system defined rules &  \tn 
% Row Count 30 (+ 7)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{17.67cm}{x{5.061 cm} x{5.9045 cm} x{5.9045 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{3.2 Components of an  operating system (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 80
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & Resources (objects) and users (subjects) are allocated a clearance level (or label) &  \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 6)
% Row 81
\SetRowColor{white}
 & Resources (objects) and users (subjects) are allocated a clearance level (or label) &  \tn 
% Row Count 12 (+ 6)
% Row 82
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
File naming rules & Naming rules depend on the version of Windows and the file system &  \tn 
% Row Count 17 (+ 5)
% Row 83
\SetRowColor{white}
 & A file name can be up to 255 characters long and can contain letters, numbers, and underscores. &  \tn 
% Row Count 24 (+ 7)
% Row 84
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & The operating system is \seqsplit{case-sensitive}, which means it distinguishes between uppercase and lowercase letters in file names. Therefore, FILEA, FiLea, and filea are three distinct file names, even if they reside in the same directory. &  \tn 
% Row Count 41 (+ 17)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{17.67cm}{x{5.061 cm} x{5.9045 cm} x{5.9045 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{3.2 Components of an  operating system (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 85
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & File names should be as descriptive and meaningful as possible. &  \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 5)
% Row 86
\SetRowColor{white}
 & Directories follow the same naming conventions as files. &  \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 4)
% Row 87
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & Certain characters have special meaning to the operating system. Avoid using these characters when you are naming files. These characters include the following: & / \textbackslash{} " ' * ; - ? {[} {]} ( ) \textasciitilde{} ! \$ \{ \} \&lt \textgreater{} \# @ \& | space tab newline \tn 
% Row Count 21 (+ 12)
% Row 88
\SetRowColor{white}
 & A file name is hidden from a normal directory listing if it begins with a dot (.). When the ls command is entered with the -a flag, the hidden files are listed along with regular files and directories. &  \tn 
% Row Count 36 (+ 15)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{17.67cm}{x{5.061 cm} x{5.9045 cm} x{5.9045 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{3.2 Components of an  operating system (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 89
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Directory & A file system object used to organize files &  \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 4)
% Row 90
\SetRowColor{white}
 & Directories can be created on any drive (the directory for the drive itself is called the root) and within other directories \seqsplit{(subdirectory)} &  \tn 
% Row Count 14 (+ 10)
% Row 91
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & Different file systems put limits on the number of files or directories that can be created on the root or the number of subdirectory levels. &  \tn 
% Row Count 25 (+ 11)
% Row 92
\SetRowColor{white}
 & In Windows, directories are usually referred to as folders. &  \tn 
% Row Count 30 (+ 5)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{17.67cm}{x{5.061 cm} x{5.9045 cm} x{5.9045 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{3.2 Components of an  operating system (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 93
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
File & Data used by a computer is stored by saving it as a file on a disk &  \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 5)
% Row 94
\SetRowColor{white}
 & Files store either plain text data or binary data &  \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 4)
% Row 95
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & Binary data must only be modified in a suitable application or the file will be corrupted &  \tn 
% Row Count 16 (+ 7)
% Row 96
\SetRowColor{white}
 & A file is created by specifying a name &  \tn 
% Row Count 19 (+ 3)
% Row 97
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & Files usually have a three character extension (the last 3 characters in the file named preceded by a period) &  \tn 
% Row Count 27 (+ 8)
% Row 98
\SetRowColor{white}
 & The file extension is used to associate the file with a particular software application &  \tn 
% Row Count 34 (+ 7)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{17.67cm}{x{5.061 cm} x{5.9045 cm} x{5.9045 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{3.2 Components of an  operating system (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 99
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & Files have primary attributes (Read-Only, System, Hidden, and Archive) and other properties (date created or modified for instance) &  \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 10)
% Row 100
\SetRowColor{white}
 & Files stored on an NTFS partition can have extended attributes (access control, compression, and encryption). &  \tn 
% Row Count 18 (+ 8)
% Row 101
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
8.3 Filenames & The DOS file naming standard - an \seqsplit{eight-character} ASCII name followed by a \seqsplit{three-character} file extension (which identifies the file type). &  \tn 
% Row Count 28 (+ 10)
% Row 102
\SetRowColor{white}
 & Windows supports long file names but can also generate a short file name, based on DOS 8.3 naming rules. &  \tn 
% Row Count 36 (+ 8)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{17.67cm}{x{5.061 cm} x{5.9045 cm} x{5.9045 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{3.2 Components of an  operating system (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 103
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & . This provides backwards compatibility for older applications. &  \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 5)
% Row 104
\SetRowColor{white}
File Permissions & supported by NTFS-based Windows systems. &  \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 3)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}---}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{17.67cm}{x{3.7114 cm} x{6.5793 cm} x{6.5793 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{3.3 Purpose and proper use of  software}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\seqsplit{Productivity} \seqsplit{software} & Word processing & applications that help users to write and edit documents \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 4)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
 &  & will come with features enabling the user to edit, format, and review text quickly. \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 6)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & Spreadsheet & A spreadsheet consists of a table containing rows, columns, and cells \tn 
% Row Count 15 (+ 5)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
 &  & When values are entered into the cells, formulas can be applied to them, enabling complex calculations to be carried out. \tn 
% Row Count 24 (+ 9)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & Presentation & Presentation software enables users to create sophisticated business presentations that can be displayed as an on-screen slide show or printed onto overhead projector \seqsplit{transparencies.} \tn 
% Row Count 37 (+ 13)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{17.67cm}{x{3.7114 cm} x{6.5793 cm} x{6.5793 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{3.3 Purpose and proper use of  software (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & Browser & A web browser is software designed to view HTML pages. \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 4)
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{white}
 &  & Browsers must be configured carefully and kept up to date with system patches to make them less vulnerable to Trojans and malicious scripting. \tn 
% Row Count 14 (+ 10)
% Row 7
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 &  & As well as the browser itself, plug-in applications that enable use of particular file formats, such as Flash or PDF, may also be vulnerable. \tn 
% Row Count 24 (+ 10)
% Row 8
\SetRowColor{white}
 & Visual diagramming & Diagrams are an important means of communicating or recording ideas or configurations clearly \tn 
% Row Count 31 (+ 7)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{17.67cm}{x{3.7114 cm} x{6.5793 cm} x{6.5793 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{3.3 Purpose and proper use of  software (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 9
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 &  & software assists the creation of these by providing templates and shapes for different kinds of diagram. \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 7)
% Row 10
\SetRowColor{white}
 &  & user does not have to worry about creating icons or shapes; they can just drag shapes from the template (or stencil) into the diagram and use the software tools to connect them appropriately. \tn 
% Row Count 20 (+ 13)
% Row 11
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\seqsplit{Collaboration} \seqsplit{software} & Email client & The email client software works in conjunction with an email server, which handles the business of actually transmitting the messages over the network. \tn 
% Row Count 31 (+ 11)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{17.67cm}{x{3.7114 cm} x{6.5793 cm} x{6.5793 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{3.3 Purpose and proper use of  software (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 12
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 &  & often coupled with a Personal Information Manager (PIM). PIM software provides features for storing and organizing information, such as contacts and calendar events and appointments. \tn 
% Row Count 13 (+ 13)
% Row 13
\SetRowColor{white}
 & Online Workspaces and Document \seqsplit{Storage/Sharing} & where a file is hosted on a network, and users can sign in to get access to it. \tn 
% Row Count 19 (+ 6)
% Row 14
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 &  & Different users might be assigned different permissions over the document. For example, some users may be able to view or print the document or add comments to it; others may be able to edit it. \tn 
% Row Count 32 (+ 13)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{17.67cm}{x{3.7114 cm} x{6.5793 cm} x{6.5793 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{3.3 Purpose and proper use of  software (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 15
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 &  & The client software provides the user with the tools to view and edit the document. \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 6)
% Row 16
\SetRowColor{white}
 & Remote Desktop and Screen Sharing Software & allows a user to connect to a computer over a network. \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 4)
% Row 17
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 &  & The remote desktop server runs on the target computer. \tn 
% Row Count 14 (+ 4)
% Row 18
\SetRowColor{white}
 &  & The user starts a remote desktop client application and enters the connection information. \tn 
% Row Count 20 (+ 6)
% Row 19
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 &  & When the connection is established, the user can operate the remote computer's desktop via a window on their local computer \tn 
% Row Count 29 (+ 9)
% Row 20
\SetRowColor{white}
 &  & also used by IT support staff to login to a user's computer to provide support and assistance without having to travel to the user's location. \tn 
% Row Count 39 (+ 10)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{17.67cm}{x{3.7114 cm} x{6.5793 cm} x{6.5793 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{3.3 Purpose and proper use of  software (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 21
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 &  & Remote connection utilities can also be used in a "read-only" type of mode to facilitate screen sharing.  the remote user can view the host's desktop but cannot interact with it. This mode is often used for software demonstrations and for product support. \tn 
% Row Count 17 (+ 17)
% Row 22
\SetRowColor{white}
 & Instant Messaging & Instant Messaging (IM) software allows users to communicate in real time. Unlike with email, there is (virtually) no delay between sending and receiving a message. Basic IM software allows for the transfer of text messages and can also be used for file attachments. \tn 
% Row Count 35 (+ 18)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{17.67cm}{x{3.7114 cm} x{6.5793 cm} x{6.5793 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{3.3 Purpose and proper use of  software (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 23
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & VoIP Software & packages voice communications as data packets, transmits them over the network, then reassembles the packets to provide two-way, real-time voice communication. \tn 
% Row Count 11 (+ 11)
% Row 24
\SetRowColor{white}
 &  & "Real-time" applications such as IM are sensitive to latency, which is the delay in seconds that a packet of data takes to travel over a network \tn 
% Row Count 21 (+ 10)
% Row 25
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 &  & IM voice and video calling also requires sufficient bandwidth \tn 
% Row Count 26 (+ 5)
% Row 26
\SetRowColor{white}
 &  & These factors might be controllable on a private network, but on the Internet, where a packet might traverse many different networks to reach its final destination, link quality is more difficult to guarantee. \tn 
% Row Count 40 (+ 14)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{17.67cm}{x{3.7114 cm} x{6.5793 cm} x{6.5793 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{3.3 Purpose and proper use of  software (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 27
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & Video Conferencing & Video conferencing or Video \seqsplit{Teleconferencing} (VTC) software allows users to configure virtual meeting rooms, with options for voice, video, and instant messaging. Other features often include screen sharing, \seqsplit{presentation/whiteboard}, file sharing, and polls and voting options. \tn 
% Row Count 19 (+ 19)
% Row 28
\SetRowColor{white}
 &  & Most conferencing suites also provide a fallback teleconference option, to be used in conjunction with the presentation features, in case some participants cannot get a good enough connection for an IP voice or video call. \tn 
% Row Count 34 (+ 15)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{17.67cm}{x{3.7114 cm} x{6.5793 cm} x{6.5793 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{3.3 Purpose and proper use of  software (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 29
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & Telepresence & a term used to refer to particularly sophisticated video conferencing solutions \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 6)
% Row 30
\SetRowColor{white}
 &  & participants have a real sense of being in the same room \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 4)
% Row 31
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 &  & can be achieved by a number of video technologies, including HD or 4K resolutions, large and/or curved flat-screens, and 3D. Emerging technologies might make use of virtual reality headsets, holograms, and robotics. \tn 
% Row Count 25 (+ 15)
% Row 32
\SetRowColor{white}
\seqsplit{Business} \seqsplit{Software} & Desktop Publishing (DTP & similar to word processing but with more emphasis on the formatting and layout of documents than on editing the text. DTP software also contains better tools for preparing a document to be printed \seqsplit{professionally.} \tn 
% Row Count 40 (+ 15)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{17.67cm}{x{3.7114 cm} x{6.5793 cm} x{6.5793 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{3.3 Purpose and proper use of  software (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 33
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & Graphic Design & Often used in conjunction with DTP and web design software \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 4)
% Row 34
\SetRowColor{white}
 & Computer Aided Design (CAD) & makes technical drawings and schematics easier to produce and revise. \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 5)
% Row 35
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 &  & Drawings can be rotated or viewed in 3D and easily transmitted to a client for feedback \tn 
% Row Count 15 (+ 6)
% Row 36
\SetRowColor{white}
 &  & often linked to Computer Aided Manufacturing (CAM) which enables the data produced in CAD drawings to be loaded into a machine which then manufactures the part. \tn 
% Row Count 26 (+ 11)
% Row 37
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & Project Management & involves breaking a project into a number of tasks and assigning \seqsplit{responsibilities}, resources, and timescales to ensure the completion of those tasks \tn 
% Row Count 36 (+ 10)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{17.67cm}{x{3.7114 cm} x{6.5793 cm} x{6.5793 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{3.3 Purpose and proper use of  software (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 38
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 &  & also involves identifying dependencies between tasks. \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 4)
% Row 39
\SetRowColor{white}
 &  & Software such as Microsoft Project or Smartsheet assists with this process by visualizing task timelines and dependencies and recording information about task properties and progress. \tn 
% Row Count 17 (+ 13)
% Row 40
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & Database & enable the user to store, organize, and retrieve information. \tn 
% Row Count 22 (+ 5)
% Row 41
\SetRowColor{white}
 &  & can search through thousands of records very quickly and display data in a format specified by the user \tn 
% Row Count 29 (+ 7)
% Row 42
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 &  & can be used to store many different types of information, such as timetables, customer details, and patient records. \tn 
% Row Count 37 (+ 8)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{17.67cm}{x{3.7114 cm} x{6.5793 cm} x{6.5793 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{3.3 Purpose and proper use of  software (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 43
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 &  & The XML (eXtensible Markup Language) format is also increasingly important for data storage, as it allows for a high level of integration between different types of systems. \tn 
% Row Count 12 (+ 12)
% Row 44
\SetRowColor{white}
 & \seqsplit{Business-specific} & A company may also commission custom-made software to implement specific Line of Business (LOB) functions \tn 
% Row Count 19 (+ 7)
% Row 45
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 &  & LOB applications would cover functions that cannot be performed by \seqsplit{"off-the-shelf"} software. \tn 
% Row Count 26 (+ 7)
% Row 46
\SetRowColor{white}
 &  & This might include product design and manufacturing, fulfilment and inventory control, plus marketing and sales. \tn 
% Row Count 34 (+ 8)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}---}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{17.67cm}{x{5.7358 cm} x{3.7114 cm} x{7.4228 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{3.4 App architecture \& delivery models}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Application Delivery Methods & Locally \seqsplit{installed} & Network not required, Application exists locally, Files saved locally \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 5)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
 &  & A traditional PC-type software application is installed locally to the computer's hard drive. \tn 
% Row Count 11 (+ 6)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 &  & When launched it executes within the computer's memory and is processed by the local CPU. \tn 
% Row Count 17 (+ 6)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
 &  & Any data files manipulated by the application can also be stored on the local disk, though usually in a user folder rather than the application folder. \tn 
% Row Count 26 (+ 9)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 &  & or security reasons ordinary users should not be able to modify application folders. \tn 
% Row Count 31 (+ 5)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{17.67cm}{x{5.7358 cm} x{3.7114 cm} x{7.4228 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{3.4 App architecture \& delivery models (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 &  & A locally installed application such as this does not need network access to run, though obviously the network has to be present if the application makes use of network features. \tn 
% Row Count 11 (+ 11)
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{white}
 & Local network hosted & Network required, Internet access not required \tn 
% Row Count 14 (+ 3)
% Row 7
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 &  & application installed to a network server and executed on that server. \tn 
% Row Count 19 (+ 5)
% Row 8
\SetRowColor{white}
 &  & client workstations access the application using a remote terminal or viewer. \tn 
% Row Count 24 (+ 5)
% Row 9
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 &  & The most successful example of this kind of application virtualization model is Citrix XenApp. Locating the application and its data files on a server is easier to secure and easier to backup. \tn 
% Row Count 36 (+ 12)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{17.67cm}{x{5.7358 cm} x{3.7114 cm} x{7.4228 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{3.4 App architecture \& delivery models (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 10
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 &  & This model also does not require that client hosts be able to access the Internet \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 5)
% Row 11
\SetRowColor{white}
 &  & The drawback is that if there is no local network connection or the local network is heavily congested, users will not be able to use the application. \tn 
% Row Count 14 (+ 9)
% Row 12
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & Cloud hosted & Internet access required, Service required, Files  saved in the cloud \tn 
% Row Count 19 (+ 5)
% Row 13
\SetRowColor{white}
 &  & very similar to the local network model except that clients connect to the application servers over the Internet. \tn 
% Row Count 26 (+ 7)
% Row 14
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 &  & provides a lot of flexibility in terms of provisioning the app to clients located in different regions \tn 
% Row Count 32 (+ 6)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{17.67cm}{x{5.7358 cm} x{3.7114 cm} x{7.4228 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{3.4 App architecture \& delivery models (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 15
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 &  & As with local network applications, user-generated data files would normally be saved in the cloud too, with the same benefits for creating security access controls and backing up easily. \tn 
% Row Count 12 (+ 12)
% Row 16
\SetRowColor{white}
 &  & The drawback is that clients and cloud service must both have a reliable Internet connection. Outages on either side can cause serious productivity problems. \tn 
% Row Count 22 (+ 10)
% Row 17
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Application architecture models & One \seqsplit{tier(standalone)} & front-end and processing logic and the database engine are all hosted on the same computer \tn 
% Row Count 28 (+ 6)
% Row 18
\SetRowColor{white}
 & \seqsplit{Two-tier} & separates the database engine, or back-end or data layer, from the presentation layer and the application layer, or business logic \tn 
% Row Count 36 (+ 8)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{17.67cm}{x{5.7358 cm} x{3.7114 cm} x{7.4228 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{3.4 App architecture \& delivery models (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 19
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 &  & The application and presentation layers are part of the client application. \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 5)
% Row 20
\SetRowColor{white}
 &  & The database engine will run on one server (or more likely a cluster of servers), while the presentation and application layers run on the client. \tn 
% Row Count 14 (+ 9)
% Row 21
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & \seqsplit{Three-tier} & the presentation and application layers are also split \tn 
% Row Count 18 (+ 4)
% Row 22
\SetRowColor{white}
 &  & The presentation layer provides the client front-end and user interface and runs on the client machine \tn 
% Row Count 24 (+ 6)
% Row 23
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 &  & The application layer runs on a server or server cluster that the client connects to. \tn 
% Row Count 29 (+ 5)
% Row 24
\SetRowColor{white}
 &  & When the client makes a request, it is checked by the application layer, and if it conforms to whatever access rules have been set up, the application layer executes the query on the data layer which resides on a third tier and returns the result to the client. \tn 
% Row Count 45 (+ 16)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{17.67cm}{x{5.7358 cm} x{3.7114 cm} x{7.4228 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{3.4 App architecture \& delivery models (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 25
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 &  & The client should have no direct communications with the data tier. \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 4)
% Row 26
\SetRowColor{white}
 & n-tier & used to mean either a two-tier or three-tier application, but another use is an application with a more complex architecture still \tn 
% Row Count 12 (+ 8)
% Row 27
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 &  & For example, the application may use separate access control or monitoring services. \tn 
% Row Count 17 (+ 5)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}---}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{17.67cm}{x{4.8923 cm} x{5.9045 cm} x{6.0732 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{3.5 Configure \& use web browsers}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\seqsplit{Caching/clearing} cache & privacy issue is that the browser can be set to store information typed into forms, including passwords, and retains a history of browsed pages &  \tn 
% Row Count 11 (+ 11)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
 & Any user using a publicly accessible computer should be trained to check these settings and to clear the browser cache before logging off. &  \tn 
% Row Count 21 (+ 10)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & This is done from the browser's settings dialog or configuration page. &  \tn 
% Row Count 26 (+ 5)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
Private Browsing Mode & the browser doesn't store cookies or temporary files and doesn't add pages to the history list &  \tn 
% Row Count 33 (+ 7)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{17.67cm}{x{4.8923 cm} x{5.9045 cm} x{6.0732 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{3.5 Configure \& use web browsers (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & does allow the creation of cookies but only ones that are directly connected to the URL you are visiting. It also deletes the cookies when you close the page. Third-party cookies are not accepted. &  \tn 
% Row Count 14 (+ 14)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
 & Private mode does not stop the browser from sending some information to the website. You cannot avoid the website discovering your IP address for instance. For fully "anonymous" browsing, you have to use some sort of Virtual Private Network (VPN) or proxy. &  \tn 
% Row Count 33 (+ 19)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{17.67cm}{x{4.8923 cm} x{5.9045 cm} x{6.0732 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{3.5 Configure \& use web browsers (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & You can usually open a private browser tab by pressing CTRL+SHIFT+P (in Firefox) or CTRL+SHIFT+N (in Chrome). &  \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 8)
% Row 7
\SetRowColor{white}
Deactivate \seqsplit{Client-side} Scripting & Most sites will use server-side scripting, meaning that code runs on the server to display the page you are looking at. &  \tn 
% Row Count 17 (+ 9)
% Row 8
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & Many sites also depend on client-side scripting, so there is no way to disable this. &  \tn 
% Row Count 23 (+ 6)
% Row 9
\SetRowColor{white}
 & This means that code is placed in the page itself and runs within the browser to change the way it looks or provide some other \seqsplit{functionality.} &  \tn 
% Row Count 34 (+ 11)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{17.67cm}{x{4.8923 cm} x{5.9045 cm} x{6.0732 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{3.5 Configure \& use web browsers (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 10
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & Deactivating client-side scripting tends to break most of the websites published on the Internet because they depend very heavily on the functionality that scripting allows. &  \tn 
% Row Count 13 (+ 13)
% Row 11
\SetRowColor{white}
 & Scripting can be disabled in some browsers by configuring settings, but others, Microsoft's new Edge browser for instance, do not allow scripts to be disabled. &  \tn 
% Row Count 25 (+ 12)
% Row 12
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & It is also possible to install a script blocker add-on. This provides more control over which websites are allowed to run scripts. &  \tn 
% Row Count 35 (+ 10)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{17.67cm}{x{4.8923 cm} x{5.9045 cm} x{6.0732 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{3.5 Configure \& use web browsers (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 13
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Browser \seqsplit{add-ons/extensions} & Add-ons come in several different types: & \seqsplit{Extensions—these} can add functionality to the browser. They might install a toolbar or change menu options. They can run scripts to interact with the pages you are looking at. \tn 
% Row Count 13 (+ 13)
% Row 14
\SetRowColor{white}
 &  & \seqsplit{Plug-ins—these} are designed to play some sort of content embedded in a web page, such as Flash, Silverlight, or other \seqsplit{video/multimedia} format. The plug-in can only interact with the multimedia object placed on the page, so it's more limited than an extension \tn 
% Row Count 32 (+ 19)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{17.67cm}{x{4.8923 cm} x{5.9045 cm} x{6.0732 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{3.5 Configure \& use web browsers (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 15
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 &  & \seqsplit{Themes—these} change the appearance of the browser using custom images and color schemes. \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 7)
% Row 16
\SetRowColor{white}
 & You can view installed add-ons and choose to remove or \seqsplit{enable/disable} them using the browser settings button or menu. &  \tn 
% Row Count 16 (+ 9)
% Row 17
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & All extensions and plug-ins should be digitally signed by the developer to indicate that the code is as-published. You should be extremely wary of installing unsigned add-ons. &  \tn 
% Row Count 29 (+ 13)
% Row 18
\SetRowColor{white}
 & about:addons allows you to add, remove, \seqsplit{enable/disable} addons &  \tn 
% Row Count 34 (+ 5)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{17.67cm}{x{4.8923 cm} x{5.9045 cm} x{6.0732 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{3.5 Configure \& use web browsers (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 19
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Proxy settings & a network firewall is likely to be deployed to monitor and control all traffic passing between the local network and the Internet. On networks like this, clients might not be allowed to connect to the Internet directly but forced to use a proxy server instead &  \tn 
% Row Count 19 (+ 19)
% Row 20
\SetRowColor{white}
 & The proxy server can be configured as a firewall and apply other types of content filtering rules. &  \tn 
% Row Count 26 (+ 7)
% Row 21
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & Some proxy servers work transparently so that clients use them without any extra configuration of the client application &  \tn 
% Row Count 35 (+ 9)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{17.67cm}{x{4.8923 cm} x{5.9045 cm} x{6.0732 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{3.5 Configure \& use web browsers (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 22
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & Other proxies require that client software, such as the browser, be configured with the IP address and port of the proxy server. &  \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 10)
% Row 23
\SetRowColor{white}
 & This information would be provided by the network \seqsplit{administrator.} &  \tn 
% Row Count 15 (+ 5)
% Row 24
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\seqsplit{Certificates} (Valid, Invalid) & When you browse a site using a certificate, the browser displays the information about the certificate in the address bar: &  \tn 
% Row Count 24 (+ 9)
% Row 25
\SetRowColor{white}
 & If the certificate is valid and trusted & a padlock icon is shown \tn 
% Row Count 27 (+ 3)
% Row 26
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 &  & Click the icon to view information about the certificate and the Certificate Authority guaranteeing it. \tn 
% Row Count 35 (+ 8)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{17.67cm}{x{4.8923 cm} x{5.9045 cm} x{6.0732 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{3.5 Configure \& use web browsers (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 27
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & f the certificate is highly trusted & the address bar is colored green \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 3)
% Row 28
\SetRowColor{white}
 &  & High assurance certificates make the website owner go through a (even) more rigorous identity validation procedure \tn 
% Row Count 12 (+ 9)
% Row 29
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & If the certificate is untrusted or otherwise invalid & the address bar is colored maroon and the site is blocked by a warning message \tn 
% Row Count 18 (+ 6)
% Row 30
\SetRowColor{white}
 &  & If you want to trust the site anyway, click through the warning. \tn 
% Row Count 23 (+ 5)
% Row 31
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
pop-up & a "sub-window" that appears over the main window &  \tn 
% Row Count 27 (+ 4)
% Row 32
\SetRowColor{white}
 & can be implemented using scripts or add-ons &  \tn 
% Row Count 31 (+ 4)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{17.67cm}{x{4.8923 cm} x{5.9045 cm} x{6.0732 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{3.5 Configure \& use web browsers (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 33
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & can be opened automatically by a script running on the page or in response to clicking a link &  \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 7)
% Row 34
\SetRowColor{white}
 & Aggressive use of pop-up windows is associated with spyware and adware &  \tn 
% Row Count 12 (+ 5)
% Row 35
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & These spawn pop-ups when you open the browser, on every site you visit, and when you try to close the browser. They may even re-spawn when you try to close them &  \tn 
% Row Count 24 (+ 12)
% Row 36
\SetRowColor{white}
Popup blockers & You can control the use of cookies by the websites you visit using browser settings. &  \tn 
% Row Count 30 (+ 6)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{17.67cm}{x{4.8923 cm} x{5.9045 cm} x{6.0732 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{3.5 Configure \& use web browsers (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 37
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & You can also choose to prevent sites from creating pop-up windows and configure exceptions for this rule. Note that this will not block all types of overlay pop-ups or advertising. &  \tn 
% Row Count 13 (+ 13)
% Row 38
\SetRowColor{white}
 & If you want to have closer control over advertising on a site you need to install a suitable browser extension. &  \tn 
% Row Count 21 (+ 8)
% Row 39
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Compatible Browser & It is often the case that you will need to have more than one browser installed on your computer. &  \tn 
% Row Count 28 (+ 7)
% Row 40
\SetRowColor{white}
 & This is not ideal in security terms, as it is better to install as few applications as possible, but circumstances may demand it. &  \tn 
% Row Count 38 (+ 10)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{17.67cm}{x{4.8923 cm} x{5.9045 cm} x{6.0732 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{3.5 Configure \& use web browsers (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 41
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & Compatibility aside, your choice of browser is largely down to personal preference. &  \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 6)
% Row 42
\SetRowColor{white}
 & Do make sure you choose a browser whose developer is active in monitoring security issues and providing software updates to fix them. &  \tn 
% Row Count 16 (+ 10)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}---}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{17.67cm}{x{5.3984 cm} x{5.7358 cm} x{5.7358 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{3.6 General application concepts \& uses}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Licensing & Terms governing the installation and use of operating system and application software & A license may cover use on a single computer or by a number of devices or concurrent users at a site. \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 8)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
 & When you buy software, you must read and accept the license governing its use, often called the End User License Agreement (EULA). &  \tn 
% Row Count 18 (+ 10)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & terms of the license will vary according to the type of software &  \tn 
% Row Count 23 (+ 5)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
Single use & the basic restriction is usually that the software may only be installed on one computer &  \tn 
% Row Count 30 (+ 7)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{17.67cm}{x{5.3984 cm} x{5.7358 cm} x{5.7358 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{3.6 General application concepts \& uses (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Group use/site license & the company can install the software on an agreed number of computers for an unlimited number of employees to use at the same time &  \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 10)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
Concurrent license & the company can allow only a set number of users access to it at any one time. &  \tn 
% Row Count 16 (+ 6)
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & It is important to monitor usage of the software to ensure that the permitted number of \seqsplit{host-installs} or concurrent users is not exceeded. &  \tn 
% Row Count 27 (+ 11)
% Row 7
\SetRowColor{white}
Client Access Licenses (CAL) & software bought under license can be installed onto a network server so that all authorized users can access it without it being installed on each individual computer &  \tn 
% Row Count 40 (+ 13)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{17.67cm}{x{5.3984 cm} x{5.7358 cm} x{5.7358 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{3.6 General application concepts \& uses (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 8
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
One-time purchases & give perpetual use of the software, though subsequent upgrades would normally involve a new license fee &  \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 8)
% Row 9
\SetRowColor{white}
 & This model is being replaced by \seqsplit{subscription-based} licensing &  \tn 
% Row Count 13 (+ 5)
% Row 10
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\seqsplit{Subscription-based} licensing & \seqsplit{organizations} pay a per-user monthly fee to get access to the software. &  \tn 
% Row Count 19 (+ 6)
% Row 11
\SetRowColor{white}
 & upgrades are provided as part of the subscription &  \tn 
% Row Count 23 (+ 4)
% Row 12
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Open Source & Open source means that the programming code used to design the software is freely available. &  \tn 
% Row Count 31 (+ 8)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{17.67cm}{x{5.3984 cm} x{5.7358 cm} x{5.7358 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{3.6 General application concepts \& uses (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 13
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & other programmers can investigate the program and make it more stable and usefu &  \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 7)
% Row 14
\SetRowColor{white}
 & An open source license does not forbid commercial use of applications derived from the original, but it is likely to impose the same conditions on further \seqsplit{redistributions}. &  \tn 
% Row Count 21 (+ 14)
% Row 15
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Shareware & software that you can install free of charge so that you can evaluate it for a limited period &  \tn 
% Row Count 29 (+ 8)
% Row 16
\SetRowColor{white}
 & If you decide to continue using the software after this period, you must register it, usually for a fee. &  \tn 
% Row Count 37 (+ 8)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{17.67cm}{x{5.3984 cm} x{5.7358 cm} x{5.7358 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{3.6 General application concepts \& uses (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 17
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & When you register the software, you often become entitled to extra features and support. &  \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 7)
% Row 18
\SetRowColor{white}
Freeware & software that is available free of charge &  \tn 
% Row Count 11 (+ 4)
% Row 19
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
product key & A product key is often used to authenticate the use of a software package and may be required to activate the software for use. &  \tn 
% Row Count 21 (+ 10)
% Row 20
\SetRowColor{white}
 & a long string of characters and numbers printed on the box or disk case &  \tn 
% Row Count 27 (+ 6)
% Row 21
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & The product key will generate a different product ID or serial number, which is often used to obtain technical support &  \tn 
% Row Count 37 (+ 10)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{17.67cm}{x{5.3984 cm} x{5.7358 cm} x{5.7358 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{3.6 General application concepts \& uses (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 22
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Reading \seqsplit{Instructions} and \seqsplit{Documentation} & Before you try to install an application, make sure you are following software installation best practices &  \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 9)
% Row 23
\SetRowColor{white}
 & Read the accompanying \seqsplit{documentation} to verify: & That the software is compatible with your operating system. \tn 
% Row Count 14 (+ 5)
% Row 24
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 &  & That your computer hardware meets the \seqsplit{application's} recommended system \seqsplit{requirements.} \tn 
% Row Count 21 (+ 7)
% Row 25
\SetRowColor{white}
 &  & Any special installation instructions or known issues. \tn 
% Row Count 26 (+ 5)
% Row 26
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 &  & That you have a valid agreement or license to install and use the product. \tn 
% Row Count 32 (+ 6)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{17.67cm}{x{5.3984 cm} x{5.7358 cm} x{5.7358 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{3.6 General application concepts \& uses (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 27
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Advanced Options Advanced Options & Most software installer packages offer a choice between a default installation and a custom (or advanced options) \seqsplit{installation.} &  \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 10)
% Row 28
\SetRowColor{white}
 & A custom installation allows you to choose specific settings, such as where to install the software and what icons or \seqsplit{startup/autorun} options to configure &  \tn 
% Row Count 22 (+ 12)
% Row 29
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & A custom installation may also involve the selection of specific feature sets or modules within the software package. &  \tn 
% Row Count 32 (+ 10)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{17.67cm}{x{5.3984 cm} x{5.7358 cm} x{5.7358 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{3.6 General application concepts \& uses (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 30
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Software Agreement & how any data gathered and processed by the software is used, stored, and retained by the software vendor. &  \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 9)
% Row 31
\SetRowColor{white}
\seqsplit{Single-platform} Software & this model produces software that is optimized for a particular platform, it can perform better and be simpler to check for errors than \seqsplit{cross-platform} software. &  \tn 
% Row Count 22 (+ 13)
% Row 32
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & The drawback is that "porting" the software to a different platform (from Windows OS to Android for instance) can be very difficult &  \tn 
% Row Count 33 (+ 11)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{17.67cm}{x{5.3984 cm} x{5.7358 cm} x{5.7358 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{3.6 General application concepts \& uses (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 33
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\seqsplit{Cross-platform} Software & any software application that works on multiple operating systems or devices, often referred to as platforms &  \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 9)
% Row 34
\SetRowColor{white}
 & you can use the same program, whether on a Windows PC or logging in from your laptop or smartphone &  \tn 
% Row Count 17 (+ 8)
% Row 35
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & you'll be more productive and be able to use a software product you're familiar with regardless of the operating system or device you choose &  \tn 
% Row Count 28 (+ 11)
% Row 36
\SetRowColor{white}
 & your files can be moved much more easily between your devices and can use the software with whatever device you have with you &  \tn 
% Row Count 38 (+ 10)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{17.67cm}{x{5.3984 cm} x{5.7358 cm} x{5.7358 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{3.6 General application concepts \& uses (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 37
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & Using a cloud connection, there's a way to keep all of your work in sync across your devices. &  \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 8)
% Row 38
\SetRowColor{white}
 & \seqsplit{Compatibility} issues can also affect web applications as different browser vendors can make slightly different \seqsplit{interpretations} of open standards that result in applications not working correctly in particular browsers or browser versions. &  \tn 
% Row Count 27 (+ 19)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}---}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{17.67cm}{x{7.7715 cm} x{9.4985 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{4.1 Programming language categories}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Assembly Language & A compiled software program is converted to binary machine code using the instruction set of the CPU platform. \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 5)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
 & typically specific to a particular hardware architecture. \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 3)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & Assembly language is this machine code represented in humanreadable text \tn 
% Row Count 12 (+ 4)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
 & This is in contrast to compiled, interpreted, and query languages which you can use to write code that can be run on a number of platforms, assuming you have an appropriate compiler or interpreter. \tn 
% Row Count 21 (+ 9)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Markup Language & System of tags used to structure a document. \tn 
% Row Count 23 (+ 2)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
 & not a programming language but a means of making data in a document accessible to a program \tn 
% Row Count 28 (+ 5)
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & Examples include HyperText Markup Language (HTML) and eXtensible Markup Language (XML). \tn 
% Row Count 32 (+ 4)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{17.67cm}{x{7.7715 cm} x{9.4985 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{4.1 Programming language categories (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 7
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Pseudocode & Writing out a program sequence using code blocks but without using the specific syntax of a particular programming language. \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 6)
% Row 8
\SetRowColor{white}
Interpreted Programming Languages & When you write code with an interpreted language, you do not need to compile the program \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 4)
% Row 9
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & It runs within the context of an interpreter, which converts the code into machine code at runtime. \tn 
% Row Count 15 (+ 5)
% Row 10
\SetRowColor{white}
 & This means that the program probably runs more slowly but also means it is likely that you can run the program on any platform for which you have an interpreter. \tn 
% Row Count 23 (+ 8)
% Row 11
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & Examples of interpreted languages include scripting languages, such as JavaScript, Perl, and Python. \tn 
% Row Count 28 (+ 5)
% Row 12
\SetRowColor{white}
Query Languages & Code written in a query language, such as Structured Query Language (SQL), is designed to retrieve specific records from a dataset. \tn 
% Row Count 34 (+ 6)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{17.67cm}{x{7.7715 cm} x{9.4985 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{4.1 Programming language categories (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 13
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & The code does not need to be compile \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 14
\SetRowColor{white}
Compiled Programming Languages & you must transform the code to an executable binary before it can run \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 4)
% Row 15
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & Compiling converts the source code that you wrote to machine code \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 3)
% Row 16
\SetRowColor{white}
 & Machine code is the instructions converted to strings of ones and zeros for the CPU to process \tn 
% Row Count 14 (+ 5)
% Row 17
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & A compiled program generally runs quickly (compared to interpreted code). However, a compiled program tends to be platform (CPU) specific; to run on other platforms, you must recompile the source code for the new platform. \tn 
% Row Count 25 (+ 11)
% Row 18
\SetRowColor{white}
 & The following languages are compiled:  C++, C\#, COBOL, PASCAL \tn 
% Row Count 28 (+ 3)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{17.67cm}{x{5.7358 cm} x{5.5671 cm} x{5.5671 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{4.2  Programming \& interpret logic}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Program Sequence & A program is just a sequence of instructions for your computer to perform. &  \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 6)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
 & In designing a program, we have to consider how input, processing, and output are all clearly defined. &  \tn 
% Row Count 14 (+ 8)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Example:  add two user-entered numbers together and display the sum on the screen & 1  Clear the current display. &  \tn 
% Row Count 21 (+ 7)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
 & 2. Output to the screen the instructions for the operation. &  \tn 
% Row Count 26 (+ 5)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & 3. Ask the user for the first number &  \tn 
% Row Count 29 (+ 3)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
 & 4. Verify that the entered value is a number: & a. If it is, proceed. \tn 
% Row Count 33 (+ 4)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{17.67cm}{x{5.7358 cm} x{5.5671 cm} x{5.5671 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{4.2  Programming \& interpret logic (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 &  & b. If it is not, remind the user what the valid range is and prompt again. \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 6)
% Row 7
\SetRowColor{white}
 & 5. Store that number for subsequent use. &  \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 4)
% Row 8
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & 6. Ask the user for the second number. &  \tn 
% Row Count 13 (+ 3)
% Row 9
\SetRowColor{white}
 & 7. Verify that the entered value is a number & a. If it is, proceed. \tn 
% Row Count 17 (+ 4)
% Row 10
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 &  & b. If it is not, remind the user what the valid range is and prompt again. \tn 
% Row Count 23 (+ 6)
% Row 11
\SetRowColor{white}
 & 8. Store that number for subsequent use. &  \tn 
% Row Count 27 (+ 4)
% Row 12
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & 9. Retrieve the two stored numbers and add them together. &  \tn 
% Row Count 32 (+ 5)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{17.67cm}{x{5.7358 cm} x{5.5671 cm} x{5.5671 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{4.2  Programming \& interpret logic (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 13
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & 10. Display the result. &  \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 14
\SetRowColor{white}
Using a Flow Chart & As this restatement of the program is getting \seqsplit{significantly} more complex, it might help to visualize it. You could view the sequence as a graphical flow chart to help understand the processes. &  \tn 
% Row Count 17 (+ 15)
% Row 15
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & With the steps shown visually in a diagram, it is easier to see that the program is not completely linear &  \tn 
% Row Count 26 (+ 9)
% Row 16
\SetRowColor{white}
 & here are branches and loops &  \tn 
% Row Count 29 (+ 3)
% Row 17
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & Also notice that the program contains some duplicate steps; specifically, the verification steps and the display instructions steps &  \tn 
% Row Count 40 (+ 11)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{17.67cm}{x{5.7358 cm} x{5.5671 cm} x{5.5671 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{4.2  Programming \& interpret logic (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 18
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & We can use the diagram to analyze the sequence of instructions and write better code to support that sequence. &  \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 9)
% Row 19
\SetRowColor{white}
Pseudocode & Writing out a program sequence using code blocks but without using the specific syntax of a particular programming language. &  \tn 
% Row Count 19 (+ 10)
% Row 20
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Pseudocode keywords: & subroutines & he main routine calls some subroutines \tn 
% Row Count 22 (+ 3)
% Row 21
\SetRowColor{white}
 &  & Each routine is completed by an "End Routine" statement \tn 
% Row Count 27 (+ 5)
% Row 22
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 &  & This means (for example) when the program reaches the last step of the main routine, it closes rather than flowing through to try to execute the first subroutine. \tn 
% Row Count 40 (+ 13)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{17.67cm}{x{5.7358 cm} x{5.5671 cm} x{5.5671 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{4.2  Programming \& interpret logic (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 23
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & return & When a subroutine completes, it can return to the point in the main routine from where it was called, and the main routine continues execution \tn 
% Row Count 11 (+ 11)
% Row 24
\SetRowColor{white}
 &  & Note that when we use structures such as this, we have to be very careful not to create infinite loops in the code by mistake. \tn 
% Row Count 21 (+ 10)
% Row 25
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & conditional \seqsplit{statement/branching} (IF) & There is a conditional statement (IF) that means part of the code only executes when certain conditions are true or false. \tn 
% Row Count 31 (+ 10)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{17.67cm}{x{5.7358 cm} x{5.5671 cm} x{5.5671 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{4.2  Programming \& interpret logic (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 26
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 &  & a branch is an instruction to your computer to execute a different sequence of \seqsplit{instructions.} \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 8)
% Row 27
\SetRowColor{white}
 & Loops & similar to branches in as much as they deviate from the initial program path according to some sort of logic condition. \tn 
% Row Count 18 (+ 10)
% Row 28
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 &  & However, with a loop, you instruct your computer to perform, or repeat, a task until a condition is met. \tn 
% Row Count 26 (+ 8)
% Row 29
\SetRowColor{white}
 &  & As well as "For" structures, loops can also be implemented by "While" statements: \tn 
% Row Count 33 (+ 7)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{17.67cm}{x{5.7358 cm} x{5.5671 cm} x{5.5671 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{4.2  Programming \& interpret logic (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 30
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & variables & store data input by the user. \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 3)
% Row 31
\SetRowColor{white}
 & functions & (such as "sum" and "write") that we can assume are provided as features of the programming language. \tn 
% Row Count 11 (+ 8)
% Row 32
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 &  & We don't need to code how to add two numbers together or write output to the display screen. \tn 
% Row Count 19 (+ 8)
% Row 33
\SetRowColor{white}
 & user interface & the program interacts with (prompting for input and displaying output). \tn 
% Row Count 25 (+ 6)
% Row 34
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & comments & preceded by the ' character. \tn 
% Row Count 28 (+ 3)
% Row 35
\SetRowColor{white}
 &  & Comments are part of the programming code that are not executed by the computer but that help the developer read and maintain the code. \tn 
% Row Count 39 (+ 11)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{17.67cm}{x{5.7358 cm} x{5.5671 cm} x{5.5671 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{4.2  Programming \& interpret logic (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 36
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & branch & this is an instruction to your computer to execute a different sequence of \seqsplit{instructions.} \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 7)
% Row 37
\SetRowColor{white}
Operators & Looping and branching structures depend on logical tests to determine whether to continue the loop or the branch to follow. &  \tn 
% Row Count 17 (+ 10)
% Row 38
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & A logical test is one that resolves to a TRUE or FALSE value. &  \tn 
% Row Count 22 (+ 5)
% Row 39
\SetRowColor{white}
 & These tests can be performed with operators, which are used to perform arithmetic, comparison, or logical operations on variables and values. &  \tn 
% Row Count 33 (+ 11)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{17.67cm}{x{5.7358 cm} x{5.5671 cm} x{5.5671 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{4.2  Programming \& interpret logic (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 40
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & Arithmetic operators include simple calculations, such as addition (+), subtraction (-), \seqsplit{multiplication} (*), division (/), etc. &  \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 10)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}---}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{17.67cm}{x{4.2175 cm} x{6.4106 cm} x{6.2419 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{4.3  Programming concepts}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
basic \seqsplit{comparison} \seqsplit{operators:} & == & equal to (returns TRUE if both conditions are the same). \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 4)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
 & != & is not equal to. \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 2)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & \textless{} & less than \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 1)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
 & \textgreater{} & greater than \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 1)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & \textless{}= & less than or equal to \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 2)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
 & \textgreater{}= & greater than or equal to \tn 
% Row Count 12 (+ 2)
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
logical operators & AND & if both conditions are TRUE, then the whole statement is TRUE. \tn 
% Row Count 17 (+ 5)
% Row 7
\SetRowColor{white}
 & OR & if either condition is TRUE, then the whole statement is TRUE. \tn 
% Row Count 22 (+ 5)
% Row 8
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & XOR & if either condition is TRUE but not both, then the whole statement is TRUE. \tn 
% Row Count 28 (+ 6)
% Row 9
\SetRowColor{white}
 & NOT & negation operator that reverses the truth value of any statement. \tn 
% Row Count 33 (+ 5)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{17.67cm}{x{4.2175 cm} x{6.4106 cm} x{6.2419 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{4.3  Programming concepts (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 10
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\seqsplit{Identifiers} & An identifier is used in a program to access a program element, such as a stored value, class, method, or interface. &  \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 8)
% Row 11
\SetRowColor{white}
 & In essence, an identifier is a label for something within your program. If your identifier stores data, then it will be either a variable or a constant. &  \tn 
% Row Count 19 (+ 11)
% Row 12
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Variables & A variable contains a value that can change during the execution of the program. This value might be a text string, a number, or any other data type. &  \tn 
% Row Count 29 (+ 10)
% Row 13
\SetRowColor{white}
 & Important: Variables are usually declared, defined as a particular data type, and given an initial value at the start of the routine in which they are used. It is often possible to use undeclared variables, but this can make code harder to read and more prone to errors. &  \tn 
% Row Count 47 (+ 18)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{17.67cm}{x{4.2175 cm} x{6.4106 cm} x{6.2419 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{4.3  Programming concepts (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 14
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Constants & a specific identifier that contains a value that cannot be changed within the program. &  \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 6)
% Row 15
\SetRowColor{white}
 & For example, you might want to store the numerical value for the screen dimensions or resolution. &  \tn 
% Row Count 13 (+ 7)
% Row 16
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\seqsplit{Containers(Arrays},Vectors): & a term for a special type of identifier that can reference multiple values (or elements) &  \tn 
% Row Count 19 (+ 6)
% Row 17
\SetRowColor{white}
 & For example, say that you want your program to store a list of user names who have logged on to the computer in the last 24 hours. &  \tn 
% Row Count 28 (+ 9)
% Row 18
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & Arrays cannot be resized &  \tn 
% Row Count 30 (+ 2)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{17.67cm}{x{4.2175 cm} x{6.4106 cm} x{6.2419 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{4.3  Programming concepts (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 19
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & Vectors can grow or shrink in size as elements are added or removed &  \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 5)
% Row 20
\SetRowColor{white}
\seqsplit{procedures} and functions & enable you to create segments of code that you will reuse &  \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 4)
% Row 21
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & function can return a value while a procedure cannot &  \tn 
% Row Count 13 (+ 4)
% Row 22
\SetRowColor{white}
\seqsplit{Attributes} & values and data types that define the object. &  \tn 
% Row Count 16 (+ 3)
% Row 23
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & The attributes are stored within the object as fields or private variables. &  \tn 
% Row Count 21 (+ 5)
% Row 24
\SetRowColor{white}
 & Other programs cannot access or change the fields directly. &  \tn 
% Row Count 25 (+ 4)
% Row 25
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & They must call a particular method (see below) to do that &  \tn 
% Row Count 29 (+ 4)
% Row 26
\SetRowColor{white}
Methods & defines what you can do to an object &  \tn 
% Row Count 32 (+ 3)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{17.67cm}{x{4.2175 cm} x{6.4106 cm} x{6.2419 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{4.3  Programming concepts (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 27
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\seqsplit{Properties} & represent an alternative way of accessing a field publicly &  \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 4)
% Row 28
\SetRowColor{white}
 & Using a method might be regarded as quite a "heavyweight" means of doing this, so properties allow external code to ask the object to show or change the value of one of its fields. &  \tn 
% Row Count 16 (+ 12)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}---}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{17.67cm}{x{4.2175 cm} x{6.2419 cm} x{6.4106 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{5.1 Database concepts/purpose}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Database & an organized collection of information. &  \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 3)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
 & The information is stored in a structured manner for easier access &  \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 5)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & Typically, a database consists of tables of information, organized into columns and rows. &  \tn 
% Row Count 15 (+ 7)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
 & Each row represents a separate record in the database, while each column represents a single field within a record. &  \tn 
% Row Count 24 (+ 9)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Usage of database & Creation & this step involves defining what information the database will store, where it will be hosted, and how it will be accessed by clients. \tn 
% Row Count 33 (+ 9)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{17.67cm}{x{4.2175 cm} x{6.2419 cm} x{6.4106 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{5.1 Database concepts/purpose (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & Import/input & once the database has been created, it must be populated with data records. \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 5)
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{white}
 &  & Records can either be input and updated manually, usually using some type of form, or data might be imported from another source, or both. \tn 
% Row Count 15 (+ 10)
% Row 7
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & Queries & it is possible in theory to read the information in each table manually, but in order to view information efficiently, a query is used to extract it. \tn 
% Row Count 25 (+ 10)
% Row 8
\SetRowColor{white}
 &  & A query allows the user to specify criteria to match values in one or more fields and choose which fields to display in the results so that only information of interest is selected. \tn 
% Row Count 38 (+ 13)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{17.67cm}{x{4.2175 cm} x{6.2419 cm} x{6.4106 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{5.1 Database concepts/purpose (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 9
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & Reports & a query might return a large number of rows and be just as difficult to read as a table \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 6)
% Row 10
\SetRowColor{white}
 &  & A report is a means of formatting and summarizing the records returned by a query so that the information is easy to read and interpret. \tn 
% Row Count 16 (+ 10)
% Row 11
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Flat File Systems & Spreadsheets and Comma Separated Values(CSV) are an example of a flat file data storage and access system rather than a database. &  \tn 
% Row Count 26 (+ 10)
% Row 12
\SetRowColor{white}
Benefits of Database & Variety of data & Databases can enforce data types for each column and validate information entered as fields and records, consequently they can support a wider variety of data formats. \tn 
% Row Count 38 (+ 12)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{17.67cm}{x{4.2175 cm} x{6.2419 cm} x{6.4106 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{5.1 Database concepts/purpose (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 13
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & Multiple concurrent users & Databases can support tens, hundreds or thousands, or even millions of users concurrently \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 6)
% Row 14
\SetRowColor{white}
 &  & A single file-based data storage solution does not offer high enough speed for the volumes of transactions (adding and updating records) on \seqsplit{enterprise-level} systems. \tn 
% Row Count 17 (+ 11)
% Row 15
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & Scalability & able to expand usage without increasing costs at the same rate \tn 
% Row Count 22 (+ 5)
% Row 16
\SetRowColor{white}
 &  & Database architecture means that extra capacity can be added later with much less investment. \tn 
% Row Count 29 (+ 7)
% Row 17
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 &  & For example, in a non-scalable system, doubling the number of users would also double the costs of the system. \tn 
% Row Count 37 (+ 8)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{17.67cm}{x{4.2175 cm} x{6.2419 cm} x{6.4106 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{5.1 Database concepts/purpose (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 18
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & Complex schemas & can manage multiple tables and link the fields in different tables to create complex schemas. In a flat file, all the information is stored within a single table. \tn 
% Row Count 11 (+ 11)
% Row 19
\SetRowColor{white}
 & Speed & Databases provide access controls to protect information from unauthorized disclosure and \seqsplit{backup/replication} tools to ensure that data can be recovered within seconds of it being committed. \tn 
% Row Count 24 (+ 13)
% Row 20
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Storage (data \seqsplit{persistence)} & databases are often used with applications &  \tn 
% Row Count 27 (+ 3)
% Row 21
\SetRowColor{white}
 & While an application processes variables and other temporary data internally, this information is lost when the application is terminated. &  \tn 
% Row Count 37 (+ 10)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{17.67cm}{x{4.2175 cm} x{6.2419 cm} x{6.4106 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{5.1 Database concepts/purpose (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 22
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & A database represents a way for an application to store data persistently and securely. &  \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 7)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}---}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{17.67cm}{x{4.3862 cm} x{7.0854 cm} x{5.3984 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{5.2 Database structures}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\seqsplit{Structured} & When you store your information in a relational database, it is stored in a structured way &  \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 6)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
 & enables you to more easily access the stored information and gives you flexibility over exactly what you access &  \tn 
% Row Count 13 (+ 7)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & For example, you can access all fields or only certain fields. Each field has a defined data type, meaning that software that understands the database language (SQL), can parse (interpret) the content of a field easily. &  \tn 
% Row Count 27 (+ 14)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\seqsplit{Unstructured} & provides no rigid formatting of the data &  \tn 
% Row Count 30 (+ 3)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{17.67cm}{x{4.3862 cm} x{7.0854 cm} x{5.3984 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{5.2 Database structures (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & mages and text files, Word documents and PowerPoint presentations are examples of unstructured data. &  \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 7)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
 & Unstructured data is typically much easier to create than structured data. &  \tn 
% Row Count 12 (+ 5)
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & Documents can be added to a store simply and the data store can support a much larger variety of data types than a relational database can. &  \tn 
% Row Count 21 (+ 9)
% Row 7
\SetRowColor{white}
\seqsplit{Semi-structured} & Sits somewhere between structured and unstructured &  \tn 
% Row Count 25 (+ 4)
% Row 8
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & Strictly speaking, the data lacks the structure of formal database architecture &  \tn 
% Row Count 30 (+ 5)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{17.67cm}{x{4.3862 cm} x{7.0854 cm} x{5.3984 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{5.2 Database structures (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 9
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & But in addition to the raw unstructured data, there is associated information called metadata that helps identify the data. &  \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 8)
% Row 10
\SetRowColor{white}
 & Email data, as well as markup languages such as XML, are forms of semi-structured data &  \tn 
% Row Count 14 (+ 6)
% Row 11
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\seqsplit{Relational} Databases & a highly structured type of database &  \tn 
% Row Count 17 (+ 3)
% Row 12
\SetRowColor{white}
tables & Information is organized in tables (known as relations) &  \tn 
% Row Count 21 (+ 4)
% Row 13
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
fields & A table is defined with a number of fields, represented by the table columns &  \tn 
% Row Count 26 (+ 5)
% Row 14
\SetRowColor{white}
 & Each field can be a particular data type. &  \tn 
% Row Count 29 (+ 3)
% Row 15
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
row & Each row entered into the table represents a data record. &  \tn 
% Row Count 33 (+ 4)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{17.67cm}{x{4.3862 cm} x{7.0854 cm} x{5.3984 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{5.2 Database structures (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 16
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
primary key & used to define the relationship between one table and another table in the database &  \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 6)
% Row 17
\SetRowColor{white}
 & Each row in the table must have a unique value in the primary key field &  \tn 
% Row Count 11 (+ 5)
% Row 18
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
foreign key. & When a primary key in one table is referenced in another table, then in the secondary table, that column is referred to as a foreign key. &  \tn 
% Row Count 20 (+ 9)
% Row 19
\SetRowColor{white}
schema & The structure of the database in terms of the fields defined in each table and the relations between primary and foreign keys &  \tn 
% Row Count 28 (+ 8)
% Row 20
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\seqsplit{Constraints} & It is very important that the values entered into fields are consistent with what information the field is supposed to store. & Garbage In, Garbage Out (GIGO) \tn 
% Row Count 36 (+ 8)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{17.67cm}{x{4.3862 cm} x{7.0854 cm} x{5.3984 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{5.2 Database structures (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 21
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & When defining the properties of each field, as well as enforcing a data type, you can impose certain constraints on the values that can be input into each field &  \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 10)
% Row 22
\SetRowColor{white}
 & A primary key is an example of a constraint. The value entered or changed in a primary key field in any given record must not be the same as any other existing record. &  \tn 
% Row Count 21 (+ 11)
% Row 23
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & Other types of constraints might perform validation on the data that you can enter &  \tn 
% Row Count 27 (+ 6)
% Row 24
\SetRowColor{white}
 & Constraints can be applied at different levels. As well as applying rules to fields, they can be used at the table and schema levels too. &  \tn 
% Row Count 36 (+ 9)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{17.67cm}{x{4.3862 cm} x{7.0854 cm} x{5.3984 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{5.2 Database structures (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 25
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\seqsplit{Non-relational} databases & sometimes referred to as "NoSQL," which stands for Not Only SQL &  \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 5)
% Row 26
\SetRowColor{white}
 & main difference between these is how they store their information. &  \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 5)
% Row 27
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & A non-relational database stores data in a non-tabular form, and tends to be more flexible than the traditional, SQL-based, relational database structures. &  \tn 
% Row Count 20 (+ 10)
% Row 28
\SetRowColor{white}
 & It does not follow the relational model provided by traditional relational database management systems. &  \tn 
% Row Count 27 (+ 7)
% Row 29
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\seqsplit{key–value} database & a data storage paradigm designed for storing, retrieving, and managing associative arrays, and a data structure more commonly known today as a dictionary or hash table &  \tn 
% Row Count 38 (+ 11)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{17.67cm}{x{4.3862 cm} x{7.0854 cm} x{5.3984 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{5.2 Database structures (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 30
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & Dictionaries contain a collection of objects, or records, which in turn have many different fields within them, each containing data. &  \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 9)
% Row 31
\SetRowColor{white}
 & hese records are stored and retrieved using a key that uniquely identifies the record, and is used to find the data within the database. &  \tn 
% Row Count 18 (+ 9)
% Row 32
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Document databases & a type of nonrelational database that is designed to store and query data as JSON-like documents &  \tn 
% Row Count 24 (+ 6)
% Row 33
\SetRowColor{white}
 & make it easier for developers to store and query data in a database by using the same document-model format they use in their application code. &  \tn 
% Row Count 33 (+ 9)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}---}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{17.67cm}{x{7.2541 cm} x{7.9289 cm} p{1.687 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{5.3 Database Interface Methods}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Relational Methods & Database interfaces are the processes used to add/update information to and extract (or view) information from the database &  \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 7)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
 & In an RDBMS, the use of Structured Query Language (SQL) relational methods is critical to creating and updating the database &  \tn 
% Row Count 14 (+ 7)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Data Definition Methods: & Data Definition Language (DDL) commands refer to SQL commands that add to or modify the structure of the database. &  \tn 
% Row Count 21 (+ 7)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
CREATE & this command can be used to add a new database on the RDBMS server (CREATE DATABASE) or to add a new table within an existing database (CREATE TABLE). &  \tn 
% Row Count 30 (+ 9)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{17.67cm}{x{7.2541 cm} x{7.9289 cm} p{1.687 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{5.3 Database Interface Methods (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & The primary key and foreign key can be specified as part of the table definition &  \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 5)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
Alter Table & This allows you to add, remove (drop), and modify table columns (fields), change a primary key and/or foreign key, and configure other constraints. &  \tn 
% Row Count 14 (+ 9)
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & There is also an ALTER DATABASE command, used for modifying properties of the whole database, such as its character set. &  \tn 
% Row Count 21 (+ 7)
% Row 7
\SetRowColor{white}
DROP & used to delete a table (DROP TABLE) or database (DROP DATABASE). &  \tn 
% Row Count 25 (+ 4)
% Row 8
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & Obviously, this also deletes any records and data stored in the object. &  \tn 
% Row Count 29 (+ 4)
% Row 9
\SetRowColor{white}
CREATE INDEX & specifying that a column (or combination of columns) is indexed speeds up queries on that column. &  \tn 
% Row Count 35 (+ 6)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{17.67cm}{x{7.2541 cm} x{7.9289 cm} p{1.687 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{5.3 Database Interface Methods (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 10
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & The tradeoff is that updates are slowed down slightly (if the column is not suitable for indexing, updates may be slowed down quite a lot. &  \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 8)
% Row 11
\SetRowColor{white}
 & The DROP INDEX command can be used to remove an index. &  \tn 
% Row Count 11 (+ 3)
% Row 12
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
INSERT INTO TableName & adds a new row in a table in the database. &  \tn 
% Row Count 14 (+ 3)
% Row 13
\SetRowColor{white}
UPDATE TableName & changes the value of one or more table columns. &  \tn 
% Row Count 17 (+ 3)
% Row 14
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & This can be used with a WHERE statement to filter the records that will be updated &  \tn 
% Row Count 22 (+ 5)
% Row 15
\SetRowColor{white}
 & If no WHERE statement is specified, the command applies to all the records in the table. &  \tn 
% Row Count 27 (+ 5)
% Row 16
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
DELETE FROM TableName & —deletes records from the table &  \tn 
% Row Count 29 (+ 2)
% Row 17
\SetRowColor{white}
 & As with UPDATE, this will delete all records unless a WHERE statement is specified. &  \tn 
% Row Count 34 (+ 5)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{17.67cm}{x{7.2541 cm} x{7.9289 cm} p{1.687 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{5.3 Database Interface Methods (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 18
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
SELECT & enables you to define a query to retrieve data from a database. &  \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 4)
% Row 19
\SetRowColor{white}
Permissions: & SQL supports a secure access control system where specific user accounts can be granted rights over different objects in the database (tables, columns, and views for instance) and the database itself. &  \tn 
% Row Count 16 (+ 12)
% Row 20
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & When an account creates an object, it becomes the owner of that object, with complete control over it. &  \tn 
% Row Count 22 (+ 6)
% Row 21
\SetRowColor{white}
 & The owner cannot be denied permission over the object &  \tn 
% Row Count 25 (+ 3)
% Row 22
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & The owner can be changed however, using the ALTER AUTHORIZATION  statement. &  \tn 
% Row Count 30 (+ 5)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{17.67cm}{x{7.2541 cm} x{7.9289 cm} p{1.687 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{5.3 Database Interface Methods (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 23
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Database Access Methods: & Database access methods are the processes by which a user might run SQL commands on the database server or update or extract information using a form or application that encapsulates the SQL commands as graphical controls or tools. &  \tn 
% Row Count 13 (+ 13)
% Row 24
\SetRowColor{white}
Direct/Manual Access: & Administrators might use an administrative tool, such as phpMyAdmin, to connect and sign in to an RDBMS database. &  \tn 
% Row Count 20 (+ 7)
% Row 25
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & Once they have connected, they can run SQL commands to create new databases on the system and interact with stored data. &  \tn 
% Row Count 27 (+ 7)
% Row 26
\SetRowColor{white}
 & This can be described as direct or manual access. &  \tn 
% Row Count 30 (+ 3)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{17.67cm}{x{7.2541 cm} x{7.9289 cm} p{1.687 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{5.3 Database Interface Methods (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 27
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Query/Report Builder & There are many users who may need to interact closely with the database but do not want to learn SQL syntax &  \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 6)
% Row 28
\SetRowColor{white}
 & A query or report builder provides a GUI for users to select actions to perform on the database and converts those selections to the SQL statements that will be executed &  \tn 
% Row Count 16 (+ 10)
% Row 29
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Programmatic Access & A software application can interact with the database either using SQL commands or using SQL commands stored as procedures in the database. &  \tn 
% Row Count 24 (+ 8)
% Row 30
\SetRowColor{white}
 & Most programming languages include libraries to provide default code for connecting to a database and executing queries. &  \tn 
% Row Count 31 (+ 7)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{17.67cm}{x{7.2541 cm} x{7.9289 cm} p{1.687 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{5.3 Database Interface Methods (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 31
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
User \seqsplit{Interface/Utility} Access: & :An application might use a database in the background without the user really being aware of its presence. &  \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 6)
% Row 32
\SetRowColor{white}
 & Alternatively, the application might prov  dinary users to add and search records. &  \tn 
% Row Count 11 (+ 5)
% Row 33
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Backups and Data Expor & As with any type of data, it is vital to make secure backups of databases. &  \tn 
% Row Count 16 (+ 5)
% Row 34
\SetRowColor{white}
 & Most RDBMS provide stored procedures that invoke the BACKUP and RESTORE commands at a database or table level. &  \tn 
% Row Count 23 (+ 7)
% Row 35
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & It may also be necessary to export data from the database for use in another database or in another type of program, such as a spreadsheet. &  \tn 
% Row Count 31 (+ 8)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{17.67cm}{x{7.2541 cm} x{7.9289 cm} p{1.687 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{5.3 Database Interface Methods (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 36
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Database dump & A dump is a copy of the database or table schema along with the records expressed as SQL statements. &  \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 6)
% Row 37
\SetRowColor{white}
 & These SQL statements can be executed on another database to import the information. &  \tn 
% Row Count 11 (+ 5)
% Row 38
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Exporting & Most database engines support exporting data in tables to other file formats, such as Comma Separated Values (.CSV) or native MS Excel (.XLS) &  \tn 
% Row Count 19 (+ 8)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}---}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{17.67cm}{x{5.7358 cm} x{5.5671 cm} x{5.5671 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{6.1 \seqsplit{confidentiality/integrity/availability}}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\seqsplit{Confidentiality} concerns & Security is the practice of controlling access to something &  \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 5)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
 & Security must be balanced against \seqsplit{accessibility:} if a system is completely secure, then no one has access to it, and it is unusable. &  \tn 
% Row Count 16 (+ 11)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\seqsplit{Confidentiality} & the information should only be known to authorized users. &  \tn 
% Row Count 21 (+ 5)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
Integrity & the information is stored and transferred as intended and that any modification is authorized. &  \tn 
% Row Count 29 (+ 8)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\seqsplit{Availiability} & the information is accessible to those authorized to view or modify it. &  \tn 
% Row Count 35 (+ 6)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{17.67cm}{x{5.7358 cm} x{5.5671 cm} x{5.5671 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{6.1 \seqsplit{confidentiality/integrity/availability} (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Security Threats-  \seqsplit{Confidentiality} Concerns & \seqsplit{Confidentiality} means that information is only revealed to authorized people. This can be compromised in a number of ways: &  \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 10)
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{white}
 & Snooping & this is any attempt to get access to information on a host or storage device (data at rest) that you are not authorized to view \tn 
% Row Count 20 (+ 10)
% Row 7
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 &  & An attacker might steal a password or find an unlocked workstation with a logged-on user account, or they might install some sort of spyware on the host. \tn 
% Row Count 32 (+ 12)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{17.67cm}{x{5.7358 cm} x{5.5671 cm} x{5.5671 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{6.1 \seqsplit{confidentiality/integrity/availability} (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 8
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & \seqsplit{Eavesdropping/wiretapping} & this is snooping on data or telephone \seqsplit{conversations} as they pass over the network. \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 7)
% Row 9
\SetRowColor{white}
 &  & Snooping on traffic passing over a network is also often called sniffing. \tn 
% Row Count 13 (+ 6)
% Row 10
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 &  & It can be relatively easy for an attacker to "tap" a wired network or intercept unencrypted wireless \seqsplit{transmissions} \tn 
% Row Count 22 (+ 9)
% Row 11
\SetRowColor{white}
 &  & Networks can use segmentation and encryption to protect data in-transit. \tn 
% Row Count 28 (+ 6)
% Row 12
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & Social \seqsplit{engineering/dumpster} diving & this means getting users to reveal information or finding printed information. \tn 
% Row Count 34 (+ 6)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{17.67cm}{x{5.7358 cm} x{5.5671 cm} x{5.5671 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{6.1 \seqsplit{confidentiality/integrity/availability} (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 13
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Integrity Concerns & Integrity means that the data being stored and transferred has not been altered without \seqsplit{authorization}. &  \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 8)
% Row 14
\SetRowColor{white}
 & Some threats to integrity include the following attacks: &  \tn 
% Row Count 13 (+ 5)
% Row 15
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & On Path attack & where a host sits between two \seqsplit{communicating} nodes, and \seqsplit{transparently} monitors, captures, and relays all \seqsplit{communications} between them. \tn 
% Row Count 24 (+ 11)
% Row 16
\SetRowColor{white}
 & Replay & where a host captures another host's response to some server and replays that response in an effort to gain unauthorized access. \tn 
% Row Count 34 (+ 10)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{17.67cm}{x{5.7358 cm} x{5.5671 cm} x{5.5671 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{6.1 \seqsplit{confidentiality/integrity/availability} (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 17
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 &  & Replay attacks often involve exploiting an access token generated by an application \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 7)
% Row 18
\SetRowColor{white}
 & \seqsplit{Impersonation} & —a common attack is where a person will attempt to figure out a password or other credentials to gain access to a host. \tn 
% Row Count 17 (+ 10)
% Row 19
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Availability Concerns & Availability means keeping a service running so that authorized users can access and process data whenever necessary. &  \tn 
% Row Count 26 (+ 9)
% Row 20
\SetRowColor{white}
 & Availability is often threatened by accidents and oversights as well as active attacks. &  \tn 
% Row Count 33 (+ 7)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{17.67cm}{x{5.7358 cm} x{5.5671 cm} x{5.5671 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{6.1 \seqsplit{confidentiality/integrity/availability} (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 21
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & Denial of Service (DoS & —this is any situation where an attacker targets the availability of a service. \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 7)
% Row 22
\SetRowColor{white}
 &  & A DoS attack might tamper with a system or try to overload it in some way. \tn 
% Row Count 13 (+ 6)
% Row 23
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & Power outage & if you lose power, then clearly your computers cannot run. \tn 
% Row Count 18 (+ 5)
% Row 24
\SetRowColor{white}
 &  & Using standby power can help mitigate this issue \tn 
% Row Count 22 (+ 4)
% Row 25
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 &  & Using an \seqsplit{Uninterruptible} Power Supply (UPS) can provide a means to safely close down a server if building power is interrupted. \tn 
% Row Count 32 (+ 10)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{17.67cm}{x{5.7358 cm} x{5.5671 cm} x{5.5671 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{6.1 \seqsplit{confidentiality/integrity/availability} (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 26
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & Hardware failure & if a component in a server fails, then the server often fails \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 5)
% Row 27
\SetRowColor{white}
 &  & A hard disk contains moving parts and will eventually fail \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 5)
% Row 28
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 &  & If a disk fails, you will likely lose access to the data on the failed disk and quite possibly lose the data. \tn 
% Row Count 19 (+ 9)
% Row 29
\SetRowColor{white}
 &  & You can compensate against hardware failure by  provisioning redundant components and servers. The service is then config \tn 
% Row Count 29 (+ 10)
% Row 30
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & Destruction & the loss of a service or data through destruction can occur for a number of reasons. \tn 
% Row Count 36 (+ 7)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{17.67cm}{x{5.7358 cm} x{5.5671 cm} x{5.5671 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{6.1 \seqsplit{confidentiality/integrity/availability} (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 31
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 &  & At one extreme, you might lose a data center through a fire or even an act of terrorism. \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 7)
% Row 32
\SetRowColor{white}
 &  & Either way, putting your servers in a physically secure room and controlling access to that room can help protect against these issues. \tn 
% Row Count 18 (+ 11)
% Row 33
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & Service outage & any of the situations above can lead to service \seqsplit{unavailability}. \tn 
% Row Count 23 (+ 5)
% Row 34
\SetRowColor{white}
 &  & Many \seqsplit{organizations} use online, cloud-based apps and services these days \tn 
% Row Count 29 (+ 6)
% Row 35
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 &  & You need to consider how third-party service failures may affect your data processing systems. \tn 
% Row Count 37 (+ 8)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{17.67cm}{x{5.7358 cm} x{5.5671 cm} x{5.5671 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{6.1 \seqsplit{confidentiality/integrity/availability} (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 36
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 &  & When you decide which cloud provider to use, consider the options they provide for service availability and fault tolerance. \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 10)
% Row 37
\SetRowColor{white}
\seqsplit{Authentication},  \seqsplit{Authorization}, and  Accounting & To guard against these threats to \seqsplit{confidentiality} and integrity, data and data processing systems are protected by access controls &  \tn 
% Row Count 20 (+ 10)
% Row 38
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & An access control system normally consists of one or more of the following types of controls: &  \tn 
% Row Count 28 (+ 8)
% Row 39
\SetRowColor{white}
 & \seqsplit{Authentication} & means one or more methods of proving that a user is who they say they are and associates that person with a unique computer or network user account. \tn 
% Row Count 40 (+ 12)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{17.67cm}{x{5.7358 cm} x{5.5671 cm} x{5.5671 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{6.1 \seqsplit{confidentiality/integrity/availability} (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 40
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & \seqsplit{Authorization} & means creating one or more barriers around the resource such that only \seqsplit{authenticated} users can gain access \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 9)
% Row 41
\SetRowColor{white}
 &  & Each resource has a permissions list specifying what users can do. \tn 
% Row Count 15 (+ 6)
% Row 42
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 &  & Resources often have different access levels, for example, being able to read a file or being able to read and edit it \tn 
% Row Count 25 (+ 10)
% Row 43
\SetRowColor{white}
 & Accounting & means recording when and by whom a resource was accessed. \tn 
% Row Count 30 (+ 5)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}---}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{17.67cm}{x{4.0488 cm} x{6.4106 cm} x{6.4106 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{6.2 Device security/best practices}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Host Firewall & A firewall restricts access to a computer or network to a defined list of hosts and applications. &  \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 7)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
 & Basic packet filtering firewalls work on the basis of filtering network data packets as they try to pass into or out of the machine. &  \tn 
% Row Count 16 (+ 9)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Windows Defender Firewall & it is enabled on all network connections by default unless it has been replaced by a third-party firewall. &  \tn 
% Row Count 24 (+ 8)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
Safe Browsing Practice & Using Free/Open Networks can be intercepted by anyone else connected to the network and by the person that owns the network. &  \tn 
% Row Count 33 (+ 9)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{17.67cm}{x{4.0488 cm} x{6.4106 cm} x{6.4106 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{6.2 Device security/best practices (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & To mitigate this, use a \seqsplit{security-enabled} protocol (SSL/TLS) that encrypts the link between your client and the web or mail server. &  \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 9)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
Device \seqsplit{hardening} & refers to a set of policies that make mobile and workstation computers and network appliances more secure &  \tn 
% Row Count 16 (+ 7)
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & many options for hardening mobile devices, configuring a screen lock out and encrypting data for instance, were discussed earlier. &  \tn 
% Row Count 25 (+ 9)
% Row 7
\SetRowColor{white}
\seqsplit{Hardening} policies & \seqsplit{Anti-virus/anti-malware} & malware is software that aims to damage a computer or steal information from it. \tn 
% Row Count 31 (+ 6)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{17.67cm}{x{4.0488 cm} x{6.4106 cm} x{6.4106 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{6.2 Device security/best practices (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 8
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 &  & malware is software that aims to damage a computer or steal information from it. \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 6)
% Row 9
\SetRowColor{white}
 & \seqsplit{Patching/updates} & OS files, driver software, and firmware may be exploitable by malware in the same way as applications software. \tn 
% Row Count 14 (+ 8)
% Row 10
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 &  & It is important to keep computers and other devices configured with up-to-date patches and firmware \tn 
% Row Count 21 (+ 7)
% Row 11
\SetRowColor{white}
 & Enabling passwords & most operating systems allow the use of an account without a password, PIN, or screen lock, but this does not mean it is a good idea to do so \tn 
% Row Count 31 (+ 10)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{17.67cm}{x{4.0488 cm} x{6.4106 cm} x{6.4106 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{6.2 Device security/best practices (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 12
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 &  & All computing devices should be protected by requiring the user to input credentials to gain access. \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 7)
% Row 13
\SetRowColor{white}
 & Default/weak passwords & network devices such as wireless access points, switches, and routers ship with a default management password, such as "password," "admin," or the device vendor's name \tn 
% Row Count 19 (+ 12)
% Row 14
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 &  & These should be changed on installation. \tn 
% Row Count 22 (+ 3)
% Row 15
\SetRowColor{white}
 &  & the password used should be a strong one—most devices do not enforce complexity rules so the onus is on the user to choose something secure. \tn 
% Row Count 32 (+ 10)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{17.67cm}{x{4.0488 cm} x{6.4106 cm} x{6.4106 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{6.2 Device security/best practices (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 16
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & Disabling unused features & any features, services, or network protocols that are not used should be disabled. \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 6)
% Row 17
\SetRowColor{white}
 &  & This reduces the attack surface of a network device  or OS. \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 4)
% Row 18
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 &  & Attack surface means the range of things that an attacker could possibly exploit in order to compromise the device. \tn 
% Row Count 18 (+ 8)
% Row 19
\SetRowColor{white}
 & Removing \seqsplit{unwanted/unnecessary} software & new computers ship with a large amount of pre-installed software, often referred to as bloatware. \tn 
% Row Count 25 (+ 7)
% Row 20
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 &  & These applications should be removed if they are not going to be used \tn 
% Row Count 30 (+ 5)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{17.67cm}{x{4.0488 cm} x{6.4106 cm} x{6.4106 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{6.2 Device security/best practices (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 21
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Device use best \seqsplit{practices} & When installing new software applications or drivers, it is important to obtain the setup files from a legitimate source. &  \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 9)
% Row 22
\SetRowColor{white}
\seqsplit{Reputable} sources include & Vendor app stores (for example, Windows Store, Google Play Store, Apple App Store). &  \tn 
% Row Count 15 (+ 6)
% Row 23
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & Merchant app stores, such as Amazon Appstore. &  \tn 
% Row Count 18 (+ 3)
% Row 24
\SetRowColor{white}
 & Authorized resellers, Original Equipment Manufacturer (OEM) vendors, and managed service providers. If in any doubt, check the reseller or OEM's accreditation &  \tn 
% Row Count 29 (+ 11)
% Row 25
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Third Party Sites & If you need to use a driver from a site such as this, try to research it as much as you can. &  \tn 
% Row Count 36 (+ 7)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{17.67cm}{x{4.0488 cm} x{6.4106 cm} x{6.4106 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{6.2 Device security/best practices (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 26
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & Search for references to the site on the web to find out if anyone has posted warnings about it. &  \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 7)
% Row 27
\SetRowColor{white}
 & If you trust this site, check for a forum where other users might have tried a specific driver package and indicated whether it is legitimate or not &  \tn 
% Row Count 17 (+ 10)
% Row 28
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & Check that it is protected by a valid digital certificate and that its downloaded over a secure HTTPS connections. &  \tn 
% Row Count 25 (+ 8)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}---}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{17.67cm}{x{5.061 cm} x{5.9045 cm} x{5.9045 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{6.3 Behaviour security concepts}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\seqsplit{Expectations} of privacy: & type of privacy consideration should also affect your choice of Internet Service Provider (ISP) and web search engine &  \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 9)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
 & Your browsing and search history reveal an enormous amount of very personal information &  \tn 
% Row Count 16 (+ 7)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & While the actual content of what you view or send to a site might be protected by encryption, the URL or web address of the site is not &  \tn 
% Row Count 26 (+ 10)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
 & Privacy issues do not just affect websites, social media sites, ISPs, and search providers. It is also possible that this type of data will be collected from mobile apps and desktop software. It is typical for software such as Windows or Office to prompt you to allow usage and \seqsplit{troubleshooting} data to be sent back to the vendor (Microsoft) for analysis for example. &  \tn 
% Row Count 53 (+ 27)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{17.67cm}{x{5.061 cm} x{5.9045 cm} x{5.9045 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{6.3 Behaviour security concepts (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Written Policies and Procedures & As a vital component of a company's IT \seqsplit{infrastructure}, employees must understand how to use computers and networked services securely and safely and be aware of their \seqsplit{responsibilities} &  \tn 
% Row Count 14 (+ 14)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
 & To support this, the organization needs to create written policies and procedures to help staff understand and fulfill their \seqsplit{responsibilities} and follow best practices &  \tn 
% Row Count 26 (+ 12)
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & The value of a comprehensive policy is that it removes any uncertainty that  employees may have about what to do in a given situation. &  \tn 
% Row Count 36 (+ 10)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{17.67cm}{x{5.061 cm} x{5.9045 cm} x{5.9045 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{6.3 Behaviour security concepts (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 7
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Handling \seqsplit{Confidential} \seqsplit{Information:} & Passwords & Users must keep their work passwords known only to themselves. \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 5)
% Row 8
\SetRowColor{white}
 &  & This means not writing down the password, not telling it to anyone else, and not using it to authenticate to any other services or websites. \tn 
% Row Count 15 (+ 10)
% Row 9
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & Personally Identifiable Information (PII & The rise in consciousness of identity theft as a serious crime and growing threat means that there is an increasing impetus on government, educational, and commercial organizations to take steps to obtain, store, and process Personally Identifiable Information (PII) more sensitively and securely. \tn 
% Row Count 37 (+ 22)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{17.67cm}{x{5.061 cm} x{5.9045 cm} x{5.9045 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{6.3 Behaviour security concepts (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 10
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 &  & Staff should be trained to identify PII and to handle personal or sensitive data \seqsplit{appropriately.} \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 7)
% Row 11
\SetRowColor{white}
 &  & This means not making unauthorized copies or allowing the data to be seen or captured by any unauthorized people \tn 
% Row Count 15 (+ 8)
% Row 12
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & Company Confidential Information & Any of the business information used to run a company could be misused in the wrong hands \tn 
% Row Count 22 (+ 7)
% Row 13
\SetRowColor{white}
 &  & This sort of information includes product designs or plans, marketing plans, contracts, procedures and workflows, diagrams and schematics, and financial information. \tn 
% Row Count 34 (+ 12)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{17.67cm}{x{5.061 cm} x{5.9045 cm} x{5.9045 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{6.3 Behaviour security concepts (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 14
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 &  & This information must not be disclosed to unauthorized people and should always be stored on media that are subject to network access controls and/or encrypted. \tn 
% Row Count 12 (+ 12)
% Row 15
\SetRowColor{white}
 &  & Paper or electronic copies of this sort of information that are no longer needed should be destroyed rather than discarded \tn 
% Row Count 21 (+ 9)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}---}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{17.67cm}{x{5.2297 cm} x{5.9045 cm} x{5.7358 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{6.4 AAA \& non-repudiation}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
AAA & \seqsplit{Authentication}, Authorization, and Accounting - the principal stages of security control. A resource should be protected by all three types of controls &  \tn 
% Row Count 11 (+ 11)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
Accounting & The accounting part of the access control system provides an audit log of how users have authenticated to the network and used their access privileges &  \tn 
% Row Count 22 (+ 11)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & Accounting is usually provided for by logging events. &  \tn 
% Row Count 26 (+ 4)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
 & Accounting is an important part of ensuring \seqsplit{non-repudiation} &  \tn 
% Row Count 31 (+ 5)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{17.67cm}{x{5.2297 cm} x{5.9045 cm} x{5.7358 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{6.4 AAA \& non-repudiation (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Non Repudiation & the principle that the user cannot deny having performed some action. Apart from logging, several mechanisms can be used to provide \seqsplit{non-repudiation:} &  \tn 
% Row Count 11 (+ 11)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
 & Video & surveillance cameras can record who goes in or out of a particular area. \tn 
% Row Count 17 (+ 6)
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & Biometrics & strong \seqsplit{authentication} can prove that a person was genuinely operating their user account and that an intruder had not hijacked the account. \tn 
% Row Count 28 (+ 11)
% Row 7
\SetRowColor{white}
 & Signature & similarly, a physical or digital signature can prove that the user was an author of a document (they cannot deny writing it) \tn 
% Row Count 38 (+ 10)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{17.67cm}{x{5.2297 cm} x{5.9045 cm} x{5.7358 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{6.4 AAA \& non-repudiation (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 8
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & Receipt & issuing a token or receipt with respect to some product or service is proof that a user requested that product and that it was delivered in a timely manner. \tn 
% Row Count 12 (+ 12)
% Row 9
\SetRowColor{white}
Multifactor \seqsplit{Authentication} & Strong \seqsplit{authentication} is multi-factor &  \tn 
% Row Count 15 (+ 3)
% Row 10
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & r. \seqsplit{Authentication} schemes work on the basis of something you know, something you have, or something you are. &  \tn 
% Row Count 23 (+ 8)
% Row 11
\SetRowColor{white}
 & These schemes can be made stronger by combining them (for example, protecting use of a smart card certification {[}something you have{]} with a PIN {[}something you know{]}). &  \tn 
% Row Count 35 (+ 12)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{17.67cm}{x{5.2297 cm} x{5.9045 cm} x{5.7358 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{6.4 AAA \& non-repudiation (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 12
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
PIN (Personal \seqsplit{Identification} Number) & Number used in conjunction with \seqsplit{authentication} devices such as smart cards; as the PIN should be known only to the user, loss of the smart card should not represent a security risk. &  \tn 
% Row Count 13 (+ 13)
% Row 13
\SetRowColor{white}
Token & A token contains some sort of \seqsplit{authentication} data. Software tokens are generated by logon systems, such as Kerberos, so that users do not have to authenticate multiple times (Single Sign-on). &  \tn 
% Row Count 27 (+ 14)
% Row 14
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & A hardware token can be a device containing a chip with a digital certificate but is more usually a device that generates a one-time password. &  \tn 
% Row Count 38 (+ 11)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{17.67cm}{x{5.2297 cm} x{5.9045 cm} x{5.7358 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{6.4 AAA \& non-repudiation (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 15
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & This can be used in conjunction with an ordinary user name and password (or PIN) to provide more secure two-factor \seqsplit{authentication} &  \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 10)
% Row 16
\SetRowColor{white}
Permissions & To access files and folders on a volume, the administrator of the computer will need to grant file permissions to the user (or a group to which the user belongs). File permissions are Page 9/16 supported by NTFS-based Windows systems &  \tn 
% Row Count 27 (+ 17)
% Row 17
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Access Control & Creating one or more barriers around a resource such that only authenticated users can gain access. &  \tn 
% Row Count 35 (+ 8)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{17.67cm}{x{5.2297 cm} x{5.9045 cm} x{5.7358 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{6.4 AAA \& non-repudiation (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 18
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & Each resource has an Access Control List (ACL) specifying what users can do. Resources often have different access levels (for example, being able to read a file or being able to read and edit it). &  \tn 
% Row Count 15 (+ 15)
% Row 19
\SetRowColor{white}
ACL (Access Control List) & The permissions attached to or configured on a network resource, such as folder, file, or firewall. The ACL specifies which subjects (user accounts, host IP addresses, and so on) are allowed or denied access and the privileges given over the object (read only, read/write, and so on). &  \tn 
% Row Count 36 (+ 21)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{17.67cm}{x{5.2297 cm} x{5.9045 cm} x{5.7358 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{6.4 AAA \& non-repudiation (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 20
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Least Privilege & Least privilege is a basic principle of security stating that something should be allocated the minimum necessary rights, privileges, or information to perform its role &  \tn 
% Row Count 12 (+ 12)
% Row 21
\SetRowColor{white}
User Account & Each user who wishes to access a Windows computer will need a logon ID, referred to as a user account &  \tn 
% Row Count 20 (+ 8)
% Row 22
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & Each user will normally have a local profile, containing settings and usercreated files. Profiles are stored in the "Users" folder &  \tn 
% Row Count 30 (+ 10)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{17.67cm}{x{5.2297 cm} x{5.9045 cm} x{5.7358 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{6.4 AAA \& non-repudiation (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 23
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Group Account & A group account is a collection of user accounts. These are useful when establishing file permissions and user rights because when many individuals need the same level of access, a Page 15/16 group could be established containing all the relevant users. The group could then be assigned the necessary rights &  \tn 
% Row Count 22 (+ 22)
% Row 24
\SetRowColor{white}
MAC (Mandatory Access Control) & Access control model where resources are protected by inflexible, system defined rules. Resources (objects) and users (subjects) are allocated a clearance level (or label) &  \tn 
% Row Count 35 (+ 13)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{17.67cm}{x{5.2297 cm} x{5.9045 cm} x{5.7358 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{6.4 AAA \& non-repudiation (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 25
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & There are a number of privilege models, such as Bell-LaPadula, Biba, and Clark-Wilson providing either \seqsplit{confidentiality} or integrity. &  \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 10)
% Row 26
\SetRowColor{white}
DAC \seqsplit{(Discretionary} Access Control) & Access control model where each resource is protected by an Access Control List (ACL) managed by the resource's owner (or owners). &  \tn 
% Row Count 20 (+ 10)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}---}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{17.67cm}{x{6.4106 cm} x{8.7724 cm} p{1.687 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{6.5 Password best practices}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Length & a longer password is more secure. Around 9–12 characters is suitable for an ordinary user account &  \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 5)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
 & Administrative accounts should have longer passwords (14 or more characters). &  \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 4)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Complexity & improve the security of a password &  \tn 
% Row Count 11 (+ 2)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
 & No single words—better to use word and number/punctuation combinations, no obvious phrases etc. &  \tn 
% Row Count 16 (+ 5)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Memorability & artificial complexity makes a password hard to remember, meaning users write them down or have to reset them often &  \tn 
% Row Count 22 (+ 6)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
 & Use longer phrases etc. &  \tn 
% Row Count 24 (+ 2)
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Maintain \seqsplit{confidentiality} & do not write down a password or share it with other users. &  \tn 
% Row Count 27 (+ 3)
% Row 7
\SetRowColor{white}
\seqsplit{History/expiration} & change the password periodically &  \tn 
% Row Count 29 (+ 2)
% Row 8
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & Many systems can automatically enforce password expiration, meaning users have to choose a new password. &  \tn 
% Row Count 35 (+ 6)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{17.67cm}{x{6.4106 cm} x{8.7724 cm} p{1.687 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{6.5 Password best practices (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 9
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Reuse across Sites & Users must be trained to practice good password management, or at the very least not to re-use work passwords for web accounts. &  \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 7)
% Row 10
\SetRowColor{white}
password reset & allows a user who has forgotten a password to self-select a new one. &  \tn 
% Row Count 11 (+ 4)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}---}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{17.67cm}{x{8.635 cm} x{8.635 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{6.6 Encryption}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Encryption & an ancient technique for hiding information \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 3)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
 & Someone obtaining an encrypted document, or cipher text, cannot understand that information unless they possess a key. \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 6)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Plain text (or clear text & this is an unencrypted message. \tn 
% Row Count 11 (+ 2)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
Cipher text & an encrypted message. \tn 
% Row Count 13 (+ 2)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Cipher & this is the process (or algorithm) used to encrypt and decrypt a message \tn 
% Row Count 17 (+ 4)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
Data States & Data can be described as being at rest or in transit \tn 
% Row Count 20 (+ 3)
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Data at rest & this state means that the data is in some sort of persistent storage media. \tn 
% Row Count 24 (+ 4)
% Row 7
\SetRowColor{white}
 & In this state, it is usually possible to encrypt the data using techniques such as whole disk encryption, mobile device encryption, database encryption, and file- or folder-level encryption. \tn 
% Row Count 34 (+ 10)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{17.67cm}{x{8.635 cm} x{8.635 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{6.6 Encryption (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 8
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
File-level encryption & useful as a method on large-volume storage devices \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 3)
% Row 9
\SetRowColor{white}
Disk encryption & sometimes used in conjunction with filesystem-level encryption with the intention of providing a more secure implementation \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 7)
% Row 10
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & generally uses the same key for encrypting the whole drive, all of the data can be decrypted when the system runs \tn 
% Row Count 16 (+ 6)
% Row 11
\SetRowColor{white}
 & However, some disk encryption solutions use multiple keys for encrypting different volumes. \tn 
% Row Count 21 (+ 5)
% Row 12
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Mobile devices & smartphones and tablets have encryption options that will also provide protection of storage. \tn 
% Row Count 26 (+ 5)
% Row 13
\SetRowColor{white}
 & it's not typically a disk but is still just storage that's encrypted and accessed using some key \tn 
% Row Count 32 (+ 6)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{17.67cm}{x{8.635 cm} x{8.635 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{6.6 Encryption (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 14
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Data in transit (or data in motion) & this is the state when data is transmitted over a network, such as communicating with a web page via HTTPS or sending an email \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 7)
% Row 15
\SetRowColor{white}
 & In this state, data can be protected by a transport encryption protocol, such as Secure Sockets Layer (SSL)/Transport Layer Security (TLS). \tn 
% Row Count 14 (+ 7)
% Row 16
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Virtual Private Network (VPN) & connects the components and resources of two private networks over another public network or connects a remote host with an Internet connection to a private local network. \tn 
% Row Count 23 (+ 9)
% Row 17
\SetRowColor{white}
 & A VPN is a "tunnel" through the Internet or any other network. \tn 
% Row Count 27 (+ 4)
% Row 18
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Email encryption & encryption of email messages to protect the content from being read by entities other than the intended recipients \tn 
% Row Count 33 (+ 6)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{17.67cm}{x{8.635 cm} x{8.635 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{6.6 Encryption (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 19
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & may also include authentication. \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 20
\SetRowColor{white}
 & Email is prone to the disclosure of informatio \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 3)
% Row 21
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & Most emails are currently transmitted in the clear form \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 3)
% Row 22
\SetRowColor{white}
 & All emails sent using Gmail or Outlook are encrypted by default. \tn 
% Row Count 12 (+ 4)
% Row 23
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Hypertext Transfer Protocol Secure (HTTPS) & provides for encrypted transfers, using SSL and port 443. \tn 
% Row Count 15 (+ 3)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{17.67cm}{x{8.635 cm} x{8.635 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{6.7 Business continuity}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Business Continuity Plan (BCP)/Continuity of Operations Plan (COOP) & A business continuity plan is designed to ensure that critical business functions demonstrate high availability and fault tolerance. \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 7)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
 & Typically, this is achieved by allowing for redundancy in specifying resources. \tn 
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 & Examples include cluster services, RAID disk arrays, UPS. Business continuity plans should not be limited to technical elements however; they should also consider employees, utilities, suppliers, and customers. \tn 
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 & Associated with business continuity is the disaster recovery plan, which sets out actions and responsibilities for foreseen and unforeseen critical incidents. \tn 
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\begin{tabularx}{17.67cm}{x{8.635 cm} x{8.635 cm} }
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{6.7 Business continuity (cont)}}  \tn
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 & e vulnerabilities can be mitigated by creating contingency plans and resources that allow the system to be resilient to failures and unexpected outage \tn 
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 & Most contingency plans depend on providing redundancy at both the component and system leve \tn 
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 & If a component or system is not available, redundancy means that the service can failover to the backup either seamlessly or with minimum interruption. \tn 
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Fault Tolerance & protect against losing access to a computer system when a component fails \tn 
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 & systems that contain additional components to help avoid single points of failure \tn 
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\end{tabularx}
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\begin{tabularx}{17.67cm}{x{8.635 cm} x{8.635 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{6.7 Business continuity (cont)}}  \tn
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Data Redundancy & Combining hard disks into an array of disks can help to avoid service unavailability due to one or more disks failing. \tn 
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Redundant Array of Independent Disks (RAID) standard & evolved to offer a variety of fault tolerant solutions. Different RAID solutions are defined in numbered levels. \tn 
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Network Redundancy & Without a network connection, a server is not of much use \tn 
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 & As network cards are cheap, it is commonplace for a server to have multiple cards (adapter fault tolerance) \tn 
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 & Multiple adapters can be configured to work together (adapter teaming) \tn 
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 & This provides fault tolerance—if one adapter fails, the network connection will not be lost—and can also provide load balancing (connections can be spread between the cards). \tn 
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\end{tabularx}
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\begin{tabularx}{17.67cm}{x{8.635 cm} x{8.635 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{6.7 Business continuity (cont)}}  \tn
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 & Network cabling should be designed to allow for multiple paths between the various servers, so that during a failure of one part of the network, the rest remains operational (redundant  connections) \tn 
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 & Routers are great fault tolerant devices, because they can communicate system failures and IP packets can be routed via an alternate device \tn 
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Power Redundancy & means deploying systems to ensure that equipment is protected against these events and that network operations can either continue uninterrupted or be recovered quickly. \tn 
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Replication & between multiple data centers to guard against risks \tn 
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 & Replication is the process of synchronizing data between servers and potentially between sites. \tn 
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\end{tabularx}
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\begin{tabularx}{17.67cm}{x{8.635 cm} x{8.635 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{6.7 Business continuity (cont)}}  \tn
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 & This replication might be real-time or bundled into batches for periodic synchronization. \tn 
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Disaster Recovery & creates workflows and resources to use when a specific disaster scenario affects the organization \tn 
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 & A disaster could be anything from a loss of power or failure of a minor component to man-made or natural disasters. \tn 
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 & For each high-risk scenario, the organization should develop a plan identifying tasks, resources, and responsibilities for responding to the disaster \tn 
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Prioritization & disaster recovery plans should identify priorities for restoring particular systems first \tn 
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 & This process has to be conditioned by dependencies between different systems. \tn 
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\end{tabularx}
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\begin{tabularx}{17.67cm}{x{8.635 cm} x{8.635 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{6.7 Business continuity (cont)}}  \tn
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 & The servers running the website front-end might not be able to operate effectively if the servers running the database are not available \tn 
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Data Restoration & If a system goes down, there may be data loss \tn 
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 & Data can either be restored from backup or by switching over to another system to which data has been replicated. It  is vital that the integrity of the data be checked before user access is re-enabled. \tn 
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Restoring Access & Once the integrity of the failover or restored system has been verified, you can re-enable user access and start processing transactions again. \tn 
% Row Count 29 (+ 8)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}



\end{document}