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% Document Info
\author{Anais (Anais\_Pe)}
\pdfinfo{
  /Title (biology-a-level-classification-and-evolution.pdf)
  /Creator (Cheatography)
  /Author (Anais (Anais\_Pe))
  /Subject (Biology A level - Classification and Evolution Cheat Sheet)
}

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        \hspace*{-6pt}\includegraphics[width=5.8cm]{/web/www.cheatography.com/public/images/cheatography_logo.pdf}}
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\begin{tabulary}{11cm}{L}
    \vspace{-2pt}\large{\bf{\textcolor{DarkBackground}{\textrm{Biology A level - Classification and Evolution Cheat Sheet}}}} \\
    \normalsize{by \textcolor{DarkBackground}{Anais (Anais\_Pe)} via \textcolor{DarkBackground}{\uline{cheatography.com/151793/cs/43644/}}}
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  \mymulticolumn{2}{p{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cheatographer}}  \\
  \vspace{-2pt}Anais (Anais\_Pe) \\
  \uline{cheatography.com/anais-pe} \\
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  \mymulticolumn{1}{p{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cheat Sheet}}  \\
   \vspace{-2pt}Published 12th June, 2024.\\
   Updated 12th June, 2024.\\
   Page {\thepage} of \pageref{LastPage}.
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  Measure your website readability!\\
  www.readability-score.com
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\begin{multicols*}{3}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Linnean classification}}  \tn
% Row 0
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Carl Linneaus - Hierarchal classification} \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Mnemonic: King Prawn Curry Or Fat Greasy Sausage} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\{\{ac\}\}({\bf{Domain}})} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\{\{ac\}\}{\bf{Kingdom}}} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\{\{ac\}\}{\bf{Phenus}}} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\{\{ac\}\}{\bf{Class}}} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\{\{ac\}\}{\bf{Order}}} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\{\{ac\}\}{\bf{Family}}} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\{\{ac\}\}{\bf{Genus}}} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\{\{ac\}\}{\bf{Species}} - Organisms able to reproduce to produce fertile offsprings} \tn 
% Row Count 11 (+ 2)
% Row 10
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\emph{Binomial nomenclature}} - genus and species {\emph{in italics}} genus has a capital letter, not species.} \tn 
% Row Count 13 (+ 2)
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{1.24425 cm} x{3.73275 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{5 kingdom classification}}  \tn
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\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\emph{Prokaryotes}} & Unicellular \tn 
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 & No nucleus or membrane-bound organelles \tn 
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 & Absorb nutrient through cell walls / produce it internally \tn 
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% Row 3
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{\emph{Protists}} & Mainly unicellular \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 1)
% Row 4
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 & Nucleus + membrane-bound organelles \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 2)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
 & Nutrients through photosynthesis + ingest other organisms \tn 
% Row Count 11 (+ 2)
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\emph{Fungi}} & Uni/multicellular \tn 
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% Row 7
\SetRowColor{white}
 & Nucleus + membrane-bound organelles \tn 
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% Row 8
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & Nutrients absorbed from decaying material \tn 
% Row Count 16 (+ 2)
% Row 9
\SetRowColor{white}
{\emph{Plantae}} & Multicellular \tn 
% Row Count 17 (+ 1)
% Row 10
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & Nucleus + membrane-bound organelles \tn 
% Row Count 19 (+ 2)
% Row 11
\SetRowColor{white}
 & Nutrients photosynthesised \tn 
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% Row 12
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{\emph{Animalia}} & Multicellular \tn 
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% Row 13
\SetRowColor{white}
 & Nucleus + membrane-bound organelles \tn 
% Row Count 23 (+ 2)
% Row 14
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & Nutrients ingested \tn 
% Row Count 24 (+ 1)
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\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{3 domain classification}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{3}{x{5.377cm}}{Proposed by Carl Woese} \tn 
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% Row 1
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\mymulticolumn{3}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{3 domains}} (bacteria, arches and eukarya) \{\{nl\}\}{\bf{6 kingdoms}} (eubacteria, archaebacteria, protists, fungi, plantae and animalia).} \tn 
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% Row 2
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\mymulticolumn{3}{x{5.377cm}}{Based on differences in sequence of nucleotides in RNA, lipid structure, sensitivity to antibiotics...} \tn 
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{\bf{Domain}} & {\bf{Kingdom}} & {\bf{Other details}} \tn 
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{\emph{Bacteria}} & {\emph{Eubacteria}} & 70s ribosomes \{\{nl\}\}Eubacteria = "true bacteria" \{\{nl\}\}found in all environments \tn 
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\SetRowColor{white}
{\emph{Archaea}} & {\emph{Archaebacteria}} & 70s ribosomes\{\{nl\}\}Archaebacteria = "ancient bacteria" \{\{nl\}\}Extreme environments \tn 
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{\emph{Eukaryotes}} & {\emph{Protists, fungi, plantae, animalia}} & 80s ribosomes \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Phylogenetic tree}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Show evolutionary relationships.} \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 1
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Similarities and differences in physical characteristics of species.} \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 2)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{+ {\emph{Continuous tree}} - Don't have to fit into one group or other, no discrete taxonomical group.} \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 2)
% Row 3
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{+ {\emph{Hierarchal nature of Linnean system}} - Suggests same levels are equivalent when actually not necessarily comparable.} \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 3)
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Phylogenetic tree}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{1}{p{5.377cm}}{\vspace{1px}\centerline{\includegraphics[width=5.1cm]{/web/www.cheatography.com/public/uploads/anais-pe_1718193817_Screenshot 2024-06-12 13.02.21.png}}} \tn 
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\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Natural selection}}  \tn
% Row 0
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{\emph{Variation}} & New alleles because of mutations \tn 
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% Row 1
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{\emph{Survival}} & {\emph{Selection pressure}} increases chance of survival for best adapted organisms \tn 
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{\emph{Reproduction}} & Successful organisms reproduce (survival of the fittest) \tn 
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{\emph{Genes}} & Successful organisms pass on advantageous alleles. Frequency of allele in gene pool increases. \tn 
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{\emph{Time}} & Over time, whole population has advantageous allele. {\emph{Speciation}} - Can become different species. \tn 
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{2.14011 cm} x{2.83689 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Evidence for evolution}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\emph{Paleontology}} (fossil record) & Allows us to study phylogenetic relationships.\{\{nl\}\}{\emph{Biases}} - Incomplete because not all organisms fossilise, specific conditions necessary for fossils formation... \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 8)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
{\emph{Anatomical evidence	}} & {\bf{Homologous structures}} - Structures that look different (and  may have different purposes) but have the same underlying structure (e.g. forelimbs in vertebrates).\{\{nl\}\}Example of divergent evolution - common ancestors with different adaptations. Closely related species in different habitats. \tn 
% Row Count 22 (+ 14)
% Row 2
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{\emph{Biochemical evidence}} & Differences between proteins - some important molecules are the same in different species (e.g. cytochrome C, rRNA...). \tn 
% Row Count 28 (+ 6)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
{\emph{Embryological evidence}} & Similarities in embryos between species. Shows they develop in a similar way (e.g. human and fish embryos both have gills). \{\{nl\}\} Evolutionary history can be traced through embryonic development. \tn 
% Row Count 37 (+ 9)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{1.89126 cm} x{3.08574 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Variation}}  \tn
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{\emph{Interspecific variation}} & Differences between species \tn 
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% Row 1
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{\emph{Intraspecific variation}} & Differences within species \tn 
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% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Causes of variation}}} \tn 
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{\emph{Environment}} & Sunlight, nutrient, and water availability \tn 
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\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\emph{Genetic}} & Alleles, mutations, sexual reproduction, meiosis... \tn 
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% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{or both}}} \tn 
% Row Count 11 (+ 1)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{1.34379 cm} x{3.63321 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Types of adaptations}}  \tn
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\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\emph{Anatomical}} & Body covering\{\{nl\}\} Mimicry\{\{nl\}\}Camouflage\{\{nl\}\}Teeth \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
{\emph{Physiological}} & Poison / antibiotic production\{\{nl\}\}Water holding\{\{nl\}\} (Animals - blinking, reflexes...) \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 4)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\emph{Behavioural}} & Survival behaviours (e.g. playing dead)\{\{nl\}\}Courtship\{\{nl\}\}Seasonal behaviours (e.g. migration, hibernation...) \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 4)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{1.84149 cm} x{3.13551 cm} }
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Explanations for convergent evolution}}  \tn
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\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\emph{Convergent evolution	}} & Different species start to share similarities, adapt in a similar environment / selection pressures.\{\{nl\}\}e.g. Marsupials (in Australia)  and placental mammals (USA) are species that resemble each other and because adapted in a similar environment. \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 10)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
{\emph{Analolgous structures}} & Structures that perform the same function but aren't structurally similar (e.g. wings in different animals) \tn 
% Row Count 15 (+ 5)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\emph{Founder effect}} & Small number of individuals separate to form new colony. Rate alleles become more common. \tn 
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{1.44333 cm} x{3.53367 cm} }
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Modern examples of evolution}}  \tn
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{\emph{MRSA}} & {\emph{Variation}} - Some resistant to antibiotics \tn 
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% Row 1
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 & {\emph{Selection pressure}} - Antibiotics \tn 
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% Row 2
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 & Antibiotic-resistant bacteria survive, advantageous alleles are passed on \tn 
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% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
 & After generations, more S. aureus becomes resistant to antibiotics. \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{} \tn 
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{\emph{Peppered moths}} & {\emph{Variation}} - Some white, some black \tn 
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 & {\emph{Selection pressure}} - Change in tree colour because of industrial revolution. \tn 
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 & White ones survive pre-revol., black ones survive during and white ones again after. \tn 
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 & Moths therefore change colour through generations to match tree colour. \tn 
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\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
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% That's all folks
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