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% Document Info
\author{Arsh.b}
\pdfinfo{
  /Title (9-4-reproduction-in-plants.pdf)
  /Creator (Cheatography)
  /Author (Arsh.b)
  /Subject (9.4 Reproduction in Plants Cheat Sheet)
}

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\noindent
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    {\parbox{\dimexpr\textwidth-2\fboxsep\relax}{\noindent
        \hspace*{-6pt}\includegraphics[width=5.8cm]{/web/www.cheatography.com/public/images/cheatography_logo.pdf}}
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\begin{tabulary}{11cm}{L}
    \vspace{-2pt}\large{\bf{\textcolor{DarkBackground}{\textrm{9.4 Reproduction in Plants Cheat Sheet}}}} \\
    \normalsize{by \textcolor{DarkBackground}{Arsh.b} via \textcolor{DarkBackground}{\uline{cheatography.com/179523/cs/38012/}}}
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\noindent
\begin{multicols}{3}
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  \mymulticolumn{2}{p{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cheatographer}}  \\
  \vspace{-2pt}Arsh.b \\
  \uline{cheatography.com/arsh-b} \\
  \end{tabulary}
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  \mymulticolumn{1}{p{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cheat Sheet}}  \\
   \vspace{-2pt}Published 30th March, 2023.\\
   Updated 30th March, 2023.\\
   Page {\thepage} of \pageref{LastPage}.
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  %\includegraphics[width=48px,height=48px]{dave.jpeg}
  Measure your website readability!\\
  www.readability-score.com
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\end{multicols}}




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\begin{multicols*}{2}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{x{2.48 cm} x{5.52 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Plant reproduction}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{{\emph{Success in plant reproduction depends on pollination, fertilization and seed dispersal.}}} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{Plants can reproduce in a variety of different ways:\{\{nl\}\}- Vegetative propagation\{\{nl\}\}- Spore formations\{\{nl\}\}- Pollen transfer} \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 3)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{Sexual reproduction in flowering plants involves the transfer of pollen to an ova, and involves three distinct phases.} \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 3)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
{\bf{Pollination}} & The transfer of pollen grains from an anther to a stigma.\{\{nl\}\}Many plants possess both male and female structures ({\bf{monoecious}})and can potentially self-pollinate.\{\{nl\}\} from an evolutionary perspective, cross-pollination is preferable as it improves genetic diversity. \tn 
% Row Count 19 (+ 11)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{Fertilisation}} & Fusion of a male gamete nuclei with a female gamete nuclei to form a zygote.\{\{nl\}\}In plants, the male gamete is stored in the pollen grain and the female gamete is found in the ovule. \tn 
% Row Count 26 (+ 7)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
{\bf{Seed dispersal}} & Fertili.sation of gametes results in the formation of a seed, which moves away from the parental plant.\{\{nl\}\}Seed dispersal reduces the competition for resources between germinating seeds and the parental plant.\{\{nl\}\}There are a variety of seed dispersal mechanisms, including wind, water, fruits and animals.\{\{nl\}\}Seed structure varies depending on the mechanisms of dispersal employed by the plant. \tn 
% Row Count 41 (+ 15)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\vfill
\columnbreak
\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{x{2.48 cm} x{5.52 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Plant reproduction (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{{\emph{Most flowering plants use mutualistic relationships with pollinators in sexual reproduction.}}} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 7
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{{\bf{Cross-pollination}} involves transferring pollen grains from one plant to the ovule of a different plant.} \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 3)
% Row 8
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{{\bf{Pollinators}} are animals that are involved in a mutualistic relationship with the flowering plant where both species benefit from the interaction.\{\{nl\}\}The plant gains a means of sexual reproduction whit the animal gains a source of nutrition.} \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 5)
% Row 9
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{Common pollinators include birds, bats and insects.} \tn 
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% Row 10
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{Flowers may be structured to optimise access for certain pollinators.} \tn 
% Row Count 14 (+ 2)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{x{4 cm} x{4 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Photoperiodism}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{{\emph{The switch to flowering is a response to the length of light and dark periods in many plants.}}} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{{\bf{Phytochromes}} are leaf pigments which are used by the plant to detect periods of light and darkness.} \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 3)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{{\bf{Photoperiodism}} is the response of the plant to the relative lengths of light and darkness.} \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 2)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{Phytochromes exist in two forms - an active form and an inactive form, with the active form being P\textasciicircum{}fr\textasciicircum{} which is formed from the inactive form, P\textasciicircum{}r\textasciicircum{} at 660nm. P\textasciicircum{}fr\textasciicircum{} breaks down into P\textasciicircum{}r\textasciicircum{} at \textasciitilde{}725nm, but will also gradually revert to the inactive form in the absence of light.} \tn 
% Row Count 13 (+ 6)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{Because sunlight contains more red light than moonlight, the active form is predominant during the day.} \tn 
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% Row 5
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{Only P\textasciicircum{}fr\textasciicircum{} can cause flowering, however its action differs in certain types of plants.} \tn 
% Row Count 18 (+ 2)
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{Plants can be classed as short-day or long-day plants based on the night length required for flowering.} \tn 
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% Row 7
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{Short-day plants flower when the days are short – hence require the night period to exceed a critical length, meaning that P\textasciicircum{}fr\textasciicircum{} inhibits flowering.} \tn 
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% Row 8
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{Long-day plants flower when the days are long – hence require the night period to be less than a critical length, meaning P\textasciicircum{}fr\textasciicircum{} promotes flowering.} \tn 
% Row Count 27 (+ 3)
% Row 9
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{{\emph{Methods used to induce short-day plants to flower out of season}}} \tn 
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% Row 10
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{Horticulturalists can manipulate the flowering of short-day and long-day plants by controlling the exposure of light.} \tn 
% Row Count 32 (+ 3)
\end{tabularx}
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\vfill
\columnbreak
\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{x{4 cm} x{4 cm} }
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Photoperiodism (cont)}}  \tn
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Long-day plants require periods of darkness to be less than an uninterrupted critical length. & These plants will traditionally not flower during the winter and autumn months when night lengths are long. \tn 
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% Row 12
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 & Horticulturalists can trigger flowering in these plants by exposing the plant to a light source during the night. \tn 
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% Row 13
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Short-day plants require periods of darkness to be greater than an uninterrupted critical length. & These plants will traditionally not flower during the summer months when night lengths are short. \tn 
% Row Count 17 (+ 5)
% Row 14
\SetRowColor{white}
 & Horticulturalists can trigger flowering in these plants by covering the plant with an opaque black cloth for \textasciitilde{}12 hours a day. \tn 
% Row Count 24 (+ 7)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
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\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{p{0.8 cm} p{0.8 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Flowering}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{{\emph{Flowering involves a change in gene expression in the shoot apex.}}} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{Flowers are the reproductive organs of angiospermophytes and develop from the shoot apex.} \tn 
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% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{Changes in gene expression trigger the enlargement of the shoot apical meristem.\{\{nl\}\}This tissue then differentiates to form the different flower structures - spears, petals, stamen and pistil.} \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 4)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{The activation of genes responsible for flowering is influences by abiotic factors - typically linked to the seasons.} \tn 
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% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{Flowering plants will typically bloom when a suitable pollinator is most abundant.} \tn 
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% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{The most common trigger for a change in gene expression is day/night length (photoperiodism).} \tn 
% Row Count 15 (+ 2)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
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\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{x{4 cm} x{4 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Flower structure}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{{\emph{Drawing of half-views of animal-pollinated flowers.}}} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{{\bf{Monoecious}} flowers contain both male and female reproductive structures.} \tn 
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% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{{\bf{Dioecious}} flowers only possess one structure.} \tn 
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% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
{\bf{{\emph{Stamen}}}} is the male part of the flower. & {\bf{Anthers}} are the pollen producing organs of the flower, with the pollen being the male gamete.\{\{nl\}\}{\bf{Filaments}} are the slender stalks that support the anther and make it accessible to pollinators. \tn 
% Row Count 16 (+ 11)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{{\emph{Pistil}}}} is the female part of the flower. & {\bf{Stigma}} is the sticky receptive tip of the pistil that is responsible for catching the pollen.\{\{nl\}\}{\bf{Style}} is the tube-shaped connection between the stigma and the ovule that elevates the stigma to help catch pollen.\{\{nl\}\}{\bf{Ovule}} is the structure that contains the female gametes, and will develop into the seed after fertilisation. \tn 
% Row Count 33 (+ 17)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\vfill
\columnbreak
\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{x{4 cm} x{4 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Flower structure (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Support structures in flowers & {\bf{Petals}} are brightly coloured modified leaves, which function to attract pollinators.\{\{nl\}\}{\bf{Sepal}} is the outer covering that protects the flower when in the bud.\{\{nl\}\}{\bf{Peduncle}} is the stalk of the flower. \tn 
% Row Count 11 (+ 11)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Structure of a flower}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{p{8.4cm}}{\vspace{1px}\centerline{\includegraphics[width=5.1cm]{/web/www.cheatography.com/public/uploads/arsh-b_1680175193_flower-labelled_med.jpeg}}} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{x{2 cm} x{6 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Seed structure}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{Testa}} & an outer seed coat that protects the embryonic plant \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
{\bf{Micropyle}} & a small pore in the outer covering of the seed, that allows for the passage of water \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 3)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{Cotyledon}} & contains the food stores for the seed and forms the embryonic leaves \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 3)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
{\bf{Plumule}} & the embryonic shoot (also called the epicotyl) \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 2)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{Radicle}} & the embryonic root \tn 
% Row Count 12 (+ 2)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Internal structure of a seed}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{p{8.4cm}}{\vspace{1px}\centerline{\includegraphics[width=5.1cm]{/web/www.cheatography.com/public/uploads/arsh-b_1680176308_seed-structure_med.jpeg}}} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{x{2 cm} x{6 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Germinations}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{{\bf{Germination}} is the process by which a seed emerges from a period of dormancy and begins to sprout.} \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 3)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{{\bf{{\emph{Essential conditions}}}}} \tn 
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% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Oxygen & for aerobic respiration \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 1)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
Water & to metabolically activate the seed \tn 
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% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\seqsplit{Temperature} & seeds require certain temperature conditions to sprout \tn 
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% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
pH & seeds require a suitable soil pH to sprout \tn 
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% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{{\bf{Specialised conditions}}} \tn 
% Row Count 12 (+ 1)
% Row 7
\SetRowColor{white}
Fire & some seeds will only sprout after exposure to intense heat \tn 
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% Row 8
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Freezing & some seeds will only sprout after periods of intense cold \tn 
% Row Count 16 (+ 2)
% Row 9
\SetRowColor{white}
Digestion & some seeds require prior animal digestion to erode the seed coat before the seed will sprout \tn 
% Row Count 20 (+ 4)
% Row 10
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Washing & some seeds may be covered with inhibitors and will only sprout after being washed to remove the inhibitors \tn 
% Row Count 24 (+ 4)
% Row 11
\SetRowColor{white}
\seqsplit{Scarification} & seeds are more likely to germinate if the seed coat is weakened from physical damage \tn 
% Row Count 27 (+ 3)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}


% That's all folks
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