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\author{Anais (Anais\_Pe)}
\pdfinfo{
  /Title (biology-a-level-cloning-and-biotechnology.pdf)
  /Creator (Cheatography)
  /Author (Anais (Anais\_Pe))
  /Subject (Biology A level - Cloning and Biotechnology Cheat Sheet)
}

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        \hspace*{-6pt}\includegraphics[width=5.8cm]{/web/www.cheatography.com/public/images/cheatography_logo.pdf}}
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    \vspace{-2pt}\large{\bf{\textcolor{DarkBackground}{\textrm{Biology A level - Cloning and Biotechnology Cheat Sheet}}}} \\
    \normalsize{by \textcolor{DarkBackground}{Anais (Anais\_Pe)} via \textcolor{DarkBackground}{\uline{cheatography.com/151793/cs/43649/}}}
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  \mymulticolumn{2}{p{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cheatographer}}  \\
  \vspace{-2pt}Anais (Anais\_Pe) \\
  \uline{cheatography.com/anais-pe} \\
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  \mymulticolumn{1}{p{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cheat Sheet}}  \\
   \vspace{-2pt}Published 18th June, 2024.\\
   Updated 18th June, 2024.\\
   Page {\thepage} of \pageref{LastPage}.
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  %\includegraphics[width=48px,height=48px]{dave.jpeg}
  Measure your website readability!\\
  www.readability-score.com
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\begin{multicols*}{3}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{2.18988 cm} x{2.78712 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Natural cloning in plants}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{Bulbs}} {\emph{e.g. daffodils}} & Leaf bases contain stored food, buds develop internally and make new shoots. \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 4)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
{\bf{Runners}} {\emph{e.g.strawberry}} & Lateral stem grows, eventually withers away. \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 2)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{Rhizomes}} {\emph{e.g. marram grass}} & Specialised horizontal growth, stem develops buds -which becomes new plant. \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 4)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
{\bf{Stem tubers}} {\emph{e.g. potatoes}} & Tip of underground stem becomes swollen with stored nutrients. Buds develop on that storage organisms and form new shoots. \tn 
% Row Count 16 (+ 6)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{} \tn 
% Row Count 16 (+ 0)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Uses in horticulture:}}} \tn 
% Row Count 17 (+ 1)
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{Can take cuttings from bulbs/runners to increase the yield because it is faster than growing seeds.} \tn 
% Row Count 19 (+ 2)
% Row 7
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{This also guarantees quality (because genetically identical).} \tn 
% Row Count 21 (+ 2)
% Row 8
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{{\emph{e.g. used in sugar cane cloning.}}} \tn 
% Row Count 22 (+ 1)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Artificial cloning in plants}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Micropropagation:}}} \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Sample taken from meristem (sterile conditions).} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 1)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Sterilised. Collected tissue = {\bf{explant}}.} \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 1)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Placed in sterile culture medium containing plant hormones. Cells form Mass of identical cells ({\bf{callus}}).} \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 3)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Callus is divided and transferred to different medium. This stimulates the development of genetically identical {\bf{plantlets}}.} \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 3)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Plantlets are planted in compost and grow.} \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 1)
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Young plants planted out to grow as crops.} \tn 
% Row Count 11 (+ 1)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Artificial twinning and SCNT}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{{\emph{Artificial twinning}}}}} \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Animal w/ desired trait is given hormones for super-ovulation.} \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 2)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Ova is fertilised in vitro or by insemination (by desired male).} \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 2)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Before 6 days, cells are split (still totipotent).} \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 1)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Each cell becomes an embryo.} \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 1)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Embryos are inserted in surrogates.} \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 1)
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Develop into foetuses and born normally.} \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 1)
% Row 7
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{{\emph{Somatic Cell Nuclear Transfer (SCNT)}}}}} \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 1)
% Row 8
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Transfer nucleus from adult somatic cell into enucleated egg cell (no nucleus).} \tn 
% Row Count 12 (+ 2)
% Row 9
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Nucleus and egg are fused with an electric shock} \tn 
% Row Count 13 (+ 1)
% Row 10
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{OR}} {\emph{electrofusion}} - Cells are left next to each other with constant current running through.} \tn 
% Row Count 15 (+ 2)
% Row 11
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{} \tn 
% Row Count 15 (+ 0)
% Row 12
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{+}} More offsprings than usual} \tn 
% Row Count 16 (+ 1)
% Row 13
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{+}} Guarantees desirable genes from sire.} \tn 
% Row Count 17 (+ 1)
% Row 14
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{+}} Useful in pharming} \tn 
% Row Count 18 (+ 1)
% Row 15
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{+}} Can clone rare and endangered animals} \tn 
% Row Count 19 (+ 1)
% Row 16
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{-}} SCNT = inefficient -{}- many eggs required to successfully produce one offspring.} \tn 
% Row Count 21 (+ 2)
% Row 17
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{-}} Cloned embryos fail to develop, produced deformed offsprings...} \tn 
% Row Count 23 (+ 2)
% Row 18
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{-}} Most clones have a shorter lifespan, which also means we have not been successful in cloning extinct species yet.} \tn 
% Row Count 26 (+ 3)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{1.54287 cm} x{3.43413 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Biotechnology and microorganisms}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{Biotechnology:}} & Applying biological organisms / enzymes to the synthesis / breakdown / transfer of materials in the service of people \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 5)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{{\emph{e.g. foods, penicillin, insulin...}}} \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 1)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{} \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 0)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Pros / cons of using microorganisms:}}} \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 1)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{+}} No ethics} \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 1)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{+}} Easily manipulated genetically} \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 1)
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{+}} Short life cycles} \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 1)
% Row 7
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{+}} Simple + cheap nutrient requirements} \tn 
% Row Count 11 (+ 1)
% Row 8
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{+}} Growth conditions = low temperatures / oxygen / food...} \tn 
% Row Count 13 (+ 2)
% Row 9
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{-}} Can produce toxins} \tn 
% Row Count 14 (+ 1)
% Row 10
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{-}} Have to be separated from nutrient and processed.} \tn 
% Row Count 16 (+ 2)
% Row 11
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{-}} Sterile conditions needed (increases cost).} \tn 
% Row Count 17 (+ 1)
% Row 12
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{-}} Less natural flavour.} \tn 
% Row Count 18 (+ 1)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{1.74195 cm} x{3.23505 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Direct / indirect food production}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{Indirect food prod}} & Use microorganisms for their effects on other foods. \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{{\emph{e.g. bread -{}- yeast caused it to rise. \{\{nl\}\} yoghurt -{}- bacteria make it sour.}}} \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 2)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{Direct food prod}} & Grow microorganisms to eat \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 2)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{{\emph{e.g. Quorn, fusarium venetatum (grown on glucose syrup).}}} \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 2)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{1.94103 cm} x{3.03597 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Brewing}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\emph{Indirect food production}} & {\bf{Yeast}} anaerobically respires. \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
 & Optimum temp about 20-28\textasciicircum{}o\textasciicircum{}C, but can also be genetically modified to function at lower temperatures. \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 5)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{{\emph{Malting}} - Barley germinates and digests starch into sugars so yeast respires.\{\{nl\}\}{\emph{Mashing}} - Malt + hot water. Enzymes break down starch, worth is formed.\{\{nl\}\}{\emph{Fermentation}} - Wort + yeast. pH a lowered as yeast runs out of O\textasciitilde{}2\textasciitilde{} and produces ethanol. \{\{nl\}\}{\emph{Maturation}} - Low temperatures for about a month. \{\{nl\}\}{\emph{Finishing}} - Filtered, pasteurised and bottled with CO\textasciitilde{}2\textasciitilde{}.} \tn 
% Row Count 15 (+ 8)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{1.64241 cm} x{3.33459 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Baking bread}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\emph{Indirect food prod}} & Yeast feeds on sugars and ferments them into ethanol and CO\textasciitilde{}2\textasciitilde{} which makes the bread rise \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 4)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
 & Optimum temp. of 38-46\textasciicircum{}o\textasciicircum{}C \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 1)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & Optimum pH - 5.0 / 5.5 \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 1)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
 & Yeast requires O\textasciitilde{}2\textasciitilde{} and sugars for fermentation. \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 2)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
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\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{1.64241 cm} x{3.33459 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cheese-making}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\emph{Indirect food prod}} & {\bf{Bacteria}} feed on lactose, inhibit growth of bacteria which makes milk go off. \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 4)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{{\emph{Pasteurised}} - 95\textasciicircum{}o\textasciicircum{}C for 20 seconds. \{\{nl\}\}{\emph{Mixed}} with bacteria culture and enzymes. The milk is separated into solid curds and liquid whey.\{\{nl\}\}{\emph{Cheese}} - Curds are separated and cooked in whey, sometimes pressed and dried.} \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 5)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{1.64241 cm} x{3.33459 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Yoghurt-making}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\emph{Indirect food prod}} & Skimmed milk powder, milk is pasteurised and cooked. \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
 & {\emph{L. bulgarius / S. thermopilus }} {\bf{bacteria}} added to the milk and milk is stored at cool temepratures. \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 4)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{1.59264 cm} x{3.38436 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cultivating microorganisms}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\emph{Inoculating broth}} & Bacteria suspension, mixed with sterile nutrient broth. Incubated and shook. \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 3)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
{\emph{Inoculating agar}} & Inoculating loop Sterile and dipped in suspension. Streaks made across a Petri dish. \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 4)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
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\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Bioreactors - making penicillin}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{p{5.377cm}}{\vspace{1px}\centerline{\includegraphics[width=5.1cm]{/web/www.cheatography.com/public/uploads/anais-pe_1718281262_Screenshot 2024-06-13 13.18.55.png}}} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\emph{Semi-continuous batch}} \newline Fungus grows and produces penicillin. The drug is extracted and purified. \newline The container is sealed to avoid contamination (asepsis). \newline The mixture is constantly stirred so it stays oxygenated.}  \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{1.59264 cm} x{3.38436 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Bioremediation}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{Microorganisms are used to break down pollutants and contaminants in soil / water.} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
{\emph{Natural organisms}} & Used on crude oil / sewage. \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 2)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\emph{GM microorganisms}} & Break down material they don't normally encounter (e.g. mercury in water). \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 3)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{1.59264 cm} x{3.38436 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Bacterial growth stages}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\emph{Lag phase}} & Bacteria adapting to environment.\{\{nl\}\} Growing and synthesising enzymes. \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 3)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
{\emph{Exponantial phase}} & Close to / at theoretical max. \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 2)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\emph{Stationary phase}} & Growth rate = zero -{}-\textgreater{} Cells formed cancelled out by cells dying. \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 3)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
{\emph{Death phase}} & Reproduction almost stopped, death rate increases (resources used up). \tn 
% Row Count 11 (+ 3)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Bacterial growth graph}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{p{5.377cm}}{\vspace{1px}\centerline{\includegraphics[width=5.1cm]{/web/www.cheatography.com/public/uploads/anais-pe_1718282138_Screenshot 2024-06-13 13.34.28.png}}} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Serial dilutions}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{p{5.377cm}}{\vspace{1px}\centerline{\includegraphics[width=5.1cm]{/web/www.cheatography.com/public/uploads/anais-pe_1718282314_Screenshot 2024-06-13 13.37.38.png}}} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{1.55618 cm} x{1.51041 cm} x{1.51041 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Immobilised enzymes}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{5.377cm}}{{\emph{Alternative to using microorganisms is to isolated their enzymes.}}} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
{\bf{{\emph{Immobilised enzymes}} are when those enzymes are fixed so substrate washes over them.}} & {\bf{+}} Reusable so cheaper, greater temperature tolerance, less downstream processsing. &  \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 7)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{5.377cm}}{} \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 0)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
{\emph{Surface immobilisation}} - Surface adsorption (sticking to the surface) to inorganic carrier. & {\bf{+}} Simple and cheap. \{\{nl\}\}{\bf{+}} Activity virtually unchanged. & {\bf{-}} Enzymes can be lost from matrix easily. \tn 
% Row Count 17 (+ 8)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\emph{Surface immobilisation}} - covalent / ionic binding to inorganic carrier. & {\bf{+}} Enzymes bound strongly, unlikely lost. \{\{nl\}\} {\bf{+}} Accessible to substrate. \{\{nl\}\}{\bf{+}} pH / substrate \seqsplit{concentration} = little effect on activity. & {\bf{-}} Cost varies \{\{nl\}\}{\bf{-}} Active site may be modified. \tn 
% Row Count 29 (+ 12)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
{\emph{Entrapment}} - in matrix. & {\bf{+}} Applicable to different processes. & {\bf{-}} Expensive. \{\{nl\}\}{\bf{-}} Difficult to entrap. \{\{nl\}\}{\bf{-}} Diffusion can be slow. \tn 
% Row Count 36 (+ 7)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\vfill
\columnbreak
\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{1.55618 cm} x{1.51041 cm} x{1.51041 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Immobilised enzymes (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\emph{Entrapment}} - \seqsplit{encapsulation} or \seqsplit{semi-permeable} membrane. & {\bf{+}} Relatively simple to do. \{\{nl\}\}{\bf{+}} Small effect on enzymes activity. \{\{nl\}\}{\bf{+}} Applicable to different processes. & {\bf{-}} Expensive. \{\{nl\}\}{\bf{-}} Diffusion can be slow. \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 10)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}---}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}


% That's all folks
\end{multicols*}

\end{document}