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\author{Arsh.b}
\pdfinfo{
  /Title (9-2-transport-in-the-phloem-of-plants.pdf)
  /Creator (Cheatography)
  /Author (Arsh.b)
  /Subject (9.2 Transport in the Phloem of Plants Cheat Sheet)
}

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    {\parbox{\dimexpr\textwidth-2\fboxsep\relax}{\noindent
        \hspace*{-6pt}\includegraphics[width=5.8cm]{/web/www.cheatography.com/public/images/cheatography_logo.pdf}}
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    \vspace{-2pt}\large{\bf{\textcolor{DarkBackground}{\textrm{9.2 Transport in the Phloem of Plants Cheat Sheet}}}} \\
    \normalsize{by \textcolor{DarkBackground}{Arsh.b} via \textcolor{DarkBackground}{\uline{cheatography.com/179523/cs/38007/}}}
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  \mymulticolumn{2}{p{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cheatographer}}  \\
  \vspace{-2pt}Arsh.b \\
  \uline{cheatography.com/arsh-b} \\
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  \mymulticolumn{1}{p{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cheat Sheet}}  \\
   \vspace{-2pt}Published 1st April, 2023.\\
   Updated 1st April, 2023.\\
   Page {\thepage} of \pageref{LastPage}.
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  Measure your website readability!\\
  www.readability-score.com
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\begin{multicols*}{2}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{p{0.8 cm} p{0.8 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Active Translocation}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{{\bf{Translocation}} is the movement of organic compounds from sources to sinks.} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{The {\bf{source}} is where organic compounds are made or stored, while the {\bf{sink}} is where the organic compounds are consumed.} \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 3)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{Translocation occurs in the vascular tube system called the {\bf{phloem}}.} \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 2)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{Glucose is stored and transported as sucrose because it is soluble but metabolically inert.} \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 2)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{The fluid in the poem is called the plant sap.} \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 1)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Phloem structure}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{p{8.4cm}}{\vspace{1px}\centerline{\includegraphics[width=5.1cm]{/web/www.cheatography.com/public/uploads/arsh-b_1680201768_phloem-structure-2_med.jpeg}}} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Xylem and Phloem in Roots}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{p{8.4cm}}{\vspace{1px}\centerline{\includegraphics[width=5.1cm]{/web/www.cheatography.com/public/uploads/arsh-b_1680201813_root1_med.jpeg}}} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
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\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Xylem and Phloem in the Stem}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{p{8.4cm}}{\vspace{1px}\centerline{\includegraphics[width=5.1cm]{/web/www.cheatography.com/public/uploads/arsh-b_1680201849_stem1_med.jpeg}}} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{x{4 cm} x{4 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Phloem Loading}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{{\emph{Active transport is used to load organic compounds into phloem sieve tubes at the source.}}} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{Organic compounds produced at the source are actively loaded into phloem sieve tubes by companion cells.} \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 3)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{{\bf{Symplastic loading}} occurs when materials pass into the sieve tube via the interconnecting {\emph{plasmodesmata}}.} \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 3)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{{\bf{Apoplastic loading}} occurs when materials are pumped across the intervening cell wall by membrane proteins.} \tn 
% Row Count 11 (+ 3)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Aploplastic loading of sucrose into the phloem sieve tubes is a form of active transport. & Hydrogen ions (H+) are actively transported out of phloem cells by proton pumps. \tn 
% Row Count 16 (+ 5)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
 & The concentration of hydrogen ions consequently builds up outside of the cell, creating a proton gradient. \tn 
% Row Count 22 (+ 6)
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & Hydrogen ions passively diffuse back into the phloem cell via a co-transport protein, which requires sucrose movement. \tn 
% Row Count 28 (+ 6)
% Row 7
\SetRowColor{white}
 & This results in a build up of sucrose within the phloem sieve tube for subsequent transport from the source. \tn 
% Row Count 34 (+ 6)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
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\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{X}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Mass Flow}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{{\emph{High concentrations of solutes in the phloem at the source lead to water uptake by osmosis.}}} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{{\emph{Incompressibility of water allows transport along hydrostatic pressure gradients.}}} \tn 
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% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{{\bf{{\emph{At the source}}}}} \tn 
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% Row 3
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{The active transport of solutes (such as sucrose) into the phloem by companion cells makes the sap solution hypertonic.} \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 3)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{This causes water to be drawn from the xylem via osmosis.} \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 2)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{Due to the incompressibility of water, this build up of water in the phloem causes the hydrostatic pressure to increase.} \tn 
% Row Count 13 (+ 3)
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{This increase in hydrostatic pressure forces the phloem sap to move towards areas of lower pressure (mass flow).} \tn 
% Row Count 16 (+ 3)
% Row 7
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{Hence, the phloem transports solutes away from the source (and consequently towards the sink).} \tn 
% Row Count 18 (+ 2)
% Row 8
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{{\emph{Raised hydrostatic pressure causes the contents of the phloem to flow towards sinks.}}} \tn 
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% Row 9
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{{\bf{{\emph{At the sink}}}}} \tn 
% Row Count 21 (+ 1)
% Row 10
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{The solutes within the phloem are unloaded by companion cells and transported into sinks.} \tn 
% Row Count 23 (+ 2)
% Row 11
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{This causes the sap solution at the sink to become increasingly hypotonic.} \tn 
% Row Count 25 (+ 2)
% Row 12
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{Consequently, water is drawn out of the phloem and back into the xylem by osmosis.} \tn 
% Row Count 27 (+ 2)
% Row 13
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{This ensures that the hydrostatic pressure at the sink is always lower than the hydrostatic pressure at the source.} \tn 
% Row Count 30 (+ 3)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\vfill
\columnbreak
\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Mass Flow (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 14
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{Hence, phloem sap will always move from the source towards the sink.} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 15
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{When organic molecules are transported into the sink, they are either metabolised or stored within the tonoplast of vacuoles.} \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 3)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{x{2.96 cm} x{5.04 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Phloem structure}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{{\emph{Structure-function relationships of phloem sieve tubes.}}} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{Phloem serve tubes are primarily composed of two main types of cells:} \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 2)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{Sieve element cells}} & Sieve elements are long and narrow cells that are connected together to form the sieve tube.\{\{nl\}\}- They are connected by {\emph{sieve plates}} at the transverse ends.\{\{nl\}\}- They have no nuclei and reduced number of organelles.\{\{nl\}\}- They have thick and rigid cell walls to withstand the hydrostatic pressures which facilitate flow. \tn 
% Row Count 18 (+ 14)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
{\bf{Companion cell}} & Provide metabolic support for sieve element cells and facilitate the loading and unloading of materials at the source and sink.\{\{nl\}\}- Possess an infolding plasma membrane which increases SA:Vol ratio to allow for more material exchange.\{\{nl\}\}- Have many mitochondria to fuel active transport of materials in the sieve tube.\{\{nl\}\}- Contain appropriate {\emph{transport proteins}} within the plasma membrane to move materials into and out of a sieve tube. \tn 
% Row Count 36 (+ 18)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\vfill
\columnbreak
\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{x{2.96 cm} x{5.04 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Phloem structure (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{Sieve elementals are unable to sustain independent metabolic activity without the support of a companion cell. {\bf{Plasmodesmata}} exist between sieve elements and companion cells in relatively large numbers. These connect the cytoplasm of the two cells and mediate the symplastic exchange of metabolites.} \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 7)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{{\emph{Identification of xylem and phloem in microscope images of stem and root.}}} \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 2)
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{Xylem and phloem vessels are grouped into bundles that extend from the roots to the shoots in vascular plants.\{\{nl\}\}Differences in distribution and arrangement exist between plant types and differences in the diameter of the cavity can be used to identify the different vessels.} \tn 
% Row Count 15 (+ 6)
% Row 7
\SetRowColor{white}
{\bf{{\emph{Roots}}}} & In monocotyledons, the stele is large and vessels will form a radiating circle around the central pith.\{\{nl\}\}Xylem vessels will be located more internally and phloem vessels will be located more externally. \tn 
% Row Count 24 (+ 9)
% Row 8
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & In dicotyledons, the stele is very small and the xylem is located centrally with the phloem surrounding it.\{\{nl\}\}Xylem vessels may form a cross-like shape ('X' for xylem), while the phloem is situated in the surrounding gaps. \tn 
% Row Count 34 (+ 10)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\vfill
\columnbreak
\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{x{2.96 cm} x{5.04 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Phloem structure (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 9
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{{\emph{Stem}}}} & In monocotyledons, the vascular bundles are found in a scattered arrangement throughout the stem.\{\{nl\}\}Phloem vessels will be positioned externally (towards outside of stem) – remember:  phl{\emph{o}}em = {\emph{o}}utside \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 9)
% Row 10
\SetRowColor{white}
 & In dicotyledons, the vascular bundles are arranged in a circle around the centre of the stem (pith).\{\{nl\}\}Phloem and xylem vessels will be separated by the cambium (xylem on inside ; phloem on outside). \tn 
% Row Count 18 (+ 9)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{p{0.8 cm} p{0.8 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Translocation Rate}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{{\emph{Analysis of data from experiments measuring phloem transport rates using aphid stylets and radioactively- labelled carbon dioxide.}}} \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 3)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{{\bf{Aphids}} are a group of insects, (order {\emph{Hemiptera}}) which feed primarily on sap extracted from the phloem.\{\{nl\}\}They have a long, protruding mouthpiece (stylet) which pierces the plant's sieve tube to extract sap. This is aided by directive enzymes that soften tissue layers.\{\{nl\}\}When the stylet is severed sap continues to flow from the plant due to the hydrostatic pressure within the sieve tube.} \tn 
% Row Count 12 (+ 9)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{{\bf{{\emph{Measuring phloem transport}}}}} \tn 
% Row Count 13 (+ 1)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{Aphids can be used to collect sap at various sites along a plant's length and thus provide a measure of phloem transportation lengths.} \tn 
% Row Count 16 (+ 3)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{{\bf{Process}}} \tn 
% Row Count 17 (+ 1)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{A plant is grown within a lab with the leaves sealed within a glass chamber containing radioactively-labelled carbon dioxide.} \tn 
% Row Count 20 (+ 3)
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{The leaves will convert the CO2 into radioactively-labelled sugars (via photosynthesis), which are transported by the phloem.} \tn 
% Row Count 23 (+ 3)
% Row 7
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{Aphids are positioned along the plant's length and encouraged to feed on the phloem sap.} \tn 
% Row Count 25 (+ 2)
% Row 8
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{Once feeding has commenced, the aphid stylet is severed and sap continues to flow from the plant at the selected positions.} \tn 
% Row Count 28 (+ 3)
% Row 9
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{The sap is then analysed for the presence of radioactively-labelled sugars.} \tn 
% Row Count 30 (+ 2)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\vfill
\columnbreak
\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{p{0.8 cm} p{0.8 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Translocation Rate (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 10
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{The rate of phloem transport (translocation rate) can be calculated based on the time taken for the radioisotope to be detected at different positions along the plant's length.} \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 4)
% Row 11
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{{\bf{{\emph{Factors affecting translocation rate}}}}} \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 1)
% Row 12
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{The rate of phloem transport will principally be determined by the concentration of dissolved sugars in the phloem. This concentration is impacted by:\{\{nl\}\}- rate of photosynthesis\{\{nl\}\}- trade of cellular respiration\{\{nl\}\}- rate of transpiration\{\{nl\}\}- diameter of the sieve tubes} \tn 
% Row Count 11 (+ 6)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}


% That's all folks
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\end{document}