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\author{ashireii (ashireii)}
\pdfinfo{
  /Title (science-10-unit-iii-chapter-vii.pdf)
  /Creator (Cheatography)
  /Author (ashireii (ashireii))
  /Subject (Science 10 : Unit III : Chapter VII Cheat Sheet)
}

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        \hspace*{-6pt}\includegraphics[width=5.8cm]{/web/www.cheatography.com/public/images/cheatography_logo.pdf}}
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\begin{tabulary}{11cm}{L}
    \vspace{-2pt}\large{\bf{\textcolor{DarkBackground}{\textrm{Science 10 : Unit III : Chapter VII Cheat Sheet}}}} \\
    \normalsize{by \textcolor{DarkBackground}{ashireii (ashireii)} via \textcolor{DarkBackground}{\uline{cheatography.com/196995/cs/41492/}}}
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\noindent
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  \mymulticolumn{2}{p{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cheatographer}}  \\
  \vspace{-2pt}ashireii (ashireii) \\
  \uline{cheatography.com/ashireii} \\
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  \mymulticolumn{1}{p{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cheat Sheet}}  \\
   \vspace{-2pt}Not Yet Published.\\
   Updated 10th February, 2024.\\
   Page {\thepage} of \pageref{LastPage}.
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  %\includegraphics[width=48px,height=48px]{dave.jpeg}
  Measure your website readability!\\
  www.readability-score.com
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\begin{multicols*}{2}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{x{4 cm} x{4 cm} }
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{NERVOUS SYSTEM}}  \tn
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- a {\bf{network of nerves}} that {\emph{connect the {\bf{spinal cord}} and the {\bf{brain}} to the {\bf{rest of the body}} and {\bf{allow a stimulus-response reaction}} to occur {\bf{among different organs}}}} & - has {\emph{numerous functions}} in the human body, since {\bf{{\emph{nerves}} begin at the {\bf{brain}} and connect to {\bf{different organs}} they serve as a {\bf{control system}} that dictates all voluntary and involuntary actions performed by the body}} \tn 
% Row Count 12 (+ 12)
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Neurons}}  \tn
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- {\bf{nerve cells}} called {\emph{neurons}} carry out the {\emph{main functions}} of the {\emph{nervous system}} & {\bf{Neurons}} - the {\emph{fundamental units}} of the {\emph{nervous system}} \tn 
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- these are {\emph{cells}} that {\emph{translate}} {\bf{external stimuli}} into {\bf{electrical signals}} {\emph{transmitted into the brain}} where the delivered information is {\emph{interpreted}} & - the {\emph{nervous system}} contains billions of neurons that are made up of {\emph{three main sections}} \tn 
% Row Count 14 (+ 9)
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Neurons}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{1}{p{8.4cm}}{\vspace{1px}\centerline{\includegraphics[width=5.1cm]{/web/www.cheatography.com/public/uploads/ashireii_1701340908_neuron.png}}} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Three Main Sections of Neurons}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{{\bf{Cell Body}} / {\bf{Soma}} - the {\bf{main part of the neuron}} where the {\emph{nucleus}} is located\textasciicircum{}{[}1{]}\textasciicircum{} - translates {\emph{DNA information}} that is transported to the {\emph{dendrites}} and the {\emph{axon}}\textasciicircum{}{[}2{]}\textasciicircum{}} \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 4)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{{\bf{Axon}} - the {\bf{thick branch}} that {\bf{trails behind the soma}}\textasciicircum{}{[}1{]}\textasciicircum{} - the {\bf{axon terminal}} at the end of the axon allows {\emph{communication}} among {\emph{various neurons}}\textasciicircum{}{[}2{]}\textasciicircum{} - the axon is surrounded by the {\bf{myelin sheath}} (a {\emph{protecting covering}} that insulates the axon and lets {\bf{electrical impulses}} travel {\emph{more quickly}} along the unmyelinated axon, the impulses are transmitted through a process called {\bf{action potential}}\textasciicircum{}{[}3{]}\textasciicircum{}} \tn 
% Row Count 13 (+ 9)
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\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{{\bf{Dendrites}} - {\bf{smaller branch-like extensions}} attached to the ends of the soma\textasciicircum{}{[}1{]}\textasciicircum{} - dendrites {\emph{process {\bf{electrical impulses}} before {\bf{transmitting them to the axon}} through the {\bf{action potential}}}}\textasciicircum{}{[}2{]}\textasciicircum{} - the {\emph{information received by dendrites}} may be either {\bf{excitatory}} ( {\emph{fires up neurons}} ) or  {\bf{inhibitory}} ( {\emph{represses the neurons' tendency to fire up}} )\textasciicircum{}{[}3{]}\textasciicircum{} - the {\emph{dendrites of {\bf{one neuron}} connects with the dendrites of {\bf{other neurons}}}}\textasciicircum{}{[}4{]}\textasciicircum{} - they can {\emph{change sizes}} as they {\emph{receive information}} and the {\bf{{\emph{transmission of signals}} from a {\bf{neuron of tissues of various body organs}} is exhibited}}\textasciicircum{}{[}5{]}\textasciicircum{} - {\bf{this process works through the {\emph{three types of neurons}} distributed throughout the body; then these signals are passed on by the axon; after the brain interprets the signals. {\emph{interneurons in the spinal cord receive the information}} and {\emph{transmit it to motor neurons}} in {\emph{various body organs}}}}} \tn 
% Row Count 32 (+ 19)
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Transmission of Signals from Neurons to Tissues}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{1}{p{8.4cm}}{\vspace{1px}\centerline{\includegraphics[width=5.1cm]{/web/www.cheatography.com/public/uploads/ashireii_1701351351_transmission from neurons to tissues.jpg}}} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Three Neuron Classification}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{{\bf{Sensory Neurons}} - react to {\emph{both external}} and {\emph{internal stimuli}}\textasciicircum{}{[}1{]}\textasciicircum{} - they {\bf{pick up information from outside your body}} and {\emph{deliver}} it to your {\bf{central nervous system}} allowing you to perceive your surroundings through {\emph{sight, hearing, smell. taste, and touch}}\textasciicircum{}{[}2{]}\textasciicircum{} - the {\emph{sensory functions of these neurons}} are controlled by a {\bf{reflex arc}} that {\emph{enables {\bf{involuntary functions}} in the {\bf{nervous system}} through the {\bf{spinal cord}}}}\textasciicircum{}{[}3{]}\textasciicircum{}} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{{\bf{Interneurons}} - {\emph{translate the information}} between {\bf{sensory neurons}} and {\bf{motor neurons}}\textasciicircum{}{[}1{]}\textasciicircum{} - {\emph{integrate the {\bf{sensory neurons}} and {\bf{motor neurons}} within the {\bf{spinal cord}}}}\textasciicircum{}{[}2{]}\textasciicircum{}} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{{\bf{Motor Neurons}} - {\emph{pick up information}} from the {\bf{central nervous system}} and {\emph{transmit}} them through {\emph{nerves in the rest of the body}}\textasciicircum{}{[}1{]}\textasciicircum{} - these neurons mobilize a person and enable physical changes in the body\textasciicircum{}{[}2{]}\textasciicircum{}} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{3}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Flow of Information through the Nervous System}}  \tn
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STIMULUS → & \seqsplit{RECEPTORS} → & AFFRENT NEURONS ↓ \tn 
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↓ PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM & ← \seqsplit{INTERNEURONS} & ← CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM \tn 
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EFFRENT/MOTOR NEURONS → & EFFECTOR → & RESPONSE \tn 
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\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}---}
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\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{X}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Central Nervous System}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{{\bf{Brain}} - the {\bf{major organ of the nervous system}} ; {\emph{reads information}} and {\emph{controls all the functions of the human body}} with the {\emph{help of nerves and neurons}}} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{- the brain's exterior structure is made up of a {\emph{protective layer}} called {\bf{meninges}} that wraps the {\bf{folds}} ( {\emph{gyri}} ) and {\bf{indentations}} ( {\emph{sulci}} )} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{- consists of {\emph{two hemispheres}} subdivided into {\emph{three main parts}} : the {\bf{{\emph{forebrain}}}}, {\bf{{\emph{midbrain}}}}, and the {\bf{{\emph{hindbrain}}}}} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{4}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{1 : Forebrain}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{4}{x{8.4cm}}{- makes up the {\emph{brain's {\bf{frontal area}}}}} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{4}{x{8.4cm}}{- contains the {\emph{largest section}} called {\bf{cerebrum}} which comprises about {\bf{85\%}} of the {\emph{entire human brain structure}}} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{4}{x{8.4cm}}{- responsible for {\emph{sensory perception}} , {\emph{thinking}} , {\emph{processing information}} , {\emph{understanding and speaking languages}}} \tn 
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% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{4}{x{8.4cm}}{- most information processing takes place within the {\bf{cerebral cortex}} ( {\emph{the outer part o cerebrum}} ) that is categorized into {\emph{four cortex lobes}} ( {\bf{frontal}} , {\bf{parietal}} , {\bf{occipital}} , and {\bf{temporal lobes}}} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{4}{x{8.4cm}}{{\bf{frontal lobe}} - located at the {\emph{forefront of the cerebral structure}} divided into the {\bf{motor cortex}} ( {\emph{topmost portion that controls the motor functions and voluntary actions of an individual}} ) and the {\bf{prefrontal cortex}} ( {\emph{governs personality traits, cognitive functions, memory, decision-making process, reasoning, and judgement}} )} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{4}{x{8.4cm}}{{\bf{parietal lobe}} - located {\emph{behind the frontal lobe}} and contains the {\bf{somatosensory cortex}} ( {\emph{processes the sensory information and controls the sense of touch ; this also influences the ability of a person to understand spatial orientations and to maintain body coordination}} )} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{4}{x{8.4cm}}{{\bf{occipital lobe}} - located at the {\emph{posterior part of the cerebrum}} ( {\emph{to control visual perception ; it allows a person to recognize the physical characteristics of objects that he/she sees ; controls the ability to determine the position and the distance of objects}} )} \tn 
% Row Count 31 (+ 6)
\end{tabularx}
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\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{p{0.72 cm} p{0.72 cm} p{0.72 cm} p{0.72 cm} }
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\mymulticolumn{4}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{1 : Forebrain (cont)}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{4}{x{8.4cm}}{{\bf{temporal lobe}} - occupies the {\emph{position beneath the frontal and parietal lobes}} ( {\emph{auditory perception , speech and memory ; also influences partly other sensory perceptions , language comprehensions , and emotional control}} )} \tn 
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\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{X}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Forebrain}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{1}{p{8.4cm}}{\vspace{1px}\centerline{\includegraphics[width=5.1cm]{/web/www.cheatography.com/public/uploads/ashireii_1701358696_forebrain.jpg}}} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{2 : Midbrain}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{- lies {\emph{underneath the forebrain and one of the subdivisions of the {\bf{brainstem}}}} ( {\emph{a short tubular structure that connects the brain to the spinal cord}} )} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{- {\emph{to control eyesight and hearing}}} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{- has {\emph{three main parts}} ; the {\bf{tectum}} / {\bf{colliculi}} , the {\bf{tegmentum}} , and the {\bf{cerebral peduncles}}} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{{\bf{colliculi}} - consists of {\emph{two sections of neuron}} : {\bf{superior colliculi}} ( {\emph{analyze visual signals from the surroundings and send them to the occipital lobe}} ) , {\bf{inferior colliculi}} ( {\emph{process auditory signals from the ears and transmit them to the {\bf{thalamus}}}} {[} {\emph{a structure above the brainstem that carries signals to the cerebrum}} {]}} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{{\bf{tegmentum}} - {\emph{portion that extends along the length of the brainstem}} ; divided into {\emph{three sections identified by their colors}} : the {\bf{pinkish section}} {[} {\emph{iron-rich, controls a person's coordination}} {]} , the {\bf{gray section}} {[} {\emph{periaqueductal gray, controls the ability to suppress pain}} {]} , and the {\bf{substrate sigma}} {[} {\emph{dark pigmented neuron cluster, controls the synthesis of the {\bf{dopamine hormone}} and the mediation of body movements and motor functions}} {]}} \tn 
% Row Count 25 (+ 10)
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{{\bf{cerebral peduncles}} - {\emph{bundles of nerve fibers}} at the {\emph{back of the midbrain, behind the thalamus}} ( {\emph{passageways for signals that are travelling from the cerebral cortex to other parts of the central nervous system particularly the coordination of body movements}} )} \tn 
% Row Count 31 (+ 6)
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\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{X}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Midbrain}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{1}{p{8.4cm}}{\vspace{1px}\centerline{\includegraphics[width=5.1cm]{/web/www.cheatography.com/public/uploads/ashireii_1701359294_midbrain.jpg}}} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{3 : Hindbrain}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{- positioned at the {\emph{lower back area of the brain}}} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{-  includes parts that are {\emph{necessary for {\bf{breathing}} and the {\bf{beating of the heart}}}}} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{- has {\emph{three primary parts}} : the {\bf{pons}} , {\bf{medulla oblongata}} , and {\bf{cerebellum}}} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{{\bf{pons}} - {\emph{bulbous area}} situated {\emph{beneath the midbrain, bridging the cerebral cortex and the brainstem}} ( {\emph{to process {\bf{communication signals}} between {\bf{two major brain hemispheres}} and the {\bf{spinal cord}}}} ) ; contains {\emph{4 of 12 {\bf{cranial nerves}}}} {[} the {\bf{abducens nerve}} ( {\emph{responsible for eye movements}} ) , the {\bf{trigeminal nerve}} ( {\emph{controls chewing and transports sensory information between the head and the faces}} ) , the {\bf{vestibulocochlear nerve}} ( {\emph{controls the sense of hearing and balance}} ) , and the {\bf{facial nerve}} ( {\emph{manages coordination of the body movements and sensation in the face}} )} \tn 
% Row Count 18 (+ 13)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}


% That's all folks
\end{multicols*}

\end{document}