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\author{Arsh.b}
\pdfinfo{
  /Title (5-2-natural-selection.pdf)
  /Creator (Cheatography)
  /Author (Arsh.b)
  /Subject (5.2 Natural selection Cheat Sheet)
}

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        \hspace*{-6pt}\includegraphics[width=5.8cm]{/web/www.cheatography.com/public/images/cheatography_logo.pdf}}
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\begin{tabulary}{11cm}{L}
    \vspace{-2pt}\large{\bf{\textcolor{DarkBackground}{\textrm{5.2 Natural selection Cheat Sheet}}}} \\
    \normalsize{by \textcolor{DarkBackground}{Arsh.b} via \textcolor{DarkBackground}{\uline{cheatography.com/179523/cs/37932/}}}
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  \mymulticolumn{2}{p{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cheatographer}}  \\
  \vspace{-2pt}Arsh.b \\
  \uline{cheatography.com/arsh-b} \\
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  \mymulticolumn{1}{p{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cheat Sheet}}  \\
   \vspace{-2pt}Published 27th March, 2023.\\
   Updated 27th March, 2023.\\
   Page {\thepage} of \pageref{LastPage}.
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  Measure your website readability!\\
  www.readability-score.com
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\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{x{2.96 cm} x{5.04 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Natural selection}}  \tn
% Row 0
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{{\emph{Natural selection increases the frequency of characteristics that make individuals better adapted and decreases       the frequency of other characteristics leading to changes within the species.}}} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{According to the theory of natural selection posed by Charles Darwin and Alfred Wallace, the organism which is most responsive to change is most likely to survive.} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{{\bf{{\emph{Key components of natural selection}}}}} \tn 
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{\bf{Inherited variation}} & There is genetic variation within a population that can also be inherited. \tn 
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{\bf{Competition}} & There is a struggle for survival as species tend to produce more offspring than the environment can support. \tn 
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{\bf{Selection}} & Environmental pressures lead to differential reproduction within a population. \tn 
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{\bf{Adaptations}} & Individuals with beneficial traits will be more likely to survive and pass these traits on to their offspring. \tn 
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{\bf{Evolution}} & Over time, there is a change in allele frequency within the population gene pool. \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Competition}}  \tn
% Row 0
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{{\emph{Species tend to produce more offspring than the environment can support}}} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{The Malthusian dilemma, proposed by Thomas Malthus, states that population multiply exponentially, while food resources multiple linearly. This means that a stable population will eventually outgrow its reoousrce base, leading to competition for survival.} \tn 
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% Row 2
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{When there is an abundance of resources,  a population will grow according to its biotic potential (exponential J-curve). With more offspring, there are less resources available to other members of the population (environmental resistance). This will lead to a struggle for survival and an increase in the mortality rate (causing population growth to slow and plateau).} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Malthusian dilemma}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{1}{p{8.4cm}}{\vspace{1px}\centerline{\includegraphics[width=5.1cm]{/web/www.cheatography.com/public/uploads/arsh-b_1679905986_malthusian-dilemma_med.jpeg}}} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Allele frequency}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{{\emph{Individuals that are better adapted tend to survive and produce more offspring while the less well adapted tend      to die or produce fewer offspring}}} \tn 
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% Row 1
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{The variation that exists within a population is genetic and determined by alleles.} \tn 
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% Row 2
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{Alleles encode for the phenotypic polymorphisms of a particular trait and may be beneficial, detrimental or neutral.} \tn 
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% Row 3
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{Due to natural selection, the proportion of different alleles will change across generations (evolution).} \tn 
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% Row 4
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{As beneficial alleles improve reproduction prospects, they are more likely to be inherited by future generations.} \tn 
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% Row 5
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{Detrimental allies result in fewer offspring and are less likely to be present in future generations.} \tn 
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% Row 6
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{If environmental conditions change, what constitutes a beneficial or detrimental trait may change, and thus allele frequencies in the population are constantly evolving.} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Natural Selection on Daphne Major}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Antibiotic resistance}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{Antibiotics are chemicals produced by microbes that either kill or inhibit the growth of bacteria (bactericidal and bacteriostatic respectively).} \tn 
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% Row 1
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{In a bacterial colony, over many generations, a small proportion of bacteria may develop antibiotic resistance via gene mutation.\{\{nl\}\}If antibiotics are used to treat these infections, it acts as a selective pressure and causes the antibiotic resistance gene to become more prevalent.} \tn 
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% Row 2
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{An example of antibiotic resistance is the evolution of {\emph{Staphylococcus aureus}}, which evolved to be methicillin resistant, and infections cannot be treated by that antibiotic.} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{3}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Variation}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{3}{x{8.4cm}}{{\emph{ Natural selection can only occur if there is variation among members of the same species}}} \tn 
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% Row 1
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\mymulticolumn{3}{x{8.4cm}}{{\emph{Mutation, meiosis and sexual reproduction causes variation between individuals in a species}}} \tn 
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% Row 2
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\mymulticolumn{3}{x{8.4cm}}{Natural selection needs variation, as it allows for differentiation for survival.} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{3}{x{8.4cm}}{The three main mechanisms for genetic variation in a species are mutation, meiosis and sexual reproduction.} \tn 
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{\bf{{\emph{Mutations}}}} & A gene mutation is a change in the nucleotide sequence of a section of DNA coding for a specific trait. &  \tn 
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{\bf{{\emph{Meiosis}}}} & Meiosis promotes variation by creating new gene combinations via either crossing over or independent assortment. &  \tn 
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 & {\bf{Crossing over}} & It involves. the exchange of segments of DNA between homologous chromosomes during Prophase I. \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{3}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Variation (cont)}}  \tn
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 & {\bf{Independent assortment}} & The orientation of each bivalent during Metaphase I occurs independently, meaning different combinations of chromosomes can be inherited when the bivalents separate in Anaphase I. \tn 
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{\bf{{\emph{Sexual reproduction}}}} & As meiosis results in genetically distinct gametes, random fertilisation by egg and sperm will always result in different zygotes. &  \tn 
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\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}---}
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{8.4cm}}{For mutations and meiosis, refer to Unit 3: Genetics \newline For sexual reproduction, refer to Unit 11.4: Sexual reproduction}  \tn 
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\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{x{2.4 cm} x{5.6 cm} }
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Adaptations}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{{\emph{Adaptations are characteristics that make an individual suited to its environment and way of life}}} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{{\emph{Individuals that reproduce pass on characteristics to their offspring}}} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{{\bf{Adaptations}} are features of organisms that aid their survival by allowing them to be better suited to their environment.} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{{\bf{{\emph{Classifications of adaptations}}}}} \tn 
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{\bf{Structural}} & Physical differences in biological structure. \tn 
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{\bf{Behavioural}} & Differences in patterns of of activity. \tn 
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{\bf{Physiological}} & Variations in detection and response by vital organs. \tn 
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{\bf{Biochemical}} & Differences in molecular composition of cells and enzyme functions. \tn 
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{\bf{Development}} & Variable changes that occur across the lifespan of an organism. \tn 
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% Row 9
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{Biological adaptations have a genetic basis and may be passed to offspring when the parents reproduce.} \tn 
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\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
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\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{x{4 cm} x{4 cm} }
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Adaptive radiation}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{{\emph{Changes in beaks of finches on Daphne Major.}}} \tn 
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% Row 1
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{{\bf{Adaptive radiation}} is the rapid evolutionary diversification of a single ancestral line and occurs when members of a single species occupy a variety of distinct niches with different environmental conditions.} \tn 
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% Row 2
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{Daphne Major is a volcanic island that forms part of the Galápagos Islands and is the habitat of a variety of bird species, known as Darwin's finches, subfamily {\emph{Geospizinae}}.} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{These finches shoed adaptive radiation and marked variation is beak size and shape according to diet. (Smaller beaks - smaller seeds, larger beaks - larger seeds).} \tn 
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In 1977, an extended drought changed the frequency of larger beak sizes within the population by natural selection. & The dry conditions result in plants producing larger seeds with tougher seed casings. \tn 
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 & Between 1976 and 1978 there was a change in average beak depth within the finch population. \tn 
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 & Finches with larger beaks were better equipped to feed on the seeds and this produced more offspring with larger beaks. \tn 
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\end{tabularx}
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