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% Document Info
\author{Anais (Anais\_Pe)}
\pdfinfo{
  /Title (biology-a-level-ecosystems.pdf)
  /Creator (Cheatography)
  /Author (Anais (Anais\_Pe))
  /Subject (Biology A level - Ecosystems Cheat Sheet)
}

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    \vspace{-2pt}\large{\bf{\textcolor{DarkBackground}{\textrm{Biology A level - Ecosystems Cheat Sheet}}}} \\
    \normalsize{by \textcolor{DarkBackground}{Anais (Anais\_Pe)} via \textcolor{DarkBackground}{\uline{cheatography.com/151793/cs/43679/}}}
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  \mymulticolumn{2}{p{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cheatographer}}  \\
  \vspace{-2pt}Anais (Anais\_Pe) \\
  \uline{cheatography.com/anais-pe} \\
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  \mymulticolumn{1}{p{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cheat Sheet}}  \\
   \vspace{-2pt}Published 18th June, 2024.\\
   Updated 18th June, 2024.\\
   Page {\thepage} of \pageref{LastPage}.
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  Measure your website readability!\\
  www.readability-score.com
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{1.14471 cm} x{3.83229 cm} }
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Key words for topic}}  \tn
% Row 0
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{\emph{Habitat}} & Ecological / environmental area inhabited by particular species. \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 3)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
{\emph{Population}} & Group of organisms of same species in area. \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 2)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\emph{Community}} & Eco. unit composed of different populations. \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 2)
% Row 3
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{\emph{Niche}} & Role of an organism in an ecosystem (competition occurs when 2 organisms share a niche). \tn 
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% Row 4
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{{\emph{All affected by biotic + abiotic factors.}}} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Biomass transfer}}  \tn
% Row 0
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{\emph{Efficiency at producer level}} & Photosynthesis ≠ 100\% of sunlight. \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
 & Net production = gross prod. - respiratory losses \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 3)
% Row 2
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{\emph{Efficiency at consumer level}} & Not all energy consumed (not all eaten or digested, metabolic heat...). \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 4)
% Row 3
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 & Ecological efficiency = (energy or biomass available after transfer / energy or biomass available before transfer) x 100 \tn 
% Row Count 15 (+ 6)
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Decomposition}}  \tn
% Row 0
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{\emph{Detritivors}} & Feed on detritus (dead organic material). \tn 
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{\emph{Saprotrophs}} & Secrete enzymes in dead material to digest it. \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{{\emph{Recycling nitrogen}}}}} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{Nitrogen necessary for bio molecules, e.g. nucleic acids, amino acids...} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{{\emph{Nitrogen fixation}} - Nitrogen cannot be used 'raw', so needs to be bonded with other molecules (by {\emph{Rhizobium}} and {\emph{Azotobacter}}).} \tn 
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% Row 6
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{{\emph{Nitrification}} - Ammonium compounds converted into nitrogen-containing compounds.\{\{nl\}\} Requires oxygen. \{\{nl\}\}Carried out by {\emph{Nitrosomonas}} and {\emph{Nitrobacter}}.} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{{\emph{Denitrification}} - No oxygen -{}-\textgreater{} denitrifying bacteria convert nitrates into N gas.} \tn 
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% Row 8
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{{\emph{Ammonification}} - Nitrogen into ammonium compounds.} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Nitrogen cycle}}  \tn
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{1.74195 cm} x{3.23505 cm} }
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Succession key terms}}  \tn
% Row 0
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{\emph{Succession}} & Type of living organisms changes over time (in plants, from annual plants to hardwood trees). \{\{nl\}\}Communities become increasingly complex, biodiversity increases. \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 7)
% Row 1
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 & {\emph{Primary succession}} - Plants colonise barren land for the first time. \tn 
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 & {\emph{Secondary succession}} - Soil already present, plants grow for first time. \tn 
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{\emph{Seral stages / seres}} & Step in succession. \tn 
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{\emph{Defected succession	}} & Succession halted before climax community. \{\{nl\}\}If caused by human activity, then = plagioclimax. \tn 
% Row Count 19 (+ 4)
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Plant succesion}}  \tn
% Row 0
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{\emph{Pioneer community}} & Seeds, spores carried by wind, excrement... \{\{nl\}\}Produce many seeds, germinates quickly, fix N\textasciitilde{}2\textasciitilde{} from atmosphere. \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 5)
% Row 1
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{\emph{Intermediate community	}} & Erosion and decomp.  of pioneer species form humus. Can support new species (secondary colonisers). \{\{nl\}\} Tertiary colonisers - When conditions improve. Live with little water. \tn 
% Row Count 13 (+ 8)
% Row 2
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{\emph{Climax community	}} & Stable, little change over time. \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Distribution v. Abundance}}  \tn
% Row 0
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{\emph{Distribution}} & Where organisms are found in an ecosystem. \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 1
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 & Line or belt transect normally used. \tn 
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% Row 2
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{\emph{Abundance}} & Number of individuals of a species found in an area. \tn 
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% Row 3
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 & Animals - Capture-recapture. \{\{nl\}\}Plants - Individuals per area. \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Simpson's index of diversity}}  \tn
% Row 0
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{D = 1-∑(n/N)\textasciicircum{}2\textasciicircum{}} \tn 
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% Row 1
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{D = diversity index \{\{nl\}\} N = total number of organisms in ecosystem \{\{nl\}\} n = number of individuals in each species} \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 3)
% Row 2
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Value between 0-1. Higher value = higher biodiversity.} \tn 
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\par\addvspace{1.3em}


% That's all folks
\end{multicols*}

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