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% Document Info
\author{aqqua (aqqua)}
\pdfinfo{
  /Title (vce-unit-1-physics-radiation-and-nuclear-energy.pdf)
  /Creator (Cheatography)
  /Author (aqqua (aqqua))
  /Subject (VCE Unit 1 Physics - Radiation \& Nuclear Energy Cheat Sheet)
}

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\noindent
\begin{multicols}{3}
\begin{tabulary}{5.8cm}{C}
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    {\parbox{\dimexpr\textwidth-2\fboxsep\relax}{\noindent
        \hspace*{-6pt}\includegraphics[width=5.8cm]{/web/www.cheatography.com/public/images/cheatography_logo.pdf}}
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\begin{tabulary}{11cm}{L}
    \vspace{-2pt}\large{\bf{\textcolor{DarkBackground}{\textrm{VCE Unit 1 Physics - Radiation \& Nuclear Energy Cheat Sheet}}}} \\
    \normalsize{by \textcolor{DarkBackground}{aqqua (aqqua)} via \textcolor{DarkBackground}{\uline{cheatography.com/212474/cs/46163/}}}
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\noindent
\begin{multicols}{3}
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  \mymulticolumn{2}{p{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cheatographer}}  \\
  \vspace{-2pt}aqqua (aqqua) \\
  \uline{cheatography.com/aqqua} \\
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  \SetRowColor{FootBackground}
  \mymulticolumn{1}{p{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cheat Sheet}}  \\
   \vspace{-2pt}Published 21st April, 2025.\\
   Updated 21st April, 2025.\\
   Page {\thepage} of \pageref{LastPage}.
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  \vspace{-5pt}
  %\includegraphics[width=48px,height=48px]{dave.jpeg}
  Measure your website readability!\\
  www.readability-score.com
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\begin{document}
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% Set font size to small. Switch to any value
% from this page to resize cheat sheet text:
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\begin{multicols*}{2}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{x{1.008 cm} x{2.52 cm} x{1.728 cm} x{1.944 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{4}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Fission/Fusion/Binding Summary}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\seqsplit{Process} & What Happens? & Energy Source & Main Issues \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\seqsplit{Fission} & Big nucleus splits into smaller ones & Mass defect & \seqsplit{Radioactive} waste, accidents \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 3)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\seqsplit{Fusion} & Small nuclei combine into bigger one & Mass defect & Hard to achieve on Earth \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 3)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\seqsplit{Binding} \seqsplit{Energy} & Energy holding nucleus together & Mass \seqsplit{converted} to energy & Indicates stability \tn 
% Row Count 11 (+ 3)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}----}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Definitions in Nuclear Energy}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{Fission- When a nucleus splits into two or more pieces usually after \newline % Row Count 2 (+ 2)
bombardment by neutrons. \newline % Row Count 3 (+ 1)
Fusion- A process taking place inside stars in which small nuclei are \newline % Row Count 5 (+ 2)
forced together to make larger nuclei. Energy is released in the \newline % Row Count 7 (+ 2)
process. \newline % Row Count 8 (+ 1)
Chain reaction - A series of nuclear fissions that may or may not be \newline % Row Count 10 (+ 2)
controlled. The neutrons that are released cause the reaction. \newline % Row Count 12 (+ 2)
Critical Mass: Minimum mass of fissile material for a self-sustaining chain reaction% Row Count 14 (+ 2)
} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Key Points in Nuclear Energy}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{Fission: \newline % Row Count 1 (+ 1)
Used in nuclear reactors \& bombs. \newline % Row Count 2 (+ 1)
Releases 2-3 neutrons per event → can cause chain reaction. \newline % Row Count 4 (+ 2)
Controlled with control rods (graphite/cadmium). \newline % Row Count 5 (+ 1)
Fusion: \newline % Row Count 6 (+ 1)
Powers the sun \& stars. \newline % Row Count 7 (+ 1)
More energy per nucleon than fission. \newline % Row Count 8 (+ 1)
Hard to achieve on Earth due to electrostatic repulsion; needs high temp/pressure. \newline % Row Count 10 (+ 2)
Binding Energy Graph: \newline % Row Count 11 (+ 1)
Most stable nuclei: mass numbers 40–80 (e.g., iron-56). \newline % Row Count 13 (+ 2)
Fusion: energy released for nuclei \textless{} iron. \newline % Row Count 14 (+ 1)
Fission: energy released for nuclei \textgreater{} iron. \newline % Row Count 15 (+ 1)
Australia: \newline % Row Count 16 (+ 1)
1/3 of world's uranium, no nuclear power plants. \newline % Row Count 18 (+ 2)
Relies on coal \& gas. \newline % Row Count 19 (+ 1)
Risks of Nuclear Power: \newline % Row Count 20 (+ 1)
Radioactive waste—long half-lives. \newline % Row Count 21 (+ 1)
Security of uranium (weapons risk). \newline % Row Count 22 (+ 1)
Accidents (Chernobyl, Fukushima). \newline % Row Count 23 (+ 1)
Fusion Power: \newline % Row Count 24 (+ 1)
Not yet practical; research ongoing (e.g., ITER, JET). \newline % Row Count 26 (+ 2)
Goal: produce more energy than consumed.% Row Count 27 (+ 1)
} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
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\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Half-life Formula}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{p{8.4cm}}{\vspace{1px}\centerline{\includegraphics[width=5.1cm]{/web/www.cheatography.com/public/uploads/aqqua_1745197859_halflife.png}}} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
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\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{X}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Activity Formula}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{1}{p{8.4cm}}{\vspace{1px}\centerline{\includegraphics[width=5.1cm]{/web/www.cheatography.com/public/uploads/aqqua_1745197922_activity.png}}} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{Activity is measured in becquerel's (Bq) \newline 1 Bq = 1 disintegration per second}  \tn 
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\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Dose Formulas}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{p{8.4cm}}{\vspace{1px}\centerline{\includegraphics[width=5.1cm]{/web/www.cheatography.com/public/uploads/aqqua_1745198615_absorbed.png}}} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{Used to calculate radiation energy absorbed per kg of tissue. \newline Absorbed dose is measured in J/Kg or Greys (Gy).}  \tn 
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\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{X}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Dose Formulas}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{1}{p{8.4cm}}{\vspace{1px}\centerline{\includegraphics[width=5.1cm]{/web/www.cheatography.com/public/uploads/aqqua_1745198705_eqdose.png}}} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{Takes into account Absorbed Dose so that must be calculated first \newline Equivalent dose is measured in Sieverts (Sv).}  \tn 
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\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{X}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Dose Formulas}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{p{8.4cm}}{\vspace{1px}\centerline{\includegraphics[width=5.1cm]{/web/www.cheatography.com/public/uploads/aqqua_1745198970_effecyt.png}}} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{Effective dose (in Sieverts) is found by calculating the sum of equivalent doses multiplied by the weighting factor, W, for each organ affected \newline e.g: .. = (0.04 x 1) + (0.01 x 1) +.... -\textgreater{} Each multiplication is a separate organ}  \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
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\par\addvspace{1.3em}

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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Mass Defect}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{1}{p{8.4cm}}{\vspace{1px}\centerline{\includegraphics[width=5.1cm]{/web/www.cheatography.com/public/uploads/aqqua_1745199825_massdefct.png}}} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{Used for E = mc\textasciicircum{}2\textasciicircum{} \newline E = binding energy (J) \newline m = mass defect \newline c = 3.0 x 10\textasciicircum{}8\textasciicircum{} ms\textasciicircum{}-1\textasciicircum{}}  \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
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\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{X}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Electron Volt}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{1 eV = 1.602 176 x 10\textasciicircum{}-19\textasciicircum{} J} \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{KeV = 10\textasciicircum{}3\textasciicircum{}, MeV =10\textasciicircum{}6\textasciicircum{}, GeV = 10\textasciicircum{}9\textasciicircum{}, TeV = 10\textasciicircum{}12\textasciicircum{}} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 1)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Isotopes}}  \tn
% Row 0
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{Isotope: An atom with the same number of protons but different numbers of neutrons.} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{Radioisotope: A radioactive isotope that are sometimes unstable.} \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 2)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Atomic Notation}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{p{8.4cm}}{\vspace{1px}\centerline{\includegraphics[width=5.1cm]{/web/www.cheatography.com/public/uploads/aqqua_1745195453_Atomic Notation.png}}} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{Mass Number (A) = Total number of protons \& neutrons in the nucleus = Nucleons \newline Atomic Number (Z) = Number of protons in the nucleus}  \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Radioactivity or Decay}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{p{8.4cm}}{\vspace{1px}\centerline{\includegraphics[width=5.1cm]{/web/www.cheatography.com/public/uploads/aqqua_1745197266_decay.png}}} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{Properties: \newline Alpha -\textgreater{} Heavy, slow-moving, double positive charge, low penetration, travels less than 10\% of c \newline Beta -\textgreater{} Lighter than Alpha, fast-moving, travels up to 90\% of c \newline Gamma -\textgreater{} High frequency, no charge, high penetration, travels 100\% of c}  \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{x{4 cm} x{4 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Ionising Radiation}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Alpha, beta, and gamma are all ionising radiation & Alpha has the greatest ionising power, followed by beta, then gamma \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 4)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{They are harmful to living things and have enough energy to remove outer-shell electrons to create ions} \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 3)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{There are two types of effects of radiation on living organisms: Somatic and Genetic}  \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Effects of Radiation}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{Somatic (physical) effects arise when ordinary body cells are damaged and depends on the size of the dose.} \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 3)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{Genetic effects arise when the cells in the reproductive organs are damaged, genetic changes that happen in the developed ova or sperm could be passed on to a developing embryo.} \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 4)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Radiation in Therapy}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{Radioisotopes are used in the diagnosis and treatment of cancer.} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{Medical imaging is used in the diagnosis of different diseases.} \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 2)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{X-rays, CT, Gamma radiation scans, MRI, PET scans, SPECT are all examples.} \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 2)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cancer Treatment through Radiotherapy}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{Cobalt-60 external beam therapy: Gamma rays from C-60 source is directed through a patient into the tumour site.} \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 3)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{Tomotherapy} \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 1)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{The Gamma Knife: high dose of gamma radiation, treats brain tumours.} \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 2)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{Chemotherapy: radioisotope must have a short half-life, emit alpha or beta, and not too much gamma} \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 2)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{Brachytherapy: Kills abnormal cells using small wires/seeds} \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 2)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}


% That's all folks
\end{multicols*}

\end{document}