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% Document Info
\author{Anais\_Pe}
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  /Title (biology-a-level-ocr-eukaryotic-cell-structure.pdf)
  /Creator (Cheatography)
  /Author (Anais\_Pe)
  /Subject (Biology A level OCR - Eukaryotic Cell Structure Cheat Sheet)
}

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    \vspace{-2pt}\large{\bf{\textcolor{DarkBackground}{\textrm{Biology A level OCR - Eukaryotic Cell Structure Cheat Sheet}}}} \\
    \normalsize{by \textcolor{DarkBackground}{Anais\_Pe} via \textcolor{DarkBackground}{\uline{cheatography.com/151793/cs/34158/}}}
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  \mymulticolumn{1}{p{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cheat Sheet}}  \\
   \vspace{-2pt}Not Yet Published.\\
   Updated 13th September, 2022.\\
   Page {\thepage} of \pageref{LastPage}.
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  Measure your website readability!\\
  www.readability-score.com
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cells}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{There are two fundamental types of cells: prokaryotic and eukaryotic.  \newline % Row Count 2 (+ 2)
{\bf{Prokaryotes}} - unicellular organisms with an undivided cytoplasm. The cytoplasm is made of cytosol (water, salts and organic molecules). \newline % Row Count 5 (+ 3)
{\bf{Eukaryotic}} - multicellular organisms. Eukaryotic cells have a more complex inner structure (e.g. nucleoplasm, cytoplasm). \newline % Row Count 8 (+ 3)
This topic is about the ultrastructure of the cell (what can be observed with an electronic microscope).% Row Count 11 (+ 3)
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{The cytoskeleton}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{A network of fibres found throughout eukaryotic cells' cytoplasm which provide stability and structure to the cell as well as hold organelles in place. It also controls cell and organelle movement. \newline % Row Count 4 (+ 4)
It is made of three structures: \newline % Row Count 5 (+ 1)
{\bf{Microfilaments}} - Made from protein {\emph{actin}}. Responsible for cell movement and cell contraction (during cytokinesis). \newline % Row Count 8 (+ 3)
{\bf{Microtubules}} - Determines the shape of a cell due to polymerised globular tubulin proteins. Used as tracks for the movement of organelles (e.g. vesicles). They also make up spindle fibres used on the separation of chromosomes. \newline % Row Count 13 (+ 5)
{\bf{Intermediate fibres}} - Provide mechanical strength to cells and maintain their integrity.% Row Count 15 (+ 2)
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Nucleus}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Contains coded genetic info (DNA molecules). DNA controls protein synthesis. It is often the biggest organelles in the cell. \newline % Row Count 3 (+ 3)
DNA is contained in a double membrane (nuclear envelope) which protects it from damage. Nuclear pores allow substances in and out of the nucleus. DNA molecules are too big to leave the nucleus so they are transcribes into RNA. \newline % Row Count 8 (+ 5)
DNA + histones (proteins) = chromatin (coils and condensed to form chromosomes).% Row Count 10 (+ 2)
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{The nucleolus}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Area within the nucleus which produces ribosomes. Composed of proteins and RNA. RNA produces rRNA (ribosomal ribo nucleic acid) which combines with proteins to make ribosomes.% Row Count 4 (+ 4)
} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Vesicles}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Membranous sacs used for storage and transport consisting of a single membrane with fluid.% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Lysosomes}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Vesicles containing hydrolytic enzymes. These break down cellular waste material (including old organelles), pathogens absorbed by phagocytes or cells (apoptosis).% Row Count 4 (+ 4)
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Compartments for life}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Metabolism}} - synthesis and breaking down of molecules. \newline % Row Count 2 (+ 2)
Reactions take place in the cytoplasm which is separated from external environment by a cell-surface membrane. {\bf{Organelles}} are membrane bound compartments where different reactions can take place during to the specific environments they provide. \newline % Row Count 7 (+ 5)
Membranes are selectively permeable (only allow certain substances in and out). \newline % Row Count 9 (+ 2)
Some organelles are common to all Eukaryotic cells and are seen in animal cells.% Row Count 11 (+ 2)
} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Mitochondria}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Site of cellular respiration (production of ATP). More mitochondria = more energy used. \newline % Row Count 2 (+ 2)
Mitochondria have a double membrane: the inner membrane is folded (forms structures called cristae) and a fluid interior (the matrix). Membrane contains the cristae contains enzymes used for respiration. Mitochondria also contains small amounts of DNA (called mitochondrial DNA or (mt)DNA). Mitochondria produce their own enzymes and reproduce themselves.% Row Count 10 (+ 8)
} \tn 
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% That's all folks
\end{multicols*}

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