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% Document Info
\author{Aya.Rivera (Aya.Rivera)}
\pdfinfo{
  /Title (endocrine-system-glands-and-hormones.pdf)
  /Creator (Cheatography)
  /Author (Aya.Rivera (Aya.Rivera))
  /Subject (Endocrine System: Glands and Hormones Cheat Sheet)
}

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        \hspace*{-6pt}\includegraphics[width=5.8cm]{/web/www.cheatography.com/public/images/cheatography_logo.pdf}}
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\begin{tabulary}{11cm}{L}
    \vspace{-2pt}\large{\bf{\textcolor{DarkBackground}{\textrm{Endocrine System: Glands and Hormones Cheat Sheet}}}} \\
    \normalsize{by \textcolor{DarkBackground}{Aya.Rivera (Aya.Rivera)} via \textcolor{DarkBackground}{\uline{cheatography.com/216193/cs/47273/}}}
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  \mymulticolumn{2}{p{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cheatographer}}  \\
  \vspace{-2pt}Aya.Rivera (Aya.Rivera) \\
  \uline{cheatography.com/aya-rivera} \\
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  \mymulticolumn{1}{p{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cheat Sheet}}  \\
   \vspace{-2pt}Not Yet Published.\\
   Updated 2nd November, 2025.\\
   Page {\thepage} of \pageref{LastPage}.
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  Measure your website readability!\\
  www.readability-score.com
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\begin{multicols*}{3}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Endocrine System}}  \tn
% Row 0
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Collection of {\emph{cells}}, {\emph{tissues}}, and {\emph{glands}} that release {\bf{chemical messengers}} ({\emph{HORMONES}}) into the bloodstream. Compared to the {\bf{Nervous System}} (NS), the {\bf{Endocrine System}} sends out slower stimuli, but it produces {\emph{widespread effects}} that last longer than {\emph{Action Potential}}.} \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 6)
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{{\emph{What are the similarities of the endocrine and nervous systems?}}}} Both control systems (homeostasis and other)} \tn 
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Endocrine System vs Nervous System}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{What are the similarities of the endocrine and nervous systems?}} \{\{nl\}\} \{\{fa-bolt\}\}Both control systems (homeostasis and other) \{\{nl\}\} \{\{fa-bolt\}\}Control and coordinate body activities through chemical messengers} \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 5)
% Row 1
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Differences of NS and ES}} \{\{nl\}\} {\emph{Mode}}: {\bf{NS - Neurotransmitters}} | {\bf{ES - Hormones}} \{\{nl\}\} {\emph{Speed}}: {\bf{NS - fast}} | {\bf{ES - slow}} \{\{nl\}\} {\emph{Duration of stimuli}}: {\bf{NS - short-lived}} | {\bf{ES - long-term}}} \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 5)
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{2.4885 cm} x{2.4885 cm} }
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Endocrine Glands and Their Functions}}  \tn
% Row 0
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{\bf{Hypothalamus}} \seqsplit{(control/integrator)} & releasing hormones to the anterior pituitary (blood communication) and direct connection to posterior pituitary (nerve communication) \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 8)
% Row 1
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{\bf{Pituitary gland}} & "{\bf{{\emph{Master Gland}}}}"; The {\bf{{\emph{Anterior}}}} produces hormones that regulate other endocrine glands, and the {\bf{{\emph{Posterior}}}} stores and releases vasopressin (ADH) and oxytocin. \tn 
% Row Count 17 (+ 9)
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{\bf{Pineal gland}} & Sleep, thru release of {\bf{{\emph{Melatonin}}}} \tn 
% Row Count 19 (+ 2)
% Row 3
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{\bf{Thyroid gland}} & follicular cells, high blood calcium, storage of calcium in bone, release {\bf{{\emph{Thyroid Hormone}}}} ({\bf{{\emph{T3}}}} \& {\bf{{\emph{T4}}}}) to increase metabolism and body temperature \tn 
% Row Count 28 (+ 9)
% Row 4
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{\bf{Parathyroid gland}} & low blood calcium, {\bf{{\emph{Parathyroid Hormone (PTH)}}}}, release calcium into blood from bone \tn 
% Row Count 33 (+ 5)
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Endocrine Glands and Their Functions (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 5
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{\bf{Adrenal glands}} & stress response, blood pressure response, blood \seqsplit{osmolarity/concentration}, {\bf{{\emph{Sex Hormones }}}} ({\bf{{\emph{FSH}}}} \& {\bf{{\emph{LH}}}}) \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 6)
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{\bf{Pancreas}} & {\bf{{\emph{Insulin}}}} and {\bf{{\emph{Glucagon}}}} \tn 
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% Row 7
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{\bf{Ovaries}} & make and release {\bf{{\emph{Oestrogen}}}} and {\bf{{\emph{Progesterone}}}} \tn 
% Row Count 11 (+ 3)
% Row 8
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{\bf{Testes}} & make and release {\bf{{\emph{Androgens}}}} (e.g. {\bf{{\emph{testosterone}}}}) \tn 
% Row Count 14 (+ 3)
% Row 9
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{\bf{Thymus}} & {\bf{{\emph{Thymosin}}}} - programs T-cells \tn 
% Row Count 16 (+ 2)
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{1.89126 cm} x{3.08574 cm} }
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{3 Types of Hormones}}  \tn
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{\bf{Amino Acid (Tyrosine)}} & hormones from the {\bf{{\emph{Adrenal Medulla}}}}, {\bf{{\emph{Thyroid Gland}}}} (T3 \& T4) \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 3)
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{\bf{Protein / Peptide}} & most abundant; derived from {\emph{Amino Acids}}; {\bf{{\emph{Pituitary}}}} hormones and {\bf{{\emph{Pancreas}}}} hormones \tn 
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{\bf{Steroids}} & hormones from the {\bf{{\emph{Adrenal Cortex}}}} and {\bf{Gonads}} - the {\bf{{\emph{Ovaries}}}} \& {\bf{{\emph{Testes}}}} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\{\{ac\}\} {\bf{Proteins}} (\textgreater{}100 Amino Acids) \{\{nl\}\} {\bf{ Peptides}} (\textless{}100 Amino Acids)}  \tn 
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{0.96117 cm} x{1.73926 cm} x{1.87657 cm} }
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\mymulticolumn{3}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Hormones}}  \tn
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{\bf{GLAND}} & {\bf{HORMONE}} & {\bf{FUNCTION/S}} \tn 
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\seqsplit{Hypothalamus} & {\bf{{\emph{TRH}}}} & release TSH \tn 
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 & {\bf{{\emph{CRH}}}} & release ACTH \tn 
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 & {\bf{{\emph{GnRH}}}} & release of FSH \& LH \tn 
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 & {\bf{{\emph{GHRH}}}} & release of GH \& TSH \tn 
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 & {\bf{{\emph{Somatostatin}}}} & inhibits secretion of GH \tn 
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 & {\bf{{\emph{Dopamine}}}} & inhibits secretion of Prolactin \tn 
% Row Count 13 (+ 2)
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\seqsplit{Pituitary} \seqsplit{(Anterior)} & {\bf{{\emph{GH}}}} & growth of bones, muscles, \& tissues \tn 
% Row Count 16 (+ 3)
% Row 8
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 & {\bf{{\emph{TSH}}}} & release T₃ and T₄ \tn 
% Row Count 18 (+ 2)
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 & {\bf{{\emph{ACTH}}}} & production and release of cortisol \tn 
% Row Count 21 (+ 3)
% Row 10
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 & {\bf{{\emph{FSH}}}} & sperm production and follicle dev. \tn 
% Row Count 24 (+ 3)
% Row 11
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 & {\bf{{\emph{LH}}}} & triggers ovulation and testosterone prod. \tn 
% Row Count 27 (+ 3)
% Row 12
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 & {\bf{{\emph{Prolactin}}}} & milk production \tn 
% Row Count 28 (+ 1)
% Row 13
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\seqsplit{Pituitary} \seqsplit{(Posterior)} & {\bf{{\emph{Oxytocin}}}} & uterine contractions and milk ejection; promotes bonding \tn 
% Row Count 32 (+ 4)
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{0.96117 cm} x{1.73926 cm} x{1.87657 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Hormones (cont)}}  \tn
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 & {\bf{{\emph{ADH}}}} & water reabsorption in kidneys; constricts blood vessels \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 4)
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Pineal & {\bf{{\emph{Melatonin}}}} & regulates sleep-wake cycles \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 2)
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Thyroid & {\bf{{\emph{T3}}}} \& {\bf{{\emph{T4}}}} & metabolism, growth, and development \tn 
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 & {\bf{{\emph{Calcitonin}}}} & lowers blood calcium \tn 
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\seqsplit{Parathyroid} & {\bf{{\emph{PTH}}}} & raises blood calcium \tn 
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Adrenal Cortex & {\bf{{\emph{Mineralocorticoid (Aldosterone)}}}} & sodium and potassium balance; maintains blood pressure \tn 
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 & {\bf{{\emph{Glucocorticoid (Cortisol)}}}} & body response to stress; regulates metabolism \tn 
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 & {\bf{{\emph{Androgens}}}} & sex drive and development of secondary sex traits \tn 
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% Row 22
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Adrenal Medulla & {\bf{{\emph{Epinephrine}}}} & increases heart rate, breathing, and energy during stress ("{\bf{{\emph{fight or flight}}}}") \tn 
% Row Count 30 (+ 6)
\end{tabularx}
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\vfill
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{0.96117 cm} x{1.73926 cm} x{1.87657 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Hormones (cont)}}  \tn
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 & {\bf{{\emph{Norepinephrine}}}} & works with epinephrine \tn 
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% Row 24
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\seqsplit{Pancreas} & {\bf{{\emph{Insulin}}}} & lowers blood glucose \tn 
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 & {\bf{{\emph{Glucagon}}}} & raises blood glucose \tn 
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% Row 26
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 & {\bf{{\emph{Somatostatin}}}} & inhibits secretion of insulin and glucagon \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 3)
% Row 27
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Overies & {\bf{{\emph{Oestrogen}}}} & regulates menstrual cycle \tn 
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% Row 28
\SetRowColor{white}
 & {\bf{{\emph{Progesterone}}}} & maintains uterine lining and supports pregnancy \tn 
% Row Count 14 (+ 3)
% Row 29
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Testes & {\bf{{\emph{Testosterone}}}} & supports sperm production \tn 
% Row Count 16 (+ 2)
% Row 30
\SetRowColor{white}
Thymus & {\bf{{\emph{Thymosin}}}} & dev. and activation of T-cells for immune response \tn 
% Row Count 20 (+ 4)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}---}
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{1.29402 cm} x{3.68298 cm} }
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{3 Types of ES Stimuli}}  \tn
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{\bf{{\emph{Neural}}}} & nerves ({\bf{Action Potential - AP}}) stimulate hormone release \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 3)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
{\bf{{\emph{Humoral}}}} & blood substances (e.g. {\bf{{\emph{calcium}}}}, {\bf{{\emph{glucose}}}}, or {\bf{{\emph{ sodium}}}}) stimulates release of hormones \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 4)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{{\emph{Hormonal}}}} & hormones stimulate the release of other hormones \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 2)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{When a hormone ends with -{\bf{{\emph{tropin}}}} or -{\bf{{\emph{tropic}}}} it is usually a hormone that stimulates others, which means it is not the end of the cascade.}  \tn 
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Endocrine Stimuli}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{1}{p{5.377cm}}{\vspace{1px}\centerline{\includegraphics[width=5.1cm]{/web/www.cheatography.com/public/uploads/aya-rivera_1762051240_Endocrine Stimuli.jpeg}}} \tn 
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% That's all folks
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