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% Document Info
\author{annadanpd}
\pdfinfo{
  /Title (ap-bio-chpt-17.pdf)
  /Creator (Cheatography)
  /Author (annadanpd)
  /Subject (AP Bio Chpt. 17 Cheat Sheet)
}

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\fancyhead[L]{
\noindent
\begin{multicols}{3}
\begin{tabulary}{5.8cm}{C}
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    \vspace{-7pt}
    {\parbox{\dimexpr\textwidth-2\fboxsep\relax}{\noindent
        \hspace*{-6pt}\includegraphics[width=5.8cm]{/web/www.cheatography.com/public/images/cheatography_logo.pdf}}
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\begin{tabulary}{11cm}{L}
    \vspace{-2pt}\large{\bf{\textcolor{DarkBackground}{\textrm{AP Bio Chpt. 17 Cheat Sheet}}}} \\
    \normalsize{by \textcolor{DarkBackground}{annadanpd} via \textcolor{DarkBackground}{\uline{cheatography.com/32659/cs/10090/}}}
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\noindent
\begin{multicols}{3}
\begin{tabulary}{5.8cm}{LL}
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  \mymulticolumn{2}{p{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cheatographer}}  \\
  \vspace{-2pt}annadanpd \\
  \uline{cheatography.com/annadanpd} \\
  \end{tabulary}
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  \mymulticolumn{1}{p{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cheat Sheet}}  \\
   \vspace{-2pt}Published 6th December, 2016.\\
   Updated 6th December, 2016.\\
   Page {\thepage} of \pageref{LastPage}.
\end{tabulary}
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  \mymulticolumn{1}{p{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Sponsor}}  \\
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  \vspace{-5pt}
  %\includegraphics[width=48px,height=48px]{dave.jpeg}
  Measure your website readability!\\
  www.readability-score.com
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\end{multicols}}




\begin{document}
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\begin{multicols*}{3}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{2.4885 cm} x{2.4885 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{DNA transforms Bacteria}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{Frederick Griffith}} studied two strains of pneumonia & pathogenic and nonpathogenic \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 3)
% Row 1
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heat-killed pathogenic + nonpathogenic bacteria & = pathogenic bacteria (live disease-causing) \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 3)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{{\emph{transformation}}}} & change in genotype and phenotype due to assimilation of external DNA by a cell \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 4)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{scientists studied to find the genetic material of chromosomes - protein vs. DNA}  \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{DNA transforms Bacteria (cont.)}}  \tn
% Row 0
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Oswald Avery}} also proved that DNA was the molecule that transformed bacteria} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{2.04057 cm} x{2.93643 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Viruses}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
DNA or RNA in a protein coat & infect by taking over a cell's metabolic machinery \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 3)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
{\bf{Bacteriophages}} & viruses that infect bacteria \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 2)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Henry and Chase}} showed that DNA was the genetic material that infected the bacteria} \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 2)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{Used radioactive isotope markers to label DNA and proteins of phages. Phage DNA entered the bacteria cell, but protein did not.}  \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Chargaff's Rule}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{concentration of … {[}A{]} = {[}T{]}   {[}C{]} = {[}G{]}} \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{1.89126 cm} x{3.08574 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Rosalind Franklin}}  \tn
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\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{x-ray crystallography}} & image of DNA produced by x-rays diffracting when passing through DNA fibers \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 4)
% Row 1
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{DNA is a double helix, with two anti-parallel sugar-phosphate backbones, and nitrogenous bases in the molecule's interior} \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 3)
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\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{{\emph{anti-parallel}} - subunits run in opposite directions}  \tn 
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\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{DNA is a polymer of {\emph{nucleotides}}}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{p{5.377cm}}{\vspace{1px}\centerline{\includegraphics[width=5.1cm]{/web/www.cheatography.com/public/uploads/annadanpd_1480996357_replication-transcription-translation2012-3-638.jpg}}} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{components: nitrogenous base, deoxyribose sugar, phosphate group \newline bases: adenine, guanine, thymine, cytosine}  \tn 
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\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{1.00694 cm} x{1.73926 cm} x{1.8308 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Structure of DNA}}  \tn
% Row 0
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\mymulticolumn{3}{x{5.377cm}}{DNA is a polymer of {\emph{nucleotides}} connected by {\bf{covalent bonds}}} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
4 \seqsplit{nitrogenous} bases: & Purines (double ring)  {[}A{]} {[}G{]} & Pyrimidines (single ring) -  {[}C{]} {[}T{]} \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 3)
% Row 2
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{\bf{DNA base pairing}} & PURINE always pairs with PYRIMIDINE & 2 of the same would be too wide/narrow \tn 
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% Row 3
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\mymulticolumn{3}{x{5.377cm}}{3 {\emph{hydrogen bonds}} between C and G} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{3}{x{5.377cm}}{2 {\emph{hydrogen bonds}} between A and T} \tn 
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{1.94103 cm} x{3.03597 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{DNA Replication}}  \tn
% Row 0
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{{\emph{S phase of Interphase}}} \tn 
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% Row 1
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{DNA made from existing DNA strand} \tn 
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{\bf{semiconservative model}} & one parent strand serves as a template to a complementary strand \tn 
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% Row 3
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 & half of parent strand is conserved in each {\emph{daughter strand}} \tn 
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\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{- Meselson and Stahl}  \tn 
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\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{1.94103 cm} x{3.03597 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{DNA Replication (cont.)}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{origins of replication}} & where replication of DNA molecule begins \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
bacterial chromosome & circular, {\emph{single}} origin \tn 
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% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
eukaryotic chromosome & linear, {\emph{thousands}} of origins \tn 
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\SetRowColor{white}
{\bf{replication fork}} & Y-shaped region formed by unwinding of parent strands \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 3)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{- reference drawings to understanding rest of replication -}  \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{2.14011 cm} x{2.83689 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Proofreading DNA}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{DNA polymerase}} & proofreads each nucleotide as it's covalently bonded \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 3)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
{\bf{mismatch repair}} & other enzymes remove and repair incorrect nucleotides \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 3)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{nucleotide excision repair}} & mutated strand is cut out by enzyme {\bf{nuclease}}, and the gap is filled with DNA polymerase and ligase \tn 
% Row Count 11 (+ 5)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{- seen in skin cells when correcting thymine dimmers cause by UV rays}  \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Evolution Significance of DNA Nucleotides}}  \tn
% Row 0
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Mutations occur when uncorrected mismatched nucleotides are replicated and passed onto a daughter cell. Usually harmful and permanent genetic changes that support natural selection.} \tn 
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\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Replication at Molecule Ends}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{- reference drawings -} \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{1.00694 cm} x{2.70043 cm} x{0.86963 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Inside a Chromosome}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\seqsplit{eukaryotic} cell & one long DNA double helix with large amnt. of protein = & {\bf{chromatin}} \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 3)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{5.377cm}}{the long DNA fits in the nucleus through packing} \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 1)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}---}
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{5.377cm}}{- reference drawings -}  \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}---}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}


% That's all folks
\end{multicols*}

\end{document}