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% Document Info
\author{Anais (Anais\_Pe)}
\pdfinfo{
  /Title (mate-choice-in-humans.pdf)
  /Creator (Cheatography)
  /Author (Anais (Anais\_Pe))
  /Subject (Mate choice in humans Cheat Sheet)
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    \vspace{-2pt}\large{\bf{\textcolor{DarkBackground}{\textrm{Mate choice in humans Cheat Sheet}}}} \\
    \normalsize{by \textcolor{DarkBackground}{Anais (Anais\_Pe)} via \textcolor{DarkBackground}{\uline{cheatography.com/151793/cs/46524/}}}
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  \mymulticolumn{2}{p{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cheatographer}}  \\
  \vspace{-2pt}Anais (Anais\_Pe) \\
  \uline{cheatography.com/anais-pe} \\
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  \mymulticolumn{1}{p{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cheat Sheet}}  \\
   \vspace{-2pt}Published 31st May, 2025.\\
   Updated 31st May, 2025.\\
   Page {\thepage} of \pageref{LastPage}.
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  Measure your website readability!\\
  www.readability-score.com
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\begin{multicols*}{3}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{1.4931 cm} x{3.4839 cm} }
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Definitions}}  \tn
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{\emph{Anisogamy}} & Differential gamete size as a result of disruptive selection {\emph{e.g. human egg = big and full of resources, human sperm = small and speedy}}. \tn 
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{\emph{WEIRD societies}} & Western, Educated, Industrialised, Rich and Democratic people. Used for a lot of psychological and anthropological research, which is definitely controversial and unrepresentative of overall populations in the world. \tn 
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{1.19448 cm} x{3.78252 cm} }
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Mate choice - Bateman's principle (1948)}}  \tn
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{\emph{Males}} & - undiscriminating eagerness. \tn 
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{\emph{Females}} & - discriminating passivity. \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{Sex with the largest parental investment (usually the female) will become a limited resource to compete for.} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{1. Males = higher variance in numbers of offsprings \textgreater{} females (higher reprod. success).} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{2. Males = higher variance in sexual partners \textgreater{} females (higher mating success).} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{3. Males = stronger rship b/w RS and MS \textgreater{} females.} \tn 
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{1.29402 cm} x{3.68298 cm} }
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Challenges to Bateman's principle}}  \tn
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{\emph{Hrdy}} & female primate research - females are not universally coy + choosy. \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{There are advantages for females to have multiple male mates (polyandry) {\emph{e.g. lower infanticide + higher fertilisation}}.} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{{\emph{Females}}}} = choosy if population contains high variability in male quality and/or lower paternal investment.} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{{\emph{Males }}}}= choosy if above is true for females.} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{{\emph{Both }}}}= choosy if encounter rate is high = parental investment = similar for both sexes, similar and high variation in mate quality in both sexes.} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{{\emph{Neither}}}} = choosy if low population density with low encounter rates.} \tn 
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{\emph{Brown et al.}} & Sex roles are not universal, inter-population variation in reprod success b/w human males and females. \tn 
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 & WEIRD societies show higher mating success in males \textgreater{} females, but most modern societies involve institutionalised monogamous rships (so similar mating success). \tn 
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 & Rship b/w MS and RS varies b/w populations {\emph{e.g. if paternal investment is high, then MS and RS = low}}. \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Anisogamy}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{Sexual reprod leads to the evolution of anisogamy and sex-specific reprod processes and associated strategies.} \tn 
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Sex biases in behaviour: & Mate choice, parental investment... \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{Leads to competition b/w members of same sex ({\emph{e.g. stag antlers only in males, so not useful for survival generally}}) and intersexual competition ({\emph{e.g. peacocks = costly tails, so must be fit to survive w/ tail, compete for female attention}}).} \tn 
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{2.09034 cm} x{2.88666 cm} }
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Attractive traits}}  \tn
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{\emph{Sweat signals compatibility}} & {\bf{Hybrid vigour:}} sweat from someone w/ immune system most different to your own (i.e. variation) = most attractive. \tn 
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{\emph{Beauty}} & Cultural? Babies stare more at "attractive faces". Symmetry signals fitness (although symmetry is also selected for if only half the face is shown?). Averageness is preferred - familiarity = safer, no genetic anomalies. \tn 
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{\emph{Testosterone}} & High testosterone = major costs {\emph{e.g. reduce immunity}}. Testosterone + male jaw -\textgreater{} sharp jaw signals high testosterone, therefore must be fit to survive with sharp jaw. \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Evolutionary psychology (EP) and mate choice}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{Beh. = predetermined by genes. -\textgreater{} universality of behaviours because evolutionary behaviours are part of our shared human nature.} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{{\emph{Mate choice:}} Focus on sex differences, with recognition to a minimal role played by social learning.} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{EP evaluates attractiveness of traits based on parental investment, reprod value and paternity certainty.} \tn 
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{\emph{Parental investment}} & {\emph{Effort + resources required to maintain offspring.}} \tn 
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 & Leads to trade-off b/w mating + parenting efforts - looking after offsprings requires energy, so less energy is put towards mating. \tn 
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 & Humans: males usually invest through provision of resources, so cues to attractiveness related to provision = attractive to females ({\emph{e.g. wealth + status + ambition}}). \tn 
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{p{0.4977 cm} p{0.4977 cm} }
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Human Behavioural Ecology (HBE) and mate choice}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{Socioecological context impacts beh. + most valued traits in potential mate.} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{Beh. = result of adaptations toward optimum reprod success.} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{Beh. = flexible + adaptive w/ underlying genetic mechanisms.} \tn 
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{2.28942 cm} x{2.68758 cm} }
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Mate choice - Cross-cultural study by Buss}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{37 cultures tested.} \tn 
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{\emph{Males}} & Preferred young + attractive females. \tn 
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{\emph{Females}} & Valued financial resources - women = less economically independent? \tn 
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High cultural variation b/w sexes. & {\emph{e.g. Hadza hunter-gatherers: men aren't the only providers, so woman's work ethic was an important factor of attractiveness.}} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Sex differences:}}} \tn 
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{\emph{Female attractiveness}} & Full lips, sprightly gait, luscious hair and clear skin. \tn 
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{\emph{Male attractiveness}} & Wealth + status. \tn 
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 & Study w/ attractiveness rating of males by females in nice v. average car = most attractive in nice car. \tn 
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% That's all folks
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