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% Document Info
\author{AnitaAtina}
\pdfinfo{
  /Title (carbohydrates.pdf)
  /Creator (Cheatography)
  /Author (AnitaAtina)
  /Subject (Carbohydrates Cheat Sheet)
}

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\fancyhead[L]{
\noindent
\begin{multicols}{3}
\begin{tabulary}{5.8cm}{C}
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    \vspace{-7pt}
    {\parbox{\dimexpr\textwidth-2\fboxsep\relax}{\noindent
        \hspace*{-6pt}\includegraphics[width=5.8cm]{/web/www.cheatography.com/public/images/cheatography_logo.pdf}}
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\begin{tabulary}{11cm}{L}
    \vspace{-2pt}\large{\bf{\textcolor{DarkBackground}{\textrm{Carbohydrates Cheat Sheet}}}} \\
    \normalsize{by \textcolor{DarkBackground}{AnitaAtina} via \textcolor{DarkBackground}{\uline{cheatography.com/157993/cs/33392/}}}
\end{tabulary}
\end{multicols}}

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\noindent
\begin{multicols}{3}
\begin{tabulary}{5.8cm}{LL}
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  \mymulticolumn{2}{p{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cheatographer}}  \\
  \vspace{-2pt}AnitaAtina \\
  \uline{cheatography.com/anitaatina} \\
  \end{tabulary}
\vfill
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  \mymulticolumn{1}{p{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cheat Sheet}}  \\
   \vspace{-2pt}Not Yet Published.\\
   Updated 27th July, 2022.\\
   Page {\thepage} of \pageref{LastPage}.
\end{tabulary}
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  \vspace{-5pt}
  %\includegraphics[width=48px,height=48px]{dave.jpeg}
  Measure your website readability!\\
  www.readability-score.com
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\end{multicols}}




\begin{document}
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\begin{multicols*}{3}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{p{0.4177 cm} p{0.4177 cm} p{0.4177 cm} p{0.4177 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{4}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Carbohydrates}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{4}{x{5.377cm}}{Most carbohydrates (and proteins/ nucleic acids) are polymers- large, complex molecules composed of long chains of monomers joined together. Monomers are small, basic molecular units, e.g. monosaccharides, amino acids and nucleotides} \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 5)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{4}{x{5.377cm}}{Carbohydrates are made from monosaccharides. The monomers that they're made from are monosaccharides, e.g. glucose, fructose and galactose} \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 3)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{4}{x{5.377cm}}{Glucose is a hexose sugar, a monosaccharide with six carbon atoms in each molecules. There are two types of {\bf{alpha}} and {\bf{beta}}- they're {\bf{isomers}}.} \tn 
% Row Count 12 (+ 4)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}----}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{{\bf{alpha}} vs {\bf{beta}} glucose}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{p{5.377cm}}{\vspace{1px}\centerline{\includegraphics[width=5.1cm]{/web/www.cheatography.com/public/uploads/anitaatina_1658902867_alpha vs beta.jpg}}} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{joined by condensation, has glycosidic bonds}  \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Glucogen}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Glycogen}} is the main {\bf{energy storage material in animals}}} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Animals store excess glucose as glycogen, a polysaccharide of alpha-glucose. It has a similar structure to amylopectin, but with more side branches so that stored glucose can be released quickly, important for energy release in animals.} \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 5)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Also very compact so it is good for storage} \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 1)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{p{0.4977 cm} p{0.4977 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Condensation Reactions}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{A condensation reaction is when two molecules join together with the formation of a new {\bf{chemical bond}} and a {\bf{water}} molecule is released when the bond is formed. Monosaccharides join together by condensation reactions, where a glycosidic bond forms as the water molecule is released.} \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 6)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{2 monosaccharides = {\bf{disaccharides}} 2+ monosaccharides = {\bf{polysaccharide}}} \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 2)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{sucrose= glucose and fructose, lactose= glucose and galactose, maltose= 2x alpha glucose} \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 2)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{p{0.4977 cm} p{0.4977 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Hydrolysis reactions}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{Polymers can be broken down into monomers by hydrolysis reactions. It breaks the chemical bind between monomers using a water molecule. Opposite of condensation. E.g. carbohydrates can be broken down into their constituent monosaccharides by hydrolysis} \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 6)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Starch}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{The Main {\bf{energy storage material in plants}}} \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Cells get energy from glucose. Plants store excess glucose as starch. Starch is a mixture of two polysaccharides, {\bf{amylopectin}} and {\bf{amylose}}} \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 3)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Amylose}}- a long,{\bf{unbranched}} chain of a-glucose. The angles of the glycosidic bonds give it a {\bf{coiled structure}}, making it {\bf{compact}}, good for storage because more can be fitted in a small space} \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 5)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Amylopectin}}- a long, {\bf{branched}} chain of a-glucose. Its {\bf{side branches}} allow enzymes that break down the molecule to get at the glycosidic bond easily, so glucose can be released quickly.} \tn 
% Row Count 13 (+ 4)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Starch is {\bf{insoluble}}  in water and doesn't affect {\bf{water potential}}, so it doesn't cause water to enter by osmosis., which would make them swell, this makes them good for storage.} \tn 
% Row Count 17 (+ 4)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Iodine test for Starch}}- Add iodine dissolved in potassium iodide solution to test sample. If starch is present the sample changes from browny-orange to a dark blue black colour} \tn 
% Row Count 21 (+ 4)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{2.4885 cm} x{2.4885 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{{\bf{Benedict's}} test for sugars}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{Sugar is a general term for {\bf{monosaccharides}} and {\bf{disaccharides}}. All sugars are either {\bf{reducing}} or {\bf{non-reducing}}} \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 3)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
Reducing Sugars- all monosaccharides and {\bf{some}} disaccharides & Non-reducing sugar e.g. sucrose, has to be broken down first to be tested. \tn 
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% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Add Benedict's reagent (which is blue) to a sample and heat it in a water bath that's been bought to boil. If it's positive, it will form a coloured precipitate & Add dilute hydrochloric acid to solution and gently heating in a water bath that's been bought to a boil. You then neutralise with {\bf{sodium hydrogen carbonate}}. \tn 
% Row Count 16 (+ 9)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
blue-\textgreater{} green -\textgreater{} yellow -\textgreater{} orange -\textgreater{}brick red & Then carry out reducing sugar test \tn 
% Row Count 19 (+ 3)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{The higher the concentration the further the colour change goes. Can use to copare, but better if filter the solution and weigh the precipitate} \tn 
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\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cellulose}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Made of {\bf{long, unbranched}} chains of {\bf{beta-glucose}}} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{When beta-glucose molecules bind, they form straight cellulose chains. These are linked together by {\bf{hydrogen bonds}} to form strong fibres called {\bf{microfibrils}}. The strong fibres means cellulose provides {\bf{structural support}} for cells} \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 5)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cellulose}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Made of {\bf{long, unbranched}} chains of {\bf{beta-glucose}}} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{When beta-glucose molecules bind, they form straight cellulose chains. These are linked together by {\bf{hydrogen bonds}} to form strong fibres called {\bf{microfibrils}}. The strong fibres means cellulose provides {\bf{structural support}} for cells} \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 5)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cellulose}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Made of {\bf{long, unbranched}} chains of {\bf{beta-glucose}}} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{When beta-glucose molecules bind, they form straight cellulose chains. These are linked together by {\bf{hydrogen bonds}} to form strong fibres called {\bf{microfibrils}}. The strong fibres means cellulose provides {\bf{structural support}} for cells} \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 5)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}


% That's all folks
\end{multicols*}

\end{document}