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\author{Arsh.b}
\pdfinfo{
  /Title (9-1-transport-in-the-xylem-of-plants.pdf)
  /Creator (Cheatography)
  /Author (Arsh.b)
  /Subject (9.1 Transport in the Xylem of Plants Cheat Sheet)
}

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    \vspace{-2pt}\large{\bf{\textcolor{DarkBackground}{\textrm{9.1 Transport in the Xylem of Plants Cheat Sheet}}}} \\
    \normalsize{by \textcolor{DarkBackground}{Arsh.b} via \textcolor{DarkBackground}{\uline{cheatography.com/179523/cs/37984/}}}
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  \mymulticolumn{2}{p{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cheatographer}}  \\
  \vspace{-2pt}Arsh.b \\
  \uline{cheatography.com/arsh-b} \\
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  \mymulticolumn{1}{p{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cheat Sheet}}  \\
   \vspace{-2pt}Published 1st April, 2023.\\
   Updated 1st April, 2023.\\
   Page {\thepage} of \pageref{LastPage}.
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  Measure your website readability!\\
  www.readability-score.com
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\begin{multicols*}{2}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{p{0.8 cm} p{0.8 cm} }
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Transpiration}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{{\emph{Transpiration is the inevitable consequence of gas exchange in the leaf.}}} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{{\emph{Plants transport water from the roots to the leaves to replace losses from transpiration.}}} \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 2)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{{\bf{Transpiration}} is the loss of water vapour from he stems and leaves of plants.} \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 2)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{A {\bf{transpiration stream}} is when water flows (through the xylem) along the pressure gradient as it is absorbed by the roots replace the water lost by the leaves.} \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 4)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{{\bf{Stomata}} are pores on the underside of the leaf which facilitate gas exchange required for photosynthesis.} \tn 
% Row Count 13 (+ 3)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{As photosynthetic gas exchange requires stomata to be open, transpiration will be affected by the level of photosynthesis.} \tn 
% Row Count 16 (+ 3)
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\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{X}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Evaporation within leaf tissue}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{p{8.4cm}}{\vspace{1px}\centerline{\includegraphics[width=5.1cm]{/web/www.cheatography.com/public/uploads/arsh-b_1680352743_evaporation_med.jpeg}}} \tn 
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\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{X}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Closing of stomata by Abscisic acid}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{p{8.4cm}}{\vspace{1px}\centerline{\includegraphics[width=5.1cm]{/web/www.cheatography.com/public/uploads/arsh-b_1680352828_guard-cells_med.jpeg}}} \tn 
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\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{x{4 cm} x{4 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Transpiration stream}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{The flow of water through the xylem form the roots to the leaf, again gravity, is called the {\bf{transpiration stream}}.} \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 3)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
{\bf{Cohesion}} & Force of attraction between two particles of the same substance.\{\{nl\}\}Water molecules are polar and can form a type of intermolecular association called a hydrogen bond.\{\{nl\}\}This cohesive property causes water molecules to be dragged up the xylem towards the leaves in a continuous stream. \tn 
% Row Count 18 (+ 15)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{Adhesion}} & Adhesion is the force of attraction between two molecules of different substances.\{\{nl\}\}The xylem wall is also polar and can form intermolecular associations with water molecules.\{\{nl\}\}As water molecules moe up the xylem via capillary action, they pull inward the Salem walls to generate further tension. \tn 
% Row Count 34 (+ 16)
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\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{x{4 cm} x{4 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Transpiration stream (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 3
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{{\bf{Structure of the xylem}}} \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{It is a tube composed of dead cells that are hollow, no protoplasm, to allow fro the free movement of water.} \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 3)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{The movement of water is an entirely passive process and occurs in only one direction, as the xylem cells are dead.} \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 3)
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{The cell wall contains numerous pores (pits), which enable the transfer of water between cells.} \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 2)
% Row 7
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{Walls have thickened cellulose and are reinforced by lining to provide strength as water is transported under tension.} \tn 
% Row Count 12 (+ 3)
% Row 8
\SetRowColor{white}
Xylems can be made of tracheids (all vascular plants) and vessel elements (only angiospermophytes) & {\bf{Tracheids}} are tapered cells that exchange water solely by pits, leading o a slower rater of water transfer. \tn 
% Row Count 18 (+ 6)
% Row 9
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & In vessel elements, the end walls have become fused to form a continuous tube, resulting in a faster rate of water transfer. \tn 
% Row Count 25 (+ 7)
% Row 10
\SetRowColor{white}
All xylem vessels are reinforced by lignin, which may be deposited in different ways: & In {\bf{annular vessels}}, the lignin forms a pattern of circular rings at equal distances from each other. \tn 
% Row Count 31 (+ 6)
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\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{x{4 cm} x{4 cm} }
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Transpiration stream (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 11
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 & In {\bf{spiral vessels}}, the lignin is present in the form of a helix or coil. \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 4)
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Structure of a root (vascular plant)}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{1}{p{8.4cm}}{\vspace{1px}\centerline{\includegraphics[width=5.1cm]{/web/www.cheatography.com/public/uploads/arsh-b_1680354398_root-structure_med.jpeg}}} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Water uptake}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{p{8.4cm}}{\vspace{1px}\centerline{\includegraphics[width=5.1cm]{/web/www.cheatography.com/public/uploads/arsh-b_1680354529_symplastic-vs-apoplastic_med.jpeg}}} \tn 
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\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{X}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Role of the xylem}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{1}{p{8.4cm}}{\vspace{1px}\centerline{\includegraphics[width=5.1cm]{/web/www.cheatography.com/public/uploads/arsh-b_1680354700_xylem_med.jpeg}}} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Water conservation}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{{\bf{Xerophytes}} are plants that can tolerate dry conditions due to the presence of a number of adaptations.\{\{nl\}\}- reduced leaves\{\{nl\}\}- rolled leaves\{\{nl\}\}- thick, waxy cuticle\{\{nl\}\}- stomata in pits\{\{nl\}\}- low growth\{\{nl\}\}- CAM physiology} \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 5)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{{\bf{Halophytes}} are plants that can tolerate salty conditions due the presence of a number of adaptations.\{\{nl\}\}- cellular sequestration\{\{nl\}\}- tissue plating\{\{nl\}\}- toot level exclusion\{\{nl\}\}- salt excretion\{\{nl\}\}- altered flowering schedule} \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 5)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
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\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{x{4 cm} x{4 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Evaporation}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{{\emph{The adhesive property of water and evaporation generate tension forces in leaf cell walls.}}} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{Water is lost from he leaves of the plant when it evaporates and diffuses from the stomata.} \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 2)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
The amount of water lost from the leaf is controlled by the opening and closing of the stomata. & Guard cells flank the stomata and can occlude the opening by becoming increasingly flaccid in response to cellular signals. \tn 
% Row Count 11 (+ 7)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
 & When a plant begins to wilt from water stress, dehydrated mesophyll cells release the plant hormone abscisic acid (ABA). \tn 
% Row Count 17 (+ 6)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & Abscisic acid triggers the efflux of potassium from guard cells, decreasing water pressure within the cells (lose turgor). \tn 
% Row Count 24 (+ 7)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
 & A loss of turgor makes the stomatal pore close, as the guard cells become flaccid and block the opening. \tn 
% Row Count 30 (+ 6)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\vfill
\columnbreak
\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{x{4 cm} x{4 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Evaporation (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{Transpiration rates will be higher when stomatal pores are open than when they are closed.} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 7
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{Factors which impact transpiration rate are:\{\{nl\}\}-rate of photosynthesis\{\{nl\}\}- humidity\{\{nl\}\}-temperature\{\{nl\}\}- light intensity\{\{nl\}\}- wind} \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 3)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
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\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{x{4 cm} x{4 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Root uptake}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{{\emph{Active uptake of mineral ions in the roots causes absorption of water by osmosis.}}} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{Plants take up water and mineral ions from the soil via their roots and this need a maximal surface area to optimise this uptake.\{\{nl\}\}Some plants have a fibrous, highly branching root system to increase surface area, while others have a main tap root with lateral branches which can penetrate the soil to access deeper pockets of water.} \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 7)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{The epidermis of roots may have root har cells, which further increase the surface area available for absorption.} \tn 
% Row Count 12 (+ 3)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{{\bf{{\emph{Water uptake}}}}} \tn 
% Row Count 13 (+ 1)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & Materials absorbed by the root epidermis diffuse across the cortex towards a central stele, where the xylem is located. \tn 
% Row Count 19 (+ 6)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
 & The {\bf{stele}} is surrounded by an endodermis layer that is impermeable to the passive flow of water and ions (Casparian strip).\{\{nl\}\}Water and minerals are pumped across this barrier by specialised cells, allowing the rate of uptake to be controlled. \tn 
% Row Count 32 (+ 13)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\vfill
\columnbreak
\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{x{4 cm} x{4 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Root uptake (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & Water will follow the mineral ions into the root via osmosis – moving towards the region with a higher solute concentration. The rate of water uptake will be regulated by specialised water channels ({\bf{aquaporins}}) on the root cell membrane. \tn 
% Row Count 13 (+ 13)
% Row 7
\SetRowColor{white}
 & In the {\bf{symplastic pathway}}, water moves continuously through the cytoplasm of cells (connected via plasmodesmata). \tn 
% Row Count 19 (+ 6)
% Row 8
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & In the apoplastic pathway, water cannot cross the Casparian strip and is transferred to the cytoplasm of the endodermis \tn 
% Row Count 25 (+ 6)
% Row 9
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{{\bf{{\emph{Mineral uptake}}}}} \tn 
% Row Count 26 (+ 1)
% Row 10
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{Fertile soil typically contains negatively charged clay particles to which positively charged mineral ions (cations) may attach.} \tn 
% Row Count 29 (+ 3)
% Row 11
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{Minerals that need to be taken up from the soil include Mg\textasciicircum{}2+\textasciicircum{} (chlorophyll), nitrates (amino acids), Na\textasciicircum{}+\textasciicircum{}, K\textasciicircum{}+\textasciicircum{} and PO4\textasciicircum{}3-\textasciicircum{}.} \tn 
% Row Count 32 (+ 3)
\end{tabularx}
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\vfill
\columnbreak
\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{x{4 cm} x{4 cm} }
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Root uptake (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 12
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Mineral ions may passively diffuse into the roots, but will more commonly be actively uploaded by indirect active transport. & Root cells contain proton pumps that actively expel H\textasciicircum{}+\textasciicircum{} ions (stored in the vacuole of root cells) into the surrounding soil. \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 7)
% Row 13
\SetRowColor{white}
 & The H\textasciicircum{}+\textasciicircum{} ions displace the positively charged mineral ions from the clay, allowing them to diffuse into the root along a gradient. \tn 
% Row Count 14 (+ 7)
% Row 14
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & Negatively charged mineral ions (anions) may bind to the H\textasciicircum{}+\textasciicircum{} ions and be reabsorbed along with the proton. \tn 
% Row Count 20 (+ 6)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
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\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{X}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Xylem structure}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{{\emph{Drawing the structure of primary xylem vessels in sections of stems based on microscope images.}}} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{Vessel elements should be drawn as a continuous tube (tracheids will consist of interlinking tapered cells).} \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 3)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{The remnants of the fused end wall can be represented as indents (these forms perforated end plates).} \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 3)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{The xylem wall should contain gaps (pits), which enable the exchange of water molecules.} \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 2)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{Lignin can be represented by either a spiral (coiled) or annular (rings) arrangement.} \tn 
% Row Count 12 (+ 2)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{X}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Xylem diagram}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{1}{p{8.4cm}}{\vspace{1px}\centerline{\includegraphics[width=5.1cm]{/web/www.cheatography.com/public/uploads/arsh-b_1680354677_xylem-drawing_med.jpeg}}} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
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\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Overview of water conservation adaptations}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{p{8.4cm}}{\vspace{1px}\centerline{\includegraphics[width=5.1cm]{/web/www.cheatography.com/public/uploads/arsh-b_1680355078_xerophyte-halophyte_med.jpeg}}} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
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\par\addvspace{1.3em}


% That's all folks
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