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% Packages
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\usepackage{multicol}           % Allows multicols in tables
\usepackage{tabularx}           % Intelligent column widths
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\usepackage{seqsplit}           % Splits long words.
%\usepackage{opensans}          % Can't make this work so far. Shame. Would be lovely.
\usepackage[normalem]{ulem}     % For underlining links
% Most of the following are not required for the majority
% of cheat sheets but are needed for some symbol support.
\usepackage{amsmath}            % Symbols
\usepackage{MnSymbol}           % Symbols
\usepackage{wasysym}            % Symbols
%\usepackage[english,german,french,spanish,italian]{babel}              % Languages

% Document Info
\author{armk}
\pdfinfo{
  /Title (bash-expansions.pdf)
  /Creator (Cheatography)
  /Author (armk)
  /Subject (Bash expansions Cheat Sheet)
}

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% Commands
\newcommand{\SetRowColor}[1]{\noalign{\gdef\RowColorName{#1}}\rowcolor{\RowColorName}} % Shortcut for row colour
\newcommand{\mymulticolumn}[3]{\multicolumn{#1}{>{\columncolor{\RowColorName}}#2}{#3}} % For coloured multi-cols
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% Header and Footer
\pagestyle{fancy}
\fancyhead{} % Set header to blank
\fancyfoot{} % Set footer to blank
\fancyhead[L]{
\noindent
\begin{multicols}{3}
\begin{tabulary}{5.8cm}{C}
    \SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
    \vspace{-7pt}
    {\parbox{\dimexpr\textwidth-2\fboxsep\relax}{\noindent
        \hspace*{-6pt}\includegraphics[width=5.8cm]{/web/www.cheatography.com/public/images/cheatography_logo.pdf}}
    }
\end{tabulary}
\columnbreak
\begin{tabulary}{11cm}{L}
    \vspace{-2pt}\large{\bf{\textcolor{DarkBackground}{\textrm{Bash expansions Cheat Sheet}}}} \\
    \normalsize{by \textcolor{DarkBackground}{armk} via \textcolor{DarkBackground}{\uline{cheatography.com/215747/cs/47805/}}}
\end{tabulary}
\end{multicols}}

\fancyfoot[L]{ \footnotesize
\noindent
\begin{multicols}{3}
\begin{tabulary}{5.8cm}{LL}
  \SetRowColor{FootBackground}
  \mymulticolumn{2}{p{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cheatographer}}  \\
  \vspace{-2pt}armk \\
  \uline{cheatography.com/armk} \\
  \end{tabulary}
\vfill
\columnbreak
\begin{tabulary}{5.8cm}{L}
  \SetRowColor{FootBackground}
  \mymulticolumn{1}{p{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cheat Sheet}}  \\
   \vspace{-2pt}Published 16th March, 2026.\\
   Updated 16th March, 2026.\\
   Page {\thepage} of \pageref{LastPage}.
\end{tabulary}
\vfill
\columnbreak
\begin{tabulary}{5.8cm}{L}
  \SetRowColor{FootBackground}
  \mymulticolumn{1}{p{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Sponsor}}  \\
  \SetRowColor{white}
  \vspace{-5pt}
  %\includegraphics[width=48px,height=48px]{dave.jpeg}
  Measure your website readability!\\
  www.readability-score.com
\end{tabulary}
\end{multicols}}




\begin{document}
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% Set font size to small. Switch to any value
% from this page to resize cheat sheet text:
% www.emerson.emory.edu/services/latex/latex_169.html
\footnotesize % Small font.

\begin{multicols*}{2}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Official docs}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{The bible (short version)} \tn 
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\hspace*{6 px}\rule{2px}{6px}\hspace*{6 px}\seqsplit{https://linux.die.net/man/1/bash}} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{The bible (full version)} \tn 
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\hspace*{6 px}\rule{2px}{6px}\hspace*{6 px}\seqsplit{https://www.gnu.org/software/bash/manual/bash.html}} \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 3)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{x{3.44 cm} x{4.56 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Parameter expansion}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\$\{var{\bf{:-}}word\} & Substitute word if var is unset or null \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\$\{var{\bf{:=}}word\} & Substitute and assign word to var if var is unset/null \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 3)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\$\{var{\bf{:?}}word\} & Write word to stderr and exit if var is unset/null \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 3)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\$\{var{\bf{:+}}word\} & Substitute word if var is set or non null \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 2)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\$\{var{\bf{:offset{[}:len{]}}}\} & Expands to up to len characters of var starting at the character specified by offset. \tn 
% Row Count 14 (+ 4)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
\$\{{\bf{!}}var\} & Indirection: expands the the value of the value of var \tn 
% Row Count 17 (+ 3)
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\$\{{\bf{!}}prefix{\bf{*}}\} & Expands to the names of variables whose names begin with prefix separated by IFS{[}0{]} (as single word) \tn 
% Row Count 22 (+ 5)
% Row 7
\SetRowColor{white}
\$\{{\bf{!}}prefix{\bf{@}}\} & Same as above but as multiple words \tn 
% Row Count 24 (+ 2)
% Row 8
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\$\{{\bf{!}}name{\bf{{[}*{]}}}\} & Expands to the list of array indices (keys) assigned in name \tn 
% Row Count 27 (+ 3)
% Row 9
\SetRowColor{white}
\$\{{\bf{\#}}var\} & Length of var, or length of array for \$\{\#arr{[}*{]}\} \tn 
% Row Count 30 (+ 3)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\vfill
\columnbreak
\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{x{3.44 cm} x{4.56 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Parameter expansion (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 10
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\$\{var{\bf{\#}}word\} & Removes shortest prefix word from var. \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 11
\SetRowColor{white}
\$\{var{\bf{\#\#}}word\} & Same as above but with longest prefix \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 2)
% Row 12
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\$\{parameter{\bf{\%}}word\} & Removes shortest suffix word from var. \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 2)
% Row 13
\SetRowColor{white}
\$\{parameter{\bf{\%\%}}word\} & Same as above but with longest suffix \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 2)
% Row 14
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\$\{var{\bf{/}}pattern{\bf{/}}string\} & Substitute first instance of pattern in var with string \tn 
% Row Count 11 (+ 3)
% Row 15
\SetRowColor{white}
\$\{var{\bf{//}}pattern{\bf{/}}string\} & Same as above, but all instances \tn 
% Row Count 13 (+ 2)
% Row 16
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\$\{var{\bf{/\#}}pattern{\bf{/}}string\} & Same as above, but pattern must be at beginning of var \tn 
% Row Count 16 (+ 3)
% Row 17
\SetRowColor{white}
\$\{var{\bf{/\%}}pattern{\bf{/}}string\} & Same as above, but pattern must be at the end of var \tn 
% Row Count 19 (+ 3)
% Row 18
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\$\{var{\bf{\textasciicircum{}}}pattern\} & Uppercases the first character of var if it matches pattern. Empty pattern matches all. \tn 
% Row Count 23 (+ 4)
% Row 19
\SetRowColor{white}
\$\{var{\bf{\textasciicircum{}\textasciicircum{}}}pattern\} & Uppercases every match of pattern in var \tn 
% Row Count 25 (+ 2)
% Row 20
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\$\{var{\bf{,}}pattern\} & Same as \$\{var\textasciicircum{}pattern\} but lowercase \tn 
% Row Count 27 (+ 2)
% Row 21
\SetRowColor{white}
\$\{var{\bf{,,}}pattern\} & Same as \$\{var\textasciicircum{}\textasciicircum{}pattern\} but lowercase \tn 
% Row Count 29 (+ 2)
% Row 22
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\$\{var@operator\} & Various operations, see manual. Includes case modification, length, automatic quoting and escaping, variable export, reading attributes. \tn 
% Row Count 36 (+ 7)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\{\{link="https://www.gnu.org/software/bash/manual/bash.html\#Shell-Parameter-Expansion-1"\}\}3.5.3 Shell Parameter Expansion\{\{/link\}\} \newline {\emph{word}} is subject to tilde expansion, parameter expansion, command substitution, and arithmetic expansion. {\emph{pattern}} matches according to pattern matching.}  \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Conditional Expressions}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{if `command`} \tn 
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\hspace*{6 px}\rule{2px}{6px}\hspace*{6 px}Checks for return code of `command`} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{{[} expression {]}} \tn 
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\hspace*{6 px}\rule{2px}{6px}\hspace*{6 px}External tool ("test") that runs with parameters expression and returns 0 for true, 1 for false.\{\{nl\}\}Word splitting, parameter expansion and filename glob expansions occur before the test command runs: {\bf{always quote variables}} to prevent word expansion and filename expansion unless desired.} \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 8)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{{[}{[} conditional {]}{]}} \tn 
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\hspace*{6 px}\rule{2px}{6px}\hspace*{6 px}Internal bash builtin that runs the conditional check. Expansions are performed except word splitting and filename expansion: quoting variables is not necessary.\{\{nl\}\}Supports \textless{} and \textgreater{} as comparison operators, \&\& and || as and/or chaining operators, =\textasciitilde{} as regex matching operator} \tn 
% Row Count 17 (+ 7)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Order of expansions}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{1 - Word splitting} \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{2 - Braces \{ \}} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 1)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{3 - Tildes \textasciitilde{}} \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 1)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{4 - Parameters / variables \$\{ \}} \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 1)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{5 - Arithmetic \$(( ))} \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 1)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{6 - Commands \$( )} \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 1)
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{7 - Word splitting (again)} \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 1)
% Row 7
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{8 - Pathnames ./*} \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 1)
% Row 8
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{9 - Process substitution \textless{}( )} \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 1)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{Only brace expansion, word splitting, pathname expansion, "\$@" and "\$\{name{[}@{]}\}" can change the number of words of the expansion; other expansions expand a single word to a single word.}  \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{x{1.76 cm} x{6.24 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Command expansion}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\seqsplit{\$(command)} & Replaces the command substitution with the standard output of the command \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 3)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\textbackslash{}`command\textbackslash{}` & Same as above but backslash retains its literal meaning unless escaped \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 3)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{If the substitution appears within double quotes, word splitting and pathname expansion are not performed on the results.}  \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{x{1.6 cm} x{6.4 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Process Substitution}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\textless{}(process) & Substitutes with the standard output fd of process \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\textgreater{}(process) & Substitutes with the standard input fd of process \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 2)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{Similar to piping but acts with files (named pipes), allowing them to work with commands that do not accept standard input unlike pipes, and allows working with multiple inputs/outputs without `... | tee`}  \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{x{2.16 cm} x{5.84 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Arithmetic Expansion}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\seqsplit{\$((expression))} & Evaluates expression as an arithmetic expression \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{{\emph{Operator precedence, associativity, and values are the same as in C.}} Shell variables can be used raw without \$. Evaluation is done in fixed-width integers. Prefixes indicate bases: "0" for octal, "0x" for hex, "n\#" for base n.}  \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{x{2.16 cm} x{5.84 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Pattern Matching}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\textbackslash{} & Escapes next character \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
* & Matches any string incl null string. \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 2)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
? & Matches any single char \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 1)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
{[}...{]} & As regex \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 1)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\seqsplit{?(pattern-list)} & Matches 0 or 1 instance of one of the patterns separated by | \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 3)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
\seqsplit{*(pattern-list)} & Matches 0+ instances of one of the patterns separated by | \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 2)
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\seqsplit{+(pattern-list)} & Matches 1+ instances of one of the patterns separated by | \tn 
% Row Count 12 (+ 2)
% Row 7
\SetRowColor{white}
\seqsplit{@(pattern-list)} & Matches exactly 1 instance of one of the patterns separated by | \tn 
% Row Count 15 (+ 3)
% Row 8
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
!(pattern-list) & Matches anything except one of the patterns separated by | \tn 
% Row Count 17 (+ 2)
% Row 9
\SetRowColor{white}
** & When globstar is enabled, matches all files, dirs, subdirs and files in subdirs \tn 
% Row Count 20 (+ 3)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{"Pattern list" patterns require the {\emph{extglob}} option to be enabled.  \newline Works in case statements, == and != inside {[}{[} {]}{]}, case modification, pattern match variable expansion and filename expansion if the "pattern characters" are not quoted.}  \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{x{3.28 cm} x{4.72 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{I/O redirection}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
command {[}n{]}\textless{} file & Opens file for reading and redirects fd n (default 0, stdin) of command to file \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 4)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
command {[}n{]}\textgreater{} file & Opens file for writing and redirects fd n (default 1, stdout) of command to file \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 4)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\&\textgreater{}file & Redirects both stdin and stderr to file. Same as `\textgreater{}word 2\textgreater{}\&1` \tn 
% Row Count 11 (+ 3)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\&\textgreater{}\textgreater{}file & Same as above but appends \tn 
% Row Count 13 (+ 2)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\textless{}\textless{}word\{\{nl\}\}text\{\{nl\}\}word & Substitute standard input with text (can be multiple lines) \tn 
% Row Count 16 (+ 3)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
\textless{}\textless{}-word\{\{nl\}\}text\{\{nl\}\}word & As above but strips tabs from text and final word \tn 
% Row Count 19 (+ 3)
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\textless{}\textless{}"word"\{\{nl\}\}text\{\{nl\}\}word & As \textless{}\textless{}word but do not perform parameter expansion, command substitution, and arithmetic expansion in text \tn 
% Row Count 24 (+ 5)
% Row 7
\SetRowColor{white}
\textless{}\textless{}\textless{}word & Supplies word as a single line to fd n (default stdin) \tn 
% Row Count 27 (+ 3)
% Row 8
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{[}n{]}\textless{}\&word & File descriptor n is made to be a copy of fd word for input \tn 
% Row Count 30 (+ 3)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\vfill
\columnbreak
\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{x{3.28 cm} x{4.72 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{I/O redirection (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 9
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{[}n{]}\textgreater{}\&word & Same as above but for output \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 10
\SetRowColor{white}
{[}n{]}\textless{}\&digit- & Moves fd digit to fd n (default stdin) and closes digit \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 3)
% Row 11
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{[}n{]}\textgreater{}\&digit- & Same but for output (default stdout) \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 2)
% Row 12
\SetRowColor{white}
{[}n{]}\textless{}\textgreater{}word & Opens word for reading and writing on fd n \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 2)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{A fd number can be prepended to most forms in order to redirect to another fd instead of the default stdin/out/err.}  \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{x{1.44 cm} x{6.56 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Grouping Commands}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
(list) & Executes the commands in a subshell \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\{ list; \} & Executes the commands in the current environment \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 2)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{The exit status of both of these constructs is the exit status of list. See pipefail option.}  \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}


% That's all folks
\end{multicols*}

\end{document}