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%\usepackage{opensans}          % Can't make this work so far. Shame. Would be lovely.
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% Document Info
\author{annadanpd}
\pdfinfo{
  /Title (chapter-17-bio-study-guide.pdf)
  /Creator (Cheatography)
  /Author (annadanpd)
  /Subject (Chapter 17 Bio Study Guide Cheat Sheet)
}

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\noindent
\begin{multicols}{3}
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    \vspace{-7pt}
    {\parbox{\dimexpr\textwidth-2\fboxsep\relax}{\noindent
        \hspace*{-6pt}\includegraphics[width=5.8cm]{/web/www.cheatography.com/public/images/cheatography_logo.pdf}}
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\columnbreak
\begin{tabulary}{11cm}{L}
    \vspace{-2pt}\large{\bf{\textcolor{DarkBackground}{\textrm{Chapter 17 Bio Study Guide Cheat Sheet}}}} \\
    \normalsize{by \textcolor{DarkBackground}{annadanpd} via \textcolor{DarkBackground}{\uline{cheatography.com/32659/cs/10101/}}}
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\noindent
\begin{multicols}{3}
\begin{tabulary}{5.8cm}{LL}
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  \mymulticolumn{2}{p{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cheatographer}}  \\
  \vspace{-2pt}annadanpd \\
  \uline{cheatography.com/annadanpd} \\
  \end{tabulary}
\vfill
\columnbreak
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  \SetRowColor{FootBackground}
  \mymulticolumn{1}{p{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cheat Sheet}}  \\
   \vspace{-2pt}Published 6th December, 2016.\\
   Updated 6th December, 2016.\\
   Page {\thepage} of \pageref{LastPage}.
\end{tabulary}
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  \mymulticolumn{1}{p{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Sponsor}}  \\
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  \vspace{-5pt}
  %\includegraphics[width=48px,height=48px]{dave.jpeg}
  Measure your website readability!\\
  www.readability-score.com
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\end{multicols}}




\begin{document}
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\begin{multicols*}{3}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Gene to Protein}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{inherited DNA leads to specific traits by dictating the synthesis of proteins} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{1.59264 cm} x{3.38436 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{From Gene to Protein (cont.)}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{Gene expression}} & process by which DNA directs protein synthesis (2 stages) \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 3)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
{\emph{Transcription}} & the synthesis of RNA using a DNA template \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 2)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\emph{Translation}} & the synthesis of a polypeptide using the genetic information encoded in mRNA. (nucleotides to amino acids) \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 4)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{2.18988 cm} x{2.78712 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Achibald Garrod}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{inborn errors of metabolism}} & inherited diseases when a person can't make a specific enzyme (no gene for enzyme bc of mutation) \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 5)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
ex. & alkaptonura \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 1)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & pee is black because no enzyme exists to break down alkapton \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 3)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{2.43873 cm} x{2.53827 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Beadle and Tatum}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{one gene-one polypeptide hypothesis}} & gene dictates the specific production of an enzyme \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 3)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
 & (gene codes for a polypeptide aka protein aka enzyme) \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 3)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{2.24273 cm} x{1.64772 cm} p{0.68655 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{DNA vs. RNA}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & DNA & RNA \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
strands & double and anti-parallel & \seqsplit{single} \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 2)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
3 part of nucleotides: 5-C sugar: & deoxyribose & \seqsplit{ribose} \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 2)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
phosphate group: & present & \seqsplit{present} \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 2)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
nitrogenous base & C, G, A, T & C, G, A, U \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 2)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}---}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{p{0.4977 cm} x{4.4793 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{3 Types of RNA}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
mRNA & synthesized using DNA template, attaches to ribosome in cytoplasm and specifies the primary structure of protein \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 4)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
rRNA & molecules...and proteins make up the {\emph{ribosomes}} \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 2)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
tRNA & translates between nucleic acid (DNA) and protein lang. by carrying specific amino acids to ribosome, where they recognize the appropriate codons in the mRNA \tn 
% Row Count 11 (+ 5)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{PROTEINS ARE ASSEMBLED ON RIBOSOMES}  \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{1.69218 cm} x{3.28482 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{TRANSCRIPTION is DNA-directed synthesis of RNA}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
eukaryotes & {\emph{nucleus}} (where DNA is) \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
prokaryotes & {\emph{cytoplasm}} \tn 
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% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{RNA polymerase II}} & binds to DNA and separates DNA strands \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 2)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
 & pastes complimentary RNA nucleotides to one side of DNA strand \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 3)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & = messenger RNA \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 1)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{RNA polymerase DOES NOT need a {\emph{primer}}}  \tn 
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\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{1.74195 cm} x{3.23505 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Transcription (cont.)}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{promoter}} & DNA sequence where RNA polymerase II starts transcribing \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 3)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
{\bf{terminator}} & DNA sequence where RNA polymerase II stops transcribing \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 3)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{transcription unit}} & the entire stretch of DNA transcribed in mRNA \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 2)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{1.34379 cm} x{3.63321 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{3 Stages of Transcription:}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{initiation}} & after RNA polymerase binds to the {\emph{promoter}}, the DNA unwinds and initiates RNA synthesis \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 4)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
 & {\emph{prokaryotes do this themselves}} \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 2)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & {\emph{eukaryotes}} use proteins called {\bf{transcription factors}} to assist bind of RNA polymerase to strand \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 4)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
 & {\bf{TATA box}} helps position mRNA polymerase \tn 
% Row Count 12 (+ 2)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{Elongation}} & RNA polymerase moves downstream, unwinding and elongating \tn 
% Row Count 14 (+ 2)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
{\bf{Termination}} & polymerase transcribes a sequence in DNA signaling end, RNA transcript is released, polymerase detaches from DNA \tn 
% Row Count 18 (+ 4)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{2.4885 cm} x{2.4885 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Modifying mRNA after Transcription}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{ends of pre-mRNA molecule are modified before leaving the nucleus} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
{\bf{GTP cap}} & 5' end receives guanine triphosphate cap \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 2)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{poly-A tail}} & 3' end gets adenine nucleotides \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 2)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
RNA is made of : & exons (expresses code) and introns {\emph{from DNA}} \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 3)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & INTRONS are cut out, while EXONS are spliced together by {\bf{RNA splicing}} \tn 
% Row Count 13 (+ 4)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
RNA splicing signals are at both ends of an INTRON & protein {\bf{spliceosome}} snips out intron from transcript \tn 
% Row Count 16 (+ 3)
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & enzyme of protein = {\bf{ribozymes}} \tn 
% Row Count 18 (+ 2)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{1.9908 cm} x{2.9862 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Genetic Code}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
DNA and RNA & polymers of {\emph{nucleotides}} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
nucleotides differ in bases & A,T,C,G  vs. A,U,C,G \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 2)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{Genetic code}} & 'language' of mRNA instructions \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 2)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
{\bf{codon}} & mRNA, 3-letter word \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 1)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & 3 nucleotide that code for an {\emph{amino acid}} \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 2)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
UCG = & amino acid {\emph{methionine}} \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 1)
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{proteins}} & amino acids join in polypeptide \tn 
% Row Count 12 (+ 2)
% Row 7
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{ALL proteins have a start (AUG) and terminator codon} \tn 
% Row Count 14 (+ 2)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{1.89126 cm} x{3.08574 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Translation}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
prokaryotes \& eukaryotes & {\emph{cytoplasm on the ribosome}} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
mRNA & left nucleus, now in cytoplasm, {\emph{binds to ribosome}} \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 3)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
rRNA & ribosome composed of rRNA and protein; adds amino acids to polypeptide chain \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 4)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
- 3 binding sites: & {\bf{A site}}: holds the tRNA that carries the next amino acid \tn 
% Row Count 12 (+ 3)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & {\bf{P site}}: holds the tRNA that carries the growing polypeptide chain \tn 
% Row Count 15 (+ 3)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
 & {\bf{E site}}: exit site for tRNA \tn 
% Row Count 17 (+ 2)
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
tRNA & transfers amino acids to ribosome \tn 
% Row Count 19 (+ 2)
% Row 7
\SetRowColor{white}
 & other end of tRNA has {\bf{anti-codon}} \tn 
% Row Count 21 (+ 2)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{- reference drawing for explanation -}  \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{\_}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{polyribosomes}}} \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{mRNA can be translated simultaneously by {\emph{several}} ribosomes} \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 2)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{transcription / translation of BACTERIA cells occurs at same time because they're both in the CYTOPLASM}  \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Mutations}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{alteration in the genetic information of a cell} \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{point mutation}} - affects one nucleotide pair} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 1)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{nucleotide-pair substitution}} - replacement of one nucleotide and it's complementary base pair in DNA} \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 3)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{1. {\bf{silent mutations}} do not change amino acid translation} \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 2)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{2. {\bf{missense mutation}} substitution when a codon still codes for an amino acid} \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 2)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{3. {\bf{nonsense mutations}} - substitutions when a regular amino acid codon is changed into a stop codon, ending translation} \tn 
% Row Count 12 (+ 3)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Mutations (cont.)}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{insertion and deletion}} - addition / loss of nucleotide pairs, can cause {\emph{frameshift}}, mRNA read wrong} \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 3)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{mutagens}} - forces that interact with DNA in ways that cause mutation} \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 2)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{ex. x-rays} \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 1)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{REMEMBER:  \newline - most genes only contain instructions for assembling proteins \newline - many proteins = enzyme \newline - can control color of a flower}  \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}


% That's all folks
\end{multicols*}

\end{document}