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  /Subject (Cognition and Communication Disorders Cheat Sheet)
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    \vspace{-2pt}\large{\bf{\textcolor{DarkBackground}{\textrm{Cognition and Communication Disorders Cheat Sheet}}}} \\
    \normalsize{by \textcolor{DarkBackground}{aoife} via \textcolor{DarkBackground}{\uline{cheatography.com/165126/cs/34588/}}}
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  \mymulticolumn{2}{p{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cheatographer}}  \\
  \vspace{-2pt}aoife \\
  \uline{cheatography.com/aoife} \\
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  \mymulticolumn{1}{p{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cheat Sheet}}  \\
   \vspace{-2pt}Not Yet Published.\\
   Updated 11th October, 2022.\\
   Page {\thepage} of \pageref{LastPage}.
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  Measure your website readability!\\
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\begin{multicols*}{4}

\begin{tabularx}{3.833cm}{x{1.51052 cm} x{1.92248 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{3.833cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cognition}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Cognition: what is it? & ▪ Thought or Consciousness \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
 & ▪ The mental events or processes that allow you to acquire and work with information or knowledge \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 5)
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\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Cognition: what "processes"? & ▪ Memory, working (short-term) — temporary storage \& long-term — persistent storage l \tn 
% Row Count 12 (+ 5)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
 & ▪ Language (ability to understand \& express thoughts) \tn 
% Row Count 15 (+ 3)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & ▪ Attention (concentration, allows you to focus on) \tn 
% Row Count 18 (+ 3)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
 & ▪ Executive functions (control of behaviour, problem solving, planning \& strategy) \tn 
% Row Count 22 (+ 4)
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & ▪ Perceptual function (allows you to take in information through senses, then utilise this information to respond \& interact with the world) \tn 
% Row Count 29 (+ 7)
% Row 7
\SetRowColor{white}
 & ▪ Motor function (voluntary movements: dialing the phone, un/buttoning clothes etc) \tn 
% Row Count 33 (+ 4)
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\begin{tabularx}{3.833cm}{x{1.51052 cm} x{1.92248 cm} }
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{3.833cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cognition (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 8
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 & ▪ Social cognition (recognising emotion of others, how you deal with others, imagine what someone else might be thinking or feeling etc) \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 7)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{3.833cm}{X}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cognitive impairment Terms}}  \tn
% Row 0
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{Dementia} \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{Alzheimer's} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 1)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{Major neuro-cognitive disorder (NCD)} \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 1)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{Alzheimer's is the most common dementia} \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 1)
% Row 4
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{Many people use major neurocognitive disorder instead of saying dementia} \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 2)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
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\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{3.833cm}{X}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cognitive impairment}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{− It is NOT normal for age-related \newline % Row Count 1 (+ 1)
cognitive decline to interfere with \newline % Row Count 2 (+ 1)
activities of daily living! \newline % Row Count 3 (+ 1)
- If the cognitive decline does interfere with activities of daily living then it is a cognitive impairment% Row Count 6 (+ 3)
} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{3.833cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Age-related cognitive decline}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Evidence: Seattle Longitudinal Study: & ➢ began in 1956 focusing upon age changes in cognitive abilities \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 4)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
 & ➢ on multiple measures – • 80\% of participants showed little decline – 60 y.o. • 67\% showed little decline – 81 y.o. \tn 
% Row Count 11 (+ 7)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Memory: decreases & • moderate and not experienced by everyon? \tn 
% Row Count 14 (+ 3)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
 & • substantial, beginning in early adulthood and affecting everyone? \tn 
% Row Count 18 (+ 4)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Speed: decreases & • learning, processing, problem-solving \tn 
% Row Count 21 (+ 3)
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Major NCD}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{Diagnosis: \newline % Row Count 1 (+ 1)
▪ decline in one or more cognitive abilities (based on concerns and confirmed in testing) \newline % Row Count 3 (+ 2)
▪ significant enough to interfere with activities of daily living \newline % Row Count 5 (+ 2)
▪ decline is not reversible  \newline % Row Count 6 (+ 1)
▪ Age-related changes   \newline % Row Count 7 (+ 1)
▪ Physiological, age-related changes, when the elderly are trained, there is the ability to improve before the decline. Reversible   \newline % Row Count 10 (+ 3)
▪ If it is a cognitive impairment is not reversible, you can train them but they won't get better. Progressive the client gets worse% Row Count 13 (+ 3)
} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Irreversible NCD}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{\seqsplit{"irreversible"—progressive;} no recovery, worsening symptoms \newline % Row Count 2 (+ 2)
Statistics \newline % Row Count 3 (+ 1)
▪ 50 million people worldwide \newline % Row Count 4 (+ 1)
▪ \textasciitilde{}70,000 Kiwis living with dementia today (1.4\% of the total population) \newline % Row Count 6 (+ 2)
▪ triple by 2050 \newline % Row Count 7 (+ 1)
Contributing factors: life expectancy% Row Count 8 (+ 1)
} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Irreversible cognitive impairment}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{Damage to nerve cells in the brain \newline % Row Count 1 (+ 1)
Area of the brain affected — \newline % Row Count 2 (+ 1)
Subcortical damage \newline % Row Count 3 (+ 1)
• Cause: e.g., Parkinson's (PD) \newline % Row Count 4 (+ 1)
Cortical damage \newline % Row Count 5 (+ 1)
• Cause: e.g., Alzheimer's (AD) \newline % Row Count 6 (+ 1)
• No point in training because nerves are dying, this isn't happening with the physiological effect of aging as the neurons are just separated and not connecting so with the training they can reconnect again. When nerve cells are dying they cannot reconnect so it is irreversible.  \newline % Row Count 12 (+ 6)
• Depends where the nerve cells are dying so if it's in the subcortical damage then it's dementia due to Parkinson's whereas if it is cortical damage it is Alzheimer's.   \newline % Row Count 16 (+ 4)
• Can have both at the same time% Row Count 17 (+ 1)
} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{3.833cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Subcortical: Parkinson's}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
early stages: & motor impairments \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
 & resting tremor \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 1)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & immobility/rigidity → slow movement \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 2)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
 & difficulty walking \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 1)
% Row 4
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 & Dysarthria (speech problems) \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 1)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
\seqsplit{progression:} & cognitive issues \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 2)
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & executive function, memory, processing speed \tn 
% Row Count 11 (+ 2)
% Row 7
\SetRowColor{white}
 & 40\% cases develop dementia \tn 
% Row Count 12 (+ 1)
% Row 8
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & When this issue progresses it has cognitive issues \tn 
% Row Count 14 (+ 2)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
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\begin{tabularx}{3.833cm}{X}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cortical: Alzheimer's}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{Stats \newline % Row Count 1 (+ 1)
➢ the most common type of dementia → 50-80\% of all \newline % Row Count 3 (+ 2)
dementia diagnoses \newline % Row Count 4 (+ 1)
➢ in 5-15\% of all people aged 65+ \newline % Row Count 5 (+ 1)
➢ in 15-50\% of all people aged 80+ \newline % Row Count 6 (+ 1)
➢ more common in women than men% Row Count 7 (+ 1)
} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{3.833cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{MCI and Stages of AD}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{Mild cognitive impairment (MCI)  \newline % Row Count 1 (+ 1)
• mild NCD (DSM-5) \newline % Row Count 2 (+ 1)
• affects especially new memories \newline % Row Count 3 (+ 1)
• little effect on activities of daily living (ADL) → \newline % Row Count 5 (+ 2)
independence in everyday activities \newline % Row Count 6 (+ 1)
• not all MCI becomes AD% Row Count 7 (+ 1)
} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{3.833cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{early (mild) AD}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{• noticeable decline, especially new memories \newline % Row Count 1 (+ 1)
• affects task performance—increasing difficulty with \newline % Row Count 3 (+ 2)
ADL \newline % Row Count 4 (+ 1)
• increasing language difficulty—vagueness \newline % Row Count 5 (+ 1)
• independent living with support% Row Count 6 (+ 1)
} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{3.833cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{middle-stage (moderate) AD}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{• much support needed \newline % Row Count 1 (+ 1)
• even easier ADL becomes difficult \newline % Row Count 2 (+ 1)
• decreasing vocabulary and communicative \newline % Row Count 3 (+ 1)
participation \newline % Row Count 4 (+ 1)
• behavioural issues—e.g., aggression, hallucination% Row Count 6 (+ 2)
} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{3.833cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{late-stage (severe) AD}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{• professional support—living outside the home \newline % Row Count 2 (+ 2)
• issues remembering essential life information \newline % Row Count 3 (+ 1)
• loss of function— e.g., muteness, motor function% Row Count 5 (+ 2)
} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{3.833cm}{X}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Diagnosis of AD}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{• Interviews (person, family) \newline % Row Count 1 (+ 1)
• Medical imaging (brain scans) \newline % Row Count 2 (+ 1)
• Medical and cognitive tests% Row Count 3 (+ 1)
} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
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\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{3.833cm}{X}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Language issues in AD}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{Sentence comprehension \newline % Row Count 1 (+ 1)
• multiple verbs in a sentence \newline % Row Count 2 (+ 1)
• multiple nouns that can perform the action \newline % Row Count 3 (+ 1)
Grammar \newline % Row Count 4 (+ 1)
• preference for simple structures in sentence \newline % Row Count 5 (+ 1)
production \newline % Row Count 6 (+ 1)
• difficulty with irregular past tense forms \newline % Row Count 7 (+ 1)
Discourse \newline % Row Count 8 (+ 1)
• vagueness; less information given \newline % Row Count 9 (+ 1)
• reliance on simple words, esp. verbs \newline % Row Count 10 (+ 1)
Language in AD diagnosis  \newline % Row Count 11 (+ 1)
Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) \newline % Row Count 12 (+ 1)
• 3 items confrontation naming \newline % Row Count 13 (+ 1)
• repetition of two complex sentences \newline % Row Count 14 (+ 1)
• say all the words you can think of beginning \newline % Row Count 15 (+ 1)
with the letter \_\_\_ \newline % Row Count 16 (+ 1)
Mini Mental State Exam (MMSE) \newline % Row Count 17 (+ 1)
• naming and repetition \newline % Row Count 18 (+ 1)
• follow spoken and written commands \newline % Row Count 19 (+ 1)
• write a sentence% Row Count 20 (+ 1)
} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{3.833cm}{X}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Communicative interventions for early AD}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{Adaptive \newline % Row Count 1 (+ 1)
▪ regain control after communicative failure \newline % Row Count 2 (+ 1)
▪ e.g., encourage, give time to organise thoughts or ask partner to speak slowly \newline % Row Count 4 (+ 2)
Facilitative \newline % Row Count 5 (+ 1)
▪ prevent or repair communication breakdown \newline % Row Count 6 (+ 1)
▪ e.g., description in place of word \newline % Row Count 7 (+ 1)
Scripting \newline % Row Count 8 (+ 1)
▪ practicing spoken discourse% Row Count 9 (+ 1)
} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{3.833cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Communicative interventions for mid-to-late AD}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{Focus on communicative participation \newline % Row Count 1 (+ 1)
▪ communication vs. isolation \newline % Row Count 2 (+ 1)
SLP trains the caregiver as a communication partner \newline % Row Count 4 (+ 2)
▪ monitor, advise, encourage, and modify \newline % Row Count 5 (+ 1)
Changes to caregiver's communication habits \newline % Row Count 6 (+ 1)
▪ short sentences \newline % Row Count 7 (+ 1)
▪ simple, familiar words \newline % Row Count 8 (+ 1)
▪ slower speech rate \newline % Row Count 9 (+ 1)
▪ repetition \newline % Row Count 10 (+ 1)
▪ signalling of topic changes \newline % Row Count 11 (+ 1)
Caregiver attitude toward the person with AD \newline % Row Count 12 (+ 1)
▪ respect \newline % Row Count 13 (+ 1)
▪ encourage participation% Row Count 14 (+ 1)
} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{3.833cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Communicative interventions for AD: Broad points}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{Egan et al. (2010) review, Collins \& Hunt (2022) \newline % Row Count 1 (+ 1)
▪ memory aids can help with specific topic maintenance \newline % Row Count 3 (+ 2)
▪ e.g., memory books, personalized images (e.g., family members, previous occupation) \newline % Row Count 5 (+ 2)
▪ caregiver training, positive relationships and shared activity can help with increasing utterances or non-verbal \newline % Row Count 8 (+ 3)
expressions \newline % Row Count 9 (+ 1)
▪ divided attention has negative effects \newline % Row Count 10 (+ 1)
Williams, Theys, and McAuliffe \newline % Row Count 11 (+ 1)
▪ targeting verbs may improve the production of both verbs and nouns% Row Count 13 (+ 2)
} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}


% That's all folks
\end{multicols*}

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