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% Document Info
\author{Anais (Anais\_Pe)}
\pdfinfo{
  /Title (biology-a-level-hormonal-communication.pdf)
  /Creator (Cheatography)
  /Author (Anais (Anais\_Pe))
  /Subject (Biology A level - Hormonal communication Cheat Sheet)
}

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    \vspace{-2pt}\large{\bf{\textcolor{DarkBackground}{\textrm{Biology A level - Hormonal communication Cheat Sheet}}}} \\
    \normalsize{by \textcolor{DarkBackground}{Anais (Anais\_Pe)} via \textcolor{DarkBackground}{\uline{cheatography.com/151793/cs/43686/}}}
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  \mymulticolumn{2}{p{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cheatographer}}  \\
  \vspace{-2pt}Anais (Anais\_Pe) \\
  \uline{cheatography.com/anais-pe} \\
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  \mymulticolumn{1}{p{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cheat Sheet}}  \\
   \vspace{-2pt}Published 18th June, 2024.\\
   Updated 18th June, 2024.\\
   Page {\thepage} of \pageref{LastPage}.
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  Measure your website readability!\\
  www.readability-score.com
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\begin{multicols*}{3}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{1.4931 cm} x{3.4839 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Endocrine glands}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Endocrine glands}} release hormones in the blood.} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Exocrine glands}} release hormones via ducts.} \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 1)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{Gland}} & {\bf{Produces:}} \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 1)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
{\emph{Pituitary gland}} & In brain - ADH, gonadotrophins, growth hormones. \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 2)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\emph{Thyroid}} & In throat - thyroxine. \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 1)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
{\emph{Adrenal gland}} & Above kidneys - adrenaline. \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 2)
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\emph{Testes}} & Testosterone \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 1)
% Row 7
\SetRowColor{white}
{\emph{Ovaries}} & Progesterone, oeastrogen. \tn 
% Row Count 11 (+ 1)
% Row 8
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\emph{Pancreas}} & Between kidneys - insulin, glucagon. \tn 
% Row Count 13 (+ 2)
% Row 9
\SetRowColor{white}
{\emph{Thymus gland}} & In thorax - thymosin \tn 
% Row Count 15 (+ 2)
% Row 10
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\emph{Pineal gland}} & In brain - melatonin \tn 
% Row Count 17 (+ 2)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Steroid and non-steroid hormones}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Steroid hormones}} {\emph{e.g. oestrogen}}} \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Steroids = lipid-soluble and can therefore go through the membrane of the target cell.} \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 2)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{The hormone binds to a receptor in the nucleus.} \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 1)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{The hormone-receptor complex binds to DNA and acts as a transcription factor.} \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 2)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{mRNA produced for gene to create protein.} \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 1)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{} \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 0)
% Row 6
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Non-steroid hormones}} {\emph{e.g. adrenaline}}} \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 1)
% Row 7
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Soluble in water - cannot go through the membrane.} \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 1)
% Row 8
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Hormone acts as primary messenger, binds to receptor on cell membrane surface.} \tn 
% Row Count 11 (+ 2)
% Row 9
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Receptor changes enzyme shape to catalyse formation of cAMP (secondary messenger) from ATP.} \tn 
% Row Count 13 (+ 2)
% Row 10
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Secondary messenger starts a cascade reaction which affects cellular function (for adrenaline, triggers glycogen breakdown).} \tn 
% Row Count 16 (+ 3)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
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\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{2.4885 cm} x{2.4885 cm} }
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{The pancreas}}  \tn
% Row 0
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{Exocrine and endocrine gland.} \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
{\emph{Exocrine}} & Amylases \{\{nl\}\} Proteases \{\{nl\}\} Lipases \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 2)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\emph{Endocrine}} & Insulin\{\{nl\}\}Glucagon \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 2)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{} \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 0)
% Row 4
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{{\emph{Histology}}}}} \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 1)
% Row 5
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α cells & Produce and secrete glucagon. \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 2)
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
β cells & Produce and secrete insulin. \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 2)
% Row 7
\SetRowColor{white}
Islets of Langerhan & Contain both types of cells. \tn 
% Row Count 12 (+ 2)
% Row 8
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{} \tn 
% Row Count 12 (+ 0)
% Row 9
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{\emph{Adrenal cortex}} & {\emph{Glucocorticoids}} - e.g. cortisol, corticoseron.\{\{nl\}\} Release controlled by hypothalamus \tn 
% Row Count 17 (+ 5)
% Row 10
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 & {\emph{Mineralcorticoids}} - e.g. aldosterone (blood pressure and salt levels).\{\{nl\}\} Release controlled by kidney signals. \tn 
% Row Count 23 (+ 6)
% Row 11
\SetRowColor{white}
 & {\emph{Androgens}} - Small amounts of sex hormones. \tn 
% Row Count 26 (+ 3)
% Row 12
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\emph{Adrenal medulla}} (fight or flight resp.) & {\emph{Adrenaline}} - Inc. blood glucose and heart rate. \tn 
% Row Count 29 (+ 3)
% Row 13
\SetRowColor{white}
 & {\emph{Noradrenaline}} - Works alongside adrenaline, increases heart rate, widens pupils. \tn 
% Row Count 34 (+ 5)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Pancreas histology}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{1}{p{5.377cm}}{\vspace{1px}\centerline{\includegraphics[width=5.1cm]{/web/www.cheatography.com/public/uploads/anais-pe_1718723734_GI138b.jpg}}} \tn 
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{1.89126 cm} x{3.08574 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Controlling blood glucose}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Lowering blood glucose & Insulin released from beta cells. \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
 & Glucose converted to glycogen. \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 2)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & Respiration. \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 1)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
Increasing blood glucose & Glucagon released (alpha cells). \{\{nl\}\} Causes glycogenolysis - breaks down glycogen into glucose \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 5)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & Glycogenesis - Make new glucose from other molecules. \tn 
% Row Count 13 (+ 3)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
 & Diet. \tn 
% Row Count 14 (+ 1)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Secreting isulin}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Glucose outside beta cell diffuses in through glucose transport protein.} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Glucose allows mitochondria to respire more and produce more ATP.} \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 2)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{ATP closes K\textasciitilde{}ATP\textasciitilde{} channels.} \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 1)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{No movement of K\textasciicircum{}+\textasciicircum{} makes it build up, depolarising the membrane (-30mV).} \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 2)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Voltage-gated Ca\textasciicircum{}2+\textasciicircum{} ion channels open, Ca\textasciicircum{}2+\textasciicircum{} diffuses in.} \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 2)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Ca\textasciicircum{}2+\textasciicircum{} binds to vesicles containing insulin which binds to the - exocytosis and insulin is released.} \tn 
% Row Count 11 (+ 2)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{0.84609 cm} x{4.13091 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Types of diabetes}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\emph{Type 1}} & No insulin produced by beta cells. \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
 & No cure, childhood symptoms develop early. \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 2)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & Insulin injection as treatment. \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 1)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
{\emph{Type 2}} & Can't effectively use insulin\{\{nl\}\}- Body cells don't respond / beta cells don't produce enough. \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 3)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & Caused by diet / exercise. \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 1)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
 & Can regulate person's carb intake through diet and drugs. \tn 
% Row Count 11 (+ 2)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{2.04057 cm} x{2.93643 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Newer diabetes treatments}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\emph{Medically produced insulin}} & Genetically modified bacteria produce human insulin. \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 3)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
{\emph{Stem cells}} & Create new beta cells. \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 1)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{1.59264 cm} x{3.38436 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Controlling heart rate}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\emph{Medulla oblongata}} & Sends impulses to: \{\{nl\}\}- Accelerator nerve to inc. heart rate. \{\{nl\}\} - Vagus nerve to dec. heart rate. \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 4)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
{\emph{Chemoreceptors}} & CO\textasciitilde{}2\textasciitilde{} level detected in aorta, carotid and medulla. \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 2)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\emph{Baroreceptors}} & Regulates blood pressure, detected in aorta, vena cava, carotid. \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 3)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}


% That's all folks
\end{multicols*}

\end{document}