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  /Title (section-6-using-networks.pdf)
  /Creator (Cheatography)
  /Author (Apex\_Cyber)
  /Subject (Section 6 Using networks Cheat Sheet)
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    \vspace{-2pt}\large{\bf{\textcolor{DarkBackground}{\textrm{Section 6 Using networks Cheat Sheet}}}} \\
    \normalsize{by \textcolor{DarkBackground}{Apex\_Cyber} via \textcolor{DarkBackground}{\uline{cheatography.com/33688/cs/10502/}}}
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  \mymulticolumn{2}{p{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cheatographer}}  \\
  \vspace{-2pt}Apex\_Cyber \\
  \uline{cheatography.com/apex-cyber} \\
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  \mymulticolumn{1}{p{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cheat Sheet}}  \\
   \vspace{-2pt}Not Yet Published.\\
   Updated 13th January, 2017.\\
   Page {\thepage} of \pageref{LastPage}.
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  Measure your website readability!\\
  www.readability-score.com
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\begin{multicols*}{4}

\begin{tabularx}{3.833cm}{X}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Advantages of stand alone environment}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{cheaper to set up as network cards and wiring are omitted} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{A network manager/administrator is not necessary to run the stand alone computers} \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 2)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{Fewer problems with viruses} \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 1)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{Not as hardware dependent as a network where failure in the file server or fault in the cable will affect the whole network} \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 3)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
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\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{3.833cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Web conferencing}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{-Web conferencing enables the real-time sharing of computer screens, individual applications or web-based content among two or more computers or mobile devices.  \newline % Row Count 4 (+ 4)
{\bf{-Web conferencing platforms may be internet based and delivered via software as a service (SaaS) or may run within enterprise data centers in an on-premises delivery model.}} \newline % Row Count 8 (+ 4)
-Most web conferencing platforms support voice and video conferencing. Some platforms also support screen annotation, polling, speaker management, chat discussions, shared whiteboards and much more. Platforms that support video conferencing may also integrate with room-based video conferencing systems. \newline % Row Count 15 (+ 7)
{\bf{-Web conferencing allows users to conduct business meetings and seminars, lead presentations, provide online education and offer direct customer support via remote keyboard mouse control. Control of the session can be passed among users, so any attendee can act as the main presenter.}} \newline % Row Count 21 (+ 6)
-Most web conferencing platforms are accessible via a web browser, but downloading and installing a client is often required to take advantage of all features, such as voice and video conferencing and content sharing.% Row Count 26 (+ 5)
} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{3.833cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{The disadvantages of mobile networks}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{There are costs involved in setting up the equipment and training required to make use of mobile devices} \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 3)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{Mobile IT devices can expose valuable data to unauthorised people if the proper precautions are not taken to ensure that the devices, and the data they can access, are kept safe.} \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 4)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{3.833cm}{x{1.7165 cm} x{1.7165 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{3.833cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{the difference between the internet and the WWW}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
The internet is often defined as being a network of computer networks connected together by routers, and can be thought of as the cabling and connectors as well as the computer themselves. & {\bf{The worldwide web is just one aspect of the internet, along with e-mail, file transfer and so on. It is a collection of hypertext documents, menus etc., often in html format. It is an information retrieval system that needs a web browser to access it.}} \tn 
% Row Count 13 (+ 13)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
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\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{3.833cm}{X}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Benefits on the internet}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{Information on almost every subject imaginable} \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{Powerful search engines } \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 1)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{Ability to do research from your home versus research libraries. } \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 2)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{Information at various levels of study. Everything from scholarly articles to ones directed at children. } \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 3)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{Message boards where people can discuss ideas on any topic. Ability to get wide range of opinions. People can find others that have a similar interest in whatever they are interested in. } \tn 
% Row Count 11 (+ 4)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{The internet provides the ability of emails. Free mail service to anyone in the country} \tn 
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% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{Platform for products like SKYPE, which allow for holding a video conference with anyone in the world who also has access. } \tn 
% Row Count 16 (+ 3)
% Row 7
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{News, of all kinds is available almost instantaneously. Commentary, on that news, from every conceivable viewpoint is also available} \tn 
% Row Count 19 (+ 3)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
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\begin{tabularx}{3.833cm}{X}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{extranets}}  \tn
% Row 0
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{An extranets is a means of extending an organisation's intranets for use by selected people outside the organisation} \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 3)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{It is particularly useful to companies who wish to enable customers, sales people or suppliers, for example, to use the facilities of their intranet.} \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 3)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{In order to maintain security and confidentiality of data, firewalls, VPNs and authentication techniques are used, together with complex data encryption techniques.} \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 4)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{Extranets have many uses. Customers and an externally based sales force can be provided with up-to-the-minute catalogues.} \tn 
% Row Count 13 (+ 3)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{Training facilities and courses can be shared with other companies} \tn 
% Row Count 15 (+ 2)
% Row 5
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{Projects can be set up and operated with business partners} \tn 
% Row Count 17 (+ 2)
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{They are also used so that employees can work from home and have access to all the facilities that they would have from the intranet at work.} \tn 
% Row Count 20 (+ 3)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
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\begin{tabularx}{3.833cm}{X}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{How Intranets Are Used}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{Like the Internet itself, intranets are used to share information. Secure intranets are now the fastest-growing segment of the Internet because they are much less expensive to build and manage than private networks based \seqsplit{on proprietary protocols}.% Row Count 6 (+ 6)
} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
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\begin{tabularx}{3.833cm}{p{0.66726 cm} x{0.9099 cm} x{1.45584 cm} }
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\mymulticolumn{3}{x{3.833cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Characteristics of CLIENT SERVER, P2P, VPN}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Client server & Peer to peer (P2P) & Virtual private network (VPN) \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 1
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\mymulticolumn{3}{x{3.833cm}}{Application is distributed but data is centralised (server} \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 2)
% Row 2
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\mymulticolumn{3}{x{3.833cm}}{User can access data which is centrally control (server} \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 2)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{3.833cm}}{Strong emphasis on bringing on user friendly familiar apps and interface} \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 2)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}---}
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\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{3.833cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Stand alone environment}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{Each computer only have {\bf{one OS.}} \newline % Row Count 1 (+ 1)
Storage drives are needed to give copy of the OS to other computer.% Row Count 3 (+ 2)
} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{3.833cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Local area network (LAN)}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{Local Area Network: a set of links that connect together computers that are geographically close. \newline % Row Count 2 (+ 2)
Characteristics of LAN: \newline % Row Count 3 (+ 1)
-The workstations are usually microcomputers. \newline % Row Count 4 (+ 1)
{\bf{-The communication between workstations is usually along cables like wire cables, fibre optic cables, or via radio signals.}} \newline % Row Count 7 (+ 3)
-A File Server is a dedicated computer that runs the software needed by the network and stores the files that users have created. It sets up control access to folders belonging to different users and departments. A file server is usually set up to control 'who can log on' to the network system, and to control 'who has access to which resources'. \newline % Row Count 15 (+ 8)
{\bf{-A Proxy server might control which users have access to the internet and when.}} \newline % Row Count 17 (+ 2)
-Terminals are individual workstations that give access to the network. Using a terminal give access to the network's software and files. \newline % Row Count 20 (+ 3)
{\bf{-If a group of terminals share use of a printer then the system needs a Print Server. If two or more documents are sent to the printer at the same time the print server will put them into a queue. Users can then carry on with other work whilst waiting for the document to be printed. A Printer Server controls who can print to a variety of different printers available on the network.}}% Row Count 28 (+ 8)
} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
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\begin{tabularx}{3.833cm}{x{1.7165 cm} x{1.7165 cm} }
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{3.833cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Advantages and disadvantages of extranets}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
The ability to exchange large volumes of data using electronic data interchange & Disadvantage \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 4)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
Sharing product data or catalogs with business partners & Disadvantages are expensive implementation and maintenance if hosted internally and the potential for compromised sensitive or proprietary information. Alternately, it may be hosted by an application service provider. \tn 
% Row Count 15 (+ 11)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{3.833cm}}{Sharing services such as online banking applications among affiliated banks} \tn 
% Row Count 17 (+ 2)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{3.833cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Steps to set up video/ web conferencing}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{-An organizer sends out e-mail or text message invitations to join the Web conference on a certain day and certain time. \newline % Row Count 3 (+ 3)
{\bf{-The invitation includes a link to the conference and a password or access code to enter. If the invitation is accepted, a reminder is programmed into the attendee's calendar application.}} \newline % Row Count 7 (+ 4)
-Once all the attendees log on to the conference or seminar, a single presenter controls the meeting. As presenter, you can share your desktop and other documents and applications. You can also hand control over to the other attendees and let them present.% Row Count 13 (+ 6)
} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{3.833cm}{X}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Video conferencing}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{Video-conferencing is a system that allows people to \seqsplit{have conversations and meetings with} other people in different locations, but without leaving their office.} \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 4)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{A video-conference involves people sitting in front of a camera and a microphone, whilst watching other people of a screen and listening to them through loudspeakers.} \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 4)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{Note: The camera is usually TV quality - must better than a standard webcam} \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 2)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{3.833cm}{X}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{The internet:Usenet newsgroup (News services) }}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{Usenet: a worldwide bulletin board system that can be accessed through the Internet or online services. It contains newsgroups on many different topics.% Row Count 4 (+ 4)
} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{3.833cm}{X}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Network}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{Two or more computers connected together to enable sharing of computing power or storage facilities. Computers in a network can communicate with each other. A computer needs a network interface card to connect to a network.% Row Count 5 (+ 5)
} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{3.833cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{drawbacks on the internet}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{There is a lot of wrong information on the internet. Anyone can post anything, and much of it is garbage.} \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 3)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{There are predators that hang out on the internet waiting to get unsuspecting people in dangerous situations. } \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 3)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{Some people are getting addicted to the internet and thus causing problems with their interactions of friends and loved ones. } \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 3)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{Pornography that can get in the hands of young children too easily. } \tn 
% Row Count 11 (+ 2)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{Easy to waste a lot of time on the internet. You can start surfing, and then realize far more time has passed than you realized. Internet and television together of added to the more sedentary lifestyles of people which further exacerbates the obesity problem} \tn 
% Row Count 17 (+ 6)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{Internet has a lot of "cheater" sites. People can buy essays and pass them off as their own far more easily than they used to be able to do. } \tn 
% Row Count 20 (+ 3)
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{There are a lot of unscrupulous businesses that have sprung up on the internet to take advantage of people. } \tn 
% Row Count 23 (+ 3)
% Row 7
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{Hackers can create viruses that can get into your personal computer and ruin valuable data. } \tn 
% Row Count 25 (+ 2)
% Row 8
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{Hackers can use the internet for identity theft. } \tn 
% Row Count 26 (+ 1)
% Row 9
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{It can be quite depressing to be on the internet and realize just how uneducated so many people have become in today's society.} \tn 
% Row Count 29 (+ 3)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{3.833cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Advantages of networking computers}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{Sharing of hardware peripheral devices such as laser printers, scanners, etc. amongst all the users} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{Software can be shared amongst different users} \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 1)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{Data files can be shared amongst all the users without any need for duplication.} \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 2)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{Messages can be sent between users on the same site with LANs or worldwide with WANs} \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 2)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{Central maintenance and support. Any software upgrades need only be added to the file server instead of updating many stand-alone machines. Network software can be purchased which is often cheaper than buying an individual package for each machine.} \tn 
% Row Count 12 (+ 5)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{Users may use any spare machine} \tn 
% Row Count 13 (+ 1)
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{Values in databases are always up to date.} \tn 
% Row Count 14 (+ 1)
% Row 7
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{Network administrator can monitor users' activities when they are logged onto the network.} \tn 
% Row Count 16 (+ 2)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
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\begin{tabularx}{3.833cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Intranet}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{An intranet is a network based on TCP/IP protocols (an internet) belonging to an organization, usually a corporation, accessible only by the organization's members, employees, or others with authorization. An intranet's Web sites look and act just like any other Web sites, but \seqsplit{the firewall surrounding} an intranet fends off unauthorized access.% Row Count 7 (+ 7)
} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
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\begin{tabularx}{3.833cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Wide area network (WAN)}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{Wide Area Networks: a set of links that connect together geographically remote computers. \newline % Row Count 2 (+ 2)
-WANs span broad geographical distances, ranging from several miles to across the world. Carriers such as BT typically determine transmission rates and interconnection between lines. The communication links may consist of a variety of cable, satellite and microwave technologies. There are two options for communication over a WAN: \newline % Row Count 9 (+ 7)
{\bf{-Dial-up networking. The user connects to the WAN using the standard telephone network (public lines). The dial-up line is only connected while in use.}} \newline % Row Count 13 (+ 4)
-Dedicated or leased lines. The user's computer is permanently connected to the WAN. Therefore, no call set up and call disconnection is involved.% Row Count 16 (+ 3)
} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{3.833cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{the use of networks in video and web conferencing}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{Network components that are mainly use for video and web conferencing are such as: \newline % Row Count 2 (+ 2)
{\bf{-Integrated Services Digital Network (ISDN)}} \newline % Row Count 3 (+ 1)
-LAN \newline % Row Count 4 (+ 1)
-WAN \newline % Row Count 5 (+ 1)
-VPN, 802.11 a/b/g/n (wireless) \newline % Row Count 6 (+ 1)
-Asynchronous Digital Subscriber Lines (ADSL) \newline % Row Count 7 (+ 1)
-Synchronous Digital Subscriber Lines (SDSL) \newline % Row Count 8 (+ 1)
-3G/4G mobile networks% Row Count 9 (+ 1)
} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{3.833cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Video conferencing: hardware}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{Video camera} \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{Monitor} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 1)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{Microphone} \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 1)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{Loudspeakers} \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 1)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{High-speed network / Internet connection} \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 1)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{3.833cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Mobile tech can use:}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{wireless fidelity (Wi-Fi) - a type of wireless local area network technology} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{Bluetooth - connects mobile devices wirelessly} \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 1)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{'third generation' (3G), 'fourth generation' (4G), global system for mobile communications (GSM) and general packet radio service (GPRS) data services - data networking services for mobile phones} \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 4)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{dial-up services - data networking services using modems and telephone lines} \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 2)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{virtual private networks - secure access to a private network} \tn 
% Row Count 11 (+ 2)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{3.833cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{World wide web (WWW)}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{The World Wide Web is a special part of the Internet that allows people to view information stored on participating computers} \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 3)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{It is an easy-to-use, graphical source of information that has opened the Internet to millions of people interested in finding out information} \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 3)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{It consists of documents called pages that contain information on a particular topic, and links to other Web pages, which may be stored on other computers in different countries.} \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 4)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{3.833cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{disadvantages of networking computers}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{A fault with the server will prevent the whole network from working.} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{Network fault could lead to loss of resources.} \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 1)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{User work dependent upon network.} \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 1)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{System open to hackers.} \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 1)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{Decisions tend to become centralised.} \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 1)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{Could become inefficient} \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 1)
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{Could degrade in performance.} \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 1)
% Row 7
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{Resources could be located too far from users.} \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 1)
% Row 8
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{A loss in the ability to transmit data for even a short time can cause havoc, with tasks having to be performed manually and can cause loss of data.} \tn 
% Row Count 12 (+ 3)
% Row 9
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{If a virus infected one computer, then it might spread to all other computers.} \tn 
% Row Count 14 (+ 2)
% Row 10
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{Security measures are needed to restrict access to the network especially in a WAN where computers are connected to the public telephone system.} \tn 
% Row Count 17 (+ 3)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{3.833cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{The internet: Instant messaging (IM)}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{Instant messaging is the exchange of text messages between two or more people logged into a particular instant messaging (IM) services} \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 3)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{It is an interactive service, as people can reply immediately to others logged into the same system} \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 2)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{It requires a user name (often an e-mail address) and a password.} \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 2)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{When someone logs on for the first time they have to make a list of people they want to contact – these individuals need to agree to be contacts.} \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 3)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{Then they select the individual they want to talk to and send a message.} \tn 
% Row Count 12 (+ 2)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{If the contact happens to be online at the same time they can reply, leading to a conversation.} \tn 
% Row Count 14 (+ 2)
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{It is better than e-mail because messages are sent immediately, whereas e-mail messages can be stored on a mail server for seconds or even minutes.} \tn 
% Row Count 17 (+ 3)
% Row 7
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{However, the screen display is very basic and does not contain all the options available with e-mail} \tn 
% Row Count 19 (+ 2)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{3.833cm}{x{1.7165 cm} x{1.7165 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{3.833cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Difference between intranets and extranets}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
An intranet is a network where employees can create content, communicate, collaborate, get stuff done, and develop the company culture. & An extranet is like an intranet, but also provides controlled access to authorized customers, vendors, partners, or others outside the company. \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 8)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{3.833cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Mobile technology}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{Mobile technology is exactly what the name implies - technology that is portable} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{3.833cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Examples of mobile IT devices include:}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{laptop, tablets and netbook computers} \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{'smart phones'} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 1)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{global positioning system (GPS) devices} \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 1)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{wireless debit/credit card payment terminals} \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 1)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{3.833cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{the advantages of mobile networks}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{Mobile computing can improve the service you offer your customers.} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{Powerful solutions can link you directly into the office network while working off site.} \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 2)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{The growth of cloud computing has also impacted positively on the use of mobile devices, supporting more flexible working practices by providing services over the internet.} \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 4)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{3.833cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{The internet: Voice over ip (voip)}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{Wans are used with telephone call centres, particularly virtual call centres.} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{A call server distributes a call to an available operator connected to the wan.} \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 2)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{Voice over ip (VOIP) is employed to transfer calls from the server to the operator.} \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 2)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{The software used in any type of call centre is called the computer telephony integration (CTI) software.} \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 3)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{It has features such as the operator being able to identify who is calling.} \tn 
% Row Count 11 (+ 2)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{In addition, the server can identify the number being dialed by the caller and direct it towards the relevant operator together with any data held on the system about the caller, for example account details in the case of a bank's call centre} \tn 
% Row Count 16 (+ 5)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{3.833cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Video conferencing is popular in business bcs::}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{{\bf{-No travel costs}} \newline % Row Count 1 (+ 1)
-No time wasted travelling to other cities / countries \newline % Row Count 3 (+ 2)
-Can organise meetings at short notice% Row Count 4 (+ 1)
} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{3.833cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{The internet}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{The internet is a special type of {\bf{WAN.}}} \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{It is a network of computer networks} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 1)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{It is worldwide and, unlike many other types of networks, is publicly accessible to anybody with an internet connection} \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 3)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{The most common way of connecting is through a broadband modem or router, which connects to the public telephone line and via this an internet service provider (isp) is connected} \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 4)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{All the computers on the internet can be classified as either clients or servers.} \tn 
% Row Count 11 (+ 2)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{The servers are those that provide services, for example mail servers or webservers.} \tn 
% Row Count 13 (+ 2)
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{The client computer is able to access the worldwide web and ask for information, which the webserver provides} \tn 
% Row Count 16 (+ 3)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{3.833cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Hardware needed to connect to a Network}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{- {\bf{Network interface card}}/ \newline % Row Count 1 (+ 1)
{\bf{wireless network card when connected to a cable}}/ \newline % Row Count 3 (+ 2)
{\bf{by being connected to a wireless antenna enables a computer to communicate}}/ \newline % Row Count 5 (+ 2)
{\bf{send / receive messages in a network}}. \newline % Row Count 6 (+ 1)
-{\bf{Hub/switch}} \newline % Row Count 7 (+ 1)
-{\bf{File}}/{\bf{print server}}% Row Count 8 (+ 1)
} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{3.833cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{INTEGRATED SERVICES DIGITAL NETWORK (ISDN)}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{{\bf{When an ISDN line is used, a modem is not required as the line is itself digital. Instead, a network termination device and a terminal adapter are required. However, because most users are familiar with the term modem, the manufacturers of these devices often refer to them as digital modems. ISDN is offered by local telephone companies. There are different kinds of ISDN connection of varying bandwidth. The original version of ISDN employs baseband transmission. Another version, called B-ISDN, uses broadband transmission, and is able to support transmission rates of 1.5 Mbps. B-ISDN requires fibre optic cables and is not widely available.}}% Row Count 13 (+ 13)
} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{3.833cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Software needed to connect to a Network}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{Network operating system to enable communication with other network users, sharing of files, software and hardware.} \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 3)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{Network versions of application software installed at the server for easy maintenance and upgrade.} \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 2)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{3.833cm}{x{1.7165 cm} x{1.7165 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{3.833cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{CHARACTERISTICS OF LAN VS WAN}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
LAN & WAN \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
Small geographical range & Large geographical range \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 2)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Low cost installation & It interconnect multiple LAN \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 2)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
Run multiple devices to share a transmission medium & Data transmission error is higher than LAN \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 3)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
High speed transmission rates & Low bandwidth due to wider area to cover \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 2)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
Maintenance cost is low & Set up cost are high \tn 
% Row Count 12 (+ 2)
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{3.833cm}}{Better communication quality} \tn 
% Row Count 13 (+ 1)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}


% That's all folks
\end{multicols*}

\end{document}