\documentclass[10pt,a4paper]{article}

% Packages
\usepackage{fancyhdr}           % For header and footer
\usepackage{multicol}           % Allows multicols in tables
\usepackage{tabularx}           % Intelligent column widths
\usepackage{tabulary}           % Used in header and footer
\usepackage{hhline}             % Border under tables
\usepackage{graphicx}           % For images
\usepackage{xcolor}             % For hex colours
%\usepackage[utf8x]{inputenc}    % For unicode character support
\usepackage[T1]{fontenc}        % Without this we get weird character replacements
\usepackage{colortbl}           % For coloured tables
\usepackage{setspace}           % For line height
\usepackage{lastpage}           % Needed for total page number
\usepackage{seqsplit}           % Splits long words.
%\usepackage{opensans}          % Can't make this work so far. Shame. Would be lovely.
\usepackage[normalem]{ulem}     % For underlining links
% Most of the following are not required for the majority
% of cheat sheets but are needed for some symbol support.
\usepackage{amsmath}            % Symbols
\usepackage{MnSymbol}           % Symbols
\usepackage{wasysym}            % Symbols
%\usepackage[english,german,french,spanish,italian]{babel}              % Languages

% Document Info
\author{Anais (Anais\_Pe)}
\pdfinfo{
  /Title (biology-a-level-communicable-diseases.pdf)
  /Creator (Cheatography)
  /Author (Anais (Anais\_Pe))
  /Subject (Biology A level - Communicable Diseases Cheat Sheet)
}

% Lengths and widths
\addtolength{\textwidth}{6cm}
\addtolength{\textheight}{-1cm}
\addtolength{\hoffset}{-3cm}
\addtolength{\voffset}{-2cm}
\setlength{\tabcolsep}{0.2cm} % Space between columns
\setlength{\headsep}{-12pt} % Reduce space between header and content
\setlength{\headheight}{85pt} % If less, LaTeX automatically increases it
\renewcommand{\footrulewidth}{0pt} % Remove footer line
\renewcommand{\headrulewidth}{0pt} % Remove header line
\renewcommand{\seqinsert}{\ifmmode\allowbreak\else\-\fi} % Hyphens in seqsplit
% This two commands together give roughly
% the right line height in the tables
\renewcommand{\arraystretch}{1.3}
\onehalfspacing

% Commands
\newcommand{\SetRowColor}[1]{\noalign{\gdef\RowColorName{#1}}\rowcolor{\RowColorName}} % Shortcut for row colour
\newcommand{\mymulticolumn}[3]{\multicolumn{#1}{>{\columncolor{\RowColorName}}#2}{#3}} % For coloured multi-cols
\newcolumntype{x}[1]{>{\raggedright}p{#1}} % New column types for ragged-right paragraph columns
\newcommand{\tn}{\tabularnewline} % Required as custom column type in use

% Font and Colours
\definecolor{HeadBackground}{HTML}{333333}
\definecolor{FootBackground}{HTML}{666666}
\definecolor{TextColor}{HTML}{333333}
\definecolor{DarkBackground}{HTML}{A31830}
\definecolor{LightBackground}{HTML}{F9F0F2}
\renewcommand{\familydefault}{\sfdefault}
\color{TextColor}

% Header and Footer
\pagestyle{fancy}
\fancyhead{} % Set header to blank
\fancyfoot{} % Set footer to blank
\fancyhead[L]{
\noindent
\begin{multicols}{3}
\begin{tabulary}{5.8cm}{C}
    \SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
    \vspace{-7pt}
    {\parbox{\dimexpr\textwidth-2\fboxsep\relax}{\noindent
        \hspace*{-6pt}\includegraphics[width=5.8cm]{/web/www.cheatography.com/public/images/cheatography_logo.pdf}}
    }
\end{tabulary}
\columnbreak
\begin{tabulary}{11cm}{L}
    \vspace{-2pt}\large{\bf{\textcolor{DarkBackground}{\textrm{Biology A level - Communicable Diseases Cheat Sheet}}}} \\
    \normalsize{by \textcolor{DarkBackground}{Anais (Anais\_Pe)} via \textcolor{DarkBackground}{\uline{cheatography.com/151793/cs/43598/}}}
\end{tabulary}
\end{multicols}}

\fancyfoot[L]{ \footnotesize
\noindent
\begin{multicols}{3}
\begin{tabulary}{5.8cm}{LL}
  \SetRowColor{FootBackground}
  \mymulticolumn{2}{p{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cheatographer}}  \\
  \vspace{-2pt}Anais (Anais\_Pe) \\
  \uline{cheatography.com/anais-pe} \\
  \end{tabulary}
\vfill
\columnbreak
\begin{tabulary}{5.8cm}{L}
  \SetRowColor{FootBackground}
  \mymulticolumn{1}{p{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cheat Sheet}}  \\
   \vspace{-2pt}Published 10th June, 2024.\\
   Updated 10th June, 2024.\\
   Page {\thepage} of \pageref{LastPage}.
\end{tabulary}
\vfill
\columnbreak
\begin{tabulary}{5.8cm}{L}
  \SetRowColor{FootBackground}
  \mymulticolumn{1}{p{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Sponsor}}  \\
  \SetRowColor{white}
  \vspace{-5pt}
  %\includegraphics[width=48px,height=48px]{dave.jpeg}
  Measure your website readability!\\
  www.readability-score.com
\end{tabulary}
\end{multicols}}




\begin{document}
\raggedright
\raggedcolumns

% Set font size to small. Switch to any value
% from this page to resize cheat sheet text:
% www.emerson.emory.edu/services/latex/latex_169.html
\footnotesize % Small font.

\begin{multicols*}{3}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{1.89126 cm} x{3.08574 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Types of pathogens}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\emph{Bacteria}} & Prokaryotes. Classified by shape and cell walls (gram positive / negative bacteria). Gram positive bacteria (e.g. MRSA) look purple after staining, gram negative (e.g. E.coli) looks red. \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 8)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
{\emph{Viruses}} & Non-living infectious agents. Rapidly reproduce. Pathogenic, attack other organisms (bacteriophages attack bacteria). \tn 
% Row Count 13 (+ 5)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\emph{Protoctista (protista)}} & Eukaryotic organism \tn 
% Row Count 15 (+ 2)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{{\emph{Fungi}}} \tn 
% Row Count 16 (+ 1)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Viral infection}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{1. Attachment of virus.} \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{2. Virus implants DNA (viral nucleic acid) in host cell.} \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 2)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{3. Cell replicates viral nucleic acid.} \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 1)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{4. Synthesis of viral proteins.} \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 1)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{5. Assembly of virus particles.} \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 1)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{6. Virus leaves cell. Lysis of host cell.} \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 1)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Viral infection diagram}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{p{5.377cm}}{\vspace{1px}\centerline{\includegraphics[width=5.1cm]{/web/www.cheatography.com/public/uploads/anais-pe_1717838735_Figure_21_02_01.png}}} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{2.4885 cm} x{2.4885 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Transmission of animal pathogens}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{{\emph{Physical contact}}}} e.g. HIV, bacterial meningitis & Direct contact, increased risk if overcrowding, poor hygiene... \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 4)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
{\bf{{\emph{Droplet infection}}}} e.g. influenza, TB & Indirect contact, increased risk if overcrowding, poor ventilation... \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 4)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{{\emph{Vectors}}}} e.g. malaria, bubonic plague, rabies & Indirect contact, increased risk if poor waste disposal (breeding ground for vectors), climate change... \tn 
% Row Count 14 (+ 6)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
{\bf{{\emph{Fomites}}}} e.g. athlete's foot, gas gangrene & Infected surfaces, indirect contact, increased risk if living in unclean conditions... \tn 
% Row Count 19 (+ 5)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{{\emph{Digestion}}}} e.g. cholera, food poisoning & DIirect contact, increased risk if sewage water, poor diet / nutrition... \tn 
% Row Count 23 (+ 4)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
{\bf{{\emph{Innoculation}}}} e.g. malaria, rabies & Direct contact, increased risk if sharing needles... \tn 
% Row Count 26 (+ 3)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{1.19002 cm} x{1.23579 cm} x{2.15119 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Animal diseases}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{Disease}} & {\bf{Type of pathogen}} & {\bf{Symptoms}} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
{\emph{Bacterial meningitis}} & Gram neg. {\bf{bacterium}} & Fever, drowsiness, light sensitivity, vomiting... \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 3)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\emph{Tuberculosis (TB)}} & Gram pos. {\bf{bacterium}} & Weight loss, fever, chest pain, coughing... \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 3)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
{\emph{HIV / AIDS}} & {\bf{Virus}} & Fever, sore throat, rash, muscle pain... \tn 
% Row Count 11 (+ 3)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\emph{Influenza}} & {\bf{Virus}} & Fever, headache, dry cough, cold symptoms... \tn 
% Row Count 14 (+ 3)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
{\emph{Athlete's foot}} & {\bf{Fungus}} & Itchy red rash between toes, flaky dry skin. \tn 
% Row Count 17 (+ 3)
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\emph{Ringworm}} & {\bf{Fungus}} & Silvery ring-like rash. \tn 
% Row Count 19 (+ 2)
% Row 7
\SetRowColor{white}
{\emph{Malaria}} & {\bf{Protist}} & Fever, sweats, vomiting, diarrhoea... \tn 
% Row Count 22 (+ 3)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}---}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{1.78503 cm} x{1.00694 cm} x{1.78503 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Plant diseases}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{Disease}} & {\bf{Type of pathogen}} & {\bf{Symptoms}} \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 3)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
{\emph{Black sigatoka}} {\bf{(bananas)}} & {\bf{Fungus}} & Premature ripening, brown + shriveled leaves. \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 3)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\emph{Tobacco Mosaic Virus (TMV)}} {\bf{(tomatoes, cucumbers...)}} & {\bf{Virus}} & Stunting, leaf curling, yellowing plant... \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 4)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
{\emph{Ring rot}} {\bf{(potatoes, tomatoes...)}} & Gram pos. {\bf{bacterium}} & Vascular wilt, discolouration and loss of texture... \tn 
% Row Count 14 (+ 4)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\emph{Potato / tomato blight}} & {\bf{Protist}} & Shrivel + turn brown, fine white fungal growth around lesions... \tn 
% Row Count 19 (+ 5)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}---}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Recognising attack on plants}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Molecules from pathogen / products from pathogenic enzymes recognised by cell by receptors in membrane.} \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 3)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Signalling molecules alert nucleus to attack.} \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 1)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Defensive molecules directly attack} \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 1)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{AND / OR}} defensive chemicals alert other cells through plasmodesmata} \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 2)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{AND / OR}} strengthen cell walls with callose and lignin} \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 2)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\emph{Callose}} - polysaccharide (beta 1,3 and beta 1,6 glycosidic bonds). \newline - can block plasmodesmata \newline - can thicken infected cell walls \newline - seals sieve plates in phloem to isolate cell}  \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{1.89126 cm} x{3.08574 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Chemical defenses in plants}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\emph{Insect repellent}} & e.g. pine resin, citronella \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
{\emph{Antibacterial compound}} & e.g. phenols (antiseptics), antibacterial gossypol (in cotton), defensins (plant protein which disrupts bacterial / fungal mambranes) \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 6)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\emph{Antifungal compounds}} & e.g. chitinase, saponins, antifungal gossypol, phenols \tn 
% Row Count 11 (+ 3)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
{\emph{Anti-oomycetes}} & e.g. glucanases (enzyme which breaks down glucans) \tn 
% Row Count 14 (+ 3)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\emph{General toxins}} & e.g. chemicals broken down into cyanide \tn 
% Row Count 16 (+ 2)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
{\emph{Insecticides}} & e.g. caffeine, pyrethrins (in chrysanthemums, act as insect neurotoxins) \tn 
% Row Count 19 (+ 3)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{1.74195 cm} x{3.23505 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Physical defenses in plants}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\emph{Physical defenses}} & Waxy cuticle, cell wall... \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
{\emph{Callose}} & Block sieve plates, thicken walls... \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 2)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{2.4885 cm} x{2.4885 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Non-specific animal defences}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{{\emph{Keeping the pathogens out}}}}} \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
{\emph{Skin}} & Physical barrier, healthy microorganisms to outcompete pathogens, sebum secretion. \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 5)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\emph{Mucous membranes}} & Contains phagocytes. \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 1)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
{\emph{Tears / urine / acid in stomach}} & Contain lysozymes. \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 2)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\emph{Coughing / sneezing}} & Ejects pathogen-containing mucus. \tn 
% Row Count 11 (+ 2)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
{\emph{Vomiting / diarrhoea}} & Expel pathogen-containing gut contents. \tn 
% Row Count 13 (+ 2)
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\emph{Inflammatory response}} & Localised response to pathogen characterised by pain / heat / redness / swelling (separate block). \tn 
% Row Count 18 (+ 5)
% Row 7
\SetRowColor{white}
{\emph{Blood clotting}} & Cascade reaction (seaprate block). \tn 
% Row Count 20 (+ 2)
% Row 8
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{{\emph{Destroying pathogens}}}}} \tn 
% Row Count 21 (+ 1)
% Row 9
\SetRowColor{white}
{\emph{Fevers}} & Cytokines stimulate hypothalamus to increase temperature. \tn 
% Row Count 24 (+ 3)
% Row 10
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\emph{Cytokines}} & Cell-signalling molecules. \tn 
% Row Count 26 (+ 2)
% Row 11
\SetRowColor{white}
{\emph{Opsonins}} e.g. immunoglobin G and M (IgG / IgM) & Bind to + tag path. Phagocytes = opsonin-binding receptors. \tn 
% Row Count 29 (+ 3)
% Row 12
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\emph{Phagocytosis}} & Phagocytes = neutrophils and macrophages (separate block). \tn 
% Row Count 32 (+ 3)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{1.84149 cm} x{3.13551 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Inflammatory response and blood clotting}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\emph{Inflammatory response}} & Mast cells released, release histamines and cytokines. {\bf{Histamines}} -{}-\textgreater{} make blood vessels dilate (heat and redness) + blood vessels walls become more leaky -{}-\textgreater{} blood plasma is forced out and becomes tissue fluid (swelling and pain). {\bf{Cytokines}} -{}-\textgreater{} attract phagocytes. \tn 
% Row Count 11 (+ 11)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
{\emph{Blood clotting}} & Damaged tissue -{}-\textgreater{} acivates platelets -{}-\textgreater{} {\bf{thromboplastin}} released. Thromboplastin + Ca\textasciicircum{}2+\textasciicircum{} = {\bf{prothrombin}} -{}-\textgreater{} {\bf{thrombin}} -{}-\textgreater{} catalyses {\bf{fibrinogen}} -{}-\textgreater{} {\bf{fibrin}} -{}-\textgreater{} blood clot \tn 
% Row Count 19 (+ 8)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Phagocytosis}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Phagocytes attracted by chemicals produced by path.} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Phagocyte recognises path. as non-self.} \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 1)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Phagocyte engulfs path. -{}-\textgreater{} phagosome.} \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 1)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Lysozymes combines with phagosome -{}-\textgreater{} phagolysosome.} \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 2)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Digested path. absorbed, antigen combines with MHC to form MHC complex.} \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 2)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Phagocyte + MHC complex = antigen-presenting cell (APC).} \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 2)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Antibody structure}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Image could not be loaded.} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Variable region}} - Changes in every antibody and is complementary to antigen. \newline {\bf{Agglutination}} - Antigens bind to multiple pathogens to clump them together. \newline {\bf{Neutralisation}} - Stop pathogens entering host cell OR act as antitoxins.}  \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cell mediated immunity - specific response}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{T lymphocytes respond to changed cells.} \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{An APC is formed (phagocytosis by macrophages). T  helpers bind to presented antigens.} \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 2)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{T helper carrying the correct antibody is activated and divides by mitosis ({\bf{clonal expansion}}).} \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 2)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{T cells can then take one of four paths:} \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 1)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{- Develop into {\bf{T memory cells}}} \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 1)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{- Produce {\bf{interleukins}} to trigger phagocytosis} \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 1)
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{- Produce {\bf{interleukins}} to trigger {\bf{B cell division}}} \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 2)
% Row 7
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{- Develop into {\bf{T killer cells}}} \tn 
% Row Count 11 (+ 1)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\emph{T helper cell}} - Produce interleukins, stimulate B cells and antibody production and attract other T cells and antibodies. \newline {\emph{T killer cell}} - Kill pathogen - produce perforin which make holes in pathogen membrane. \newline {\emph{T memory cell}} - Immunological memory, remain in blood for a long time. Second infection = rapid division of T killer cells. \newline {\emph{T regulator cells}} - Prevent autoimmune response, repress immune system after pathogen has  been destroyed.}  \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Humoral immunity - specific response}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Activated {\bf{T helper cells}} bind to {\bf{B lymphocytes}} presenting the correct antigen ({\bf{clonal selection}}) and activates it with {\bf{interleukins}}.} \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 3)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{B cells can then become one of two things:} \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 1)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{- Become a {\bf{B plasma cell}}.} \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 1)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{- Become a {\bf{B memory cell}}.} \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 1)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\emph{B lymphocytes / cells}} - APCs, respond to antigens and APCs. \newline {\bf{PRIMARY IMMUNE RESPONSE:}} \newline {\emph{B plasma cells}} - Produce antibodies, act as opsonins (label cells) or as agglutinins.  \newline {\bf{SECONDARY IMMUNE RESPONSE:}} \newline {\emph{B memory cells}} - Stay in the blood. If infected again, will divide into plasma cells.}  \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{1.05271 cm} x{1.64772 cm} x{1.87657 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Autoimmune diseases}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{Diseases}} & {\bf{Part affected}} & {\bf{Treatment}} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
{\emph{Rheumatoid arthritis}} & Joints & No cure, anti-inflam. drugs and steroids... \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 3)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\emph{Lupus}} & Skin, joints and organs & No cure, anti-inflam. drugs, steroids... \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 3)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
{\emph{Type 1 diabetes}} & \seqsplit{Insulin-secreting} parts of pancreas & Insulin injections, pancreas transplant... \tn 
% Row Count 11 (+ 3)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}---}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{1.64241 cm} x{3.33459 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Natural v. artificial, active v. passive immunity}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\emph{Natural active}} & Secondary immune response (memory T and B cells). \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
{\emph{Natural passive}} & Antibodies cross from placenta / mothers' milk. \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 2)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\emph{Artificial active}} & Body simulated to make own antibodies (e.g. injection of weakened / dead path., isolated antigens...) \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 4)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
{\emph{Artificial passive}} & Antibodies made in other animal, collected and injected. \tn 
% Row Count 11 (+ 3)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{1.59264 cm} x{3.38436 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Drug design of the future}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\emph{Pharmogenetics}} & Personalised meds, genotype and drugs interact. \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
{\emph{Synthetic biology}} & Develop bacteria to produce otherwise rare drugs, GM mammals and nanotech. \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 3)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Antibiotic dilemma}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Antibiotics = selective toxins, harm bacteria but not human cells. \newline % Row Count 2 (+ 2)
Random mutation in bacteria could lead to antibiotic resistance -{}-\textgreater{} whole population / species develops with trait (bacteria reproduce rapidly therefore antibiotic-resistant generation arrives quickly). \newline % Row Count 7 (+ 5)
{\bf{Specific example}} - {\emph{MRSA}} \newline % Row Count 8 (+ 1)
Research - computer models, deep sea microorganisms... \newline % Row Count 10 (+ 2)
Bacterial resistance building faster than antibiotics are developed.% Row Count 12 (+ 2)
} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}


% That's all folks
\end{multicols*}

\end{document}