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% Document Info
\author{amstoffel (amstoffel)}
\pdfinfo{
  /Title (a-level-physics-waves.pdf)
  /Creator (Cheatography)
  /Author (amstoffel (amstoffel))
  /Subject (A-Level Physics - Waves Cheat Sheet)
}

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        \hspace*{-6pt}\includegraphics[width=5.8cm]{/web/www.cheatography.com/public/images/cheatography_logo.pdf}}
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    \vspace{-2pt}\large{\bf{\textcolor{DarkBackground}{\textrm{A-Level Physics - Waves Cheat Sheet}}}} \\
    \normalsize{by \textcolor{DarkBackground}{amstoffel (amstoffel)} via \textcolor{DarkBackground}{\uline{cheatography.com/197528/cs/42162/}}}
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  \mymulticolumn{2}{p{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cheatographer}}  \\
  \vspace{-2pt}amstoffel (amstoffel) \\
  \uline{cheatography.com/amstoffel} \\
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  \mymulticolumn{1}{p{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cheat Sheet}}  \\
   \vspace{-2pt}Not Yet Published.\\
   Updated 3rd March, 2024.\\
   Page {\thepage} of \pageref{LastPage}.
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  Measure your website readability!\\
  www.readability-score.com
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Waves}}  \tn
% Row 0
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{A wave is a means of transferring energy and momentum from one point to another without there being any transfer of matter between the two points.} \tn 
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% Row 1
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{They can be \seqsplit{mechanical/electromagnetic}, progressive/stationary and longitudinal/transverse} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Types of waves}}  \tn
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Mechanical waves are made up of vibrating particles. They require a substance for transmission, so can't travel through a vacuum.\{\{nl\}\}{\emph{eg}} sound (air molecules), water (water molecules) & Electromagnetic waves are made up of oscillating electric and magnetic fields. They don't require a substance for transmission, so can travel through a vacuum.\{\{nl\}\}{\emph{eg}} light and radio \tn 
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Progressive waves are when there is a net transfer of energy and momentum from one point to another\{\{nl\}\}{\emph{eg}} sound from a person speaking, light from a lamp & Stationary waves are when there is NO net transfer of energy and momentum from one point to another.\{\{nl\}\}{\emph{eg}} the wave on a guitar string \tn 
% Row Count 18 (+ 8)
% Row 2
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Longitudinal waves are when the direction of vibration of the particles is parallel to the direction of travel\{\{nl\}\}{\emph{eg}} sound & Transverse waves are when the direction of vibration of the particles is perpendicular to the direction of travel\{\{nl\}\}{\emph{eg}} water and electromagnetic waves \tn 
% Row Count 26 (+ 8)
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Measuring Waves}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Displacement, x: the distance of an oscillating particle from its undisturbed/equilibrium position} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Amplitude, a: the maximum displacement from an oscillating particle from its equilibrium position\{\{nl\}\}It is equal to the height of a peak or depth of a trough} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Wavelength, λ: the distance between two consecutive particles at the same phase, measured in metres/m\{\{nl\}\}Example: peak to peak} \tn 
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% Row 3
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Period, T: the time taken for one complete oscillation of a particle in a waves, measured in seconds/s} \tn 
% Row Count 12 (+ 3)
% Row 4
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Frequency, f: the number of complete oscillations in one second performed by a particle in a wave \{\{nl\}\}note: f =1/ T} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Phase, φ: the point that a particle is at within an oscillation\{\{nl\}\} It can be expressed in terms of an angle up to 360°} \tn 
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% Row 6
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Phase difference, Δφ: the fraction of a cycle between two particles within one or two waves\{\{nl\}\}Example:the top of a peak has a phase difference of half of one cycle compared with the bottom of a trough.} \tn 
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% Row 7
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Phase difference is often expressed as an angle difference. So in the above case the phase difference is 180°. Also with phase difference, angles are usually measured in radians.} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Wave equation}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{For all waves:} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{c = f λ OR speed = frequency x wavelength} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{(where speed is in ms\textasciicircum{}-1 provided frequency is in hertz and wavelength in metres)} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Polarisation}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Only TRANSVERSE waves undergo polarisation (where they all travel at the same speed in a vacuum)} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{The oscillations within a transverse wave and the direction of travel of the wave define a plane.} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{If the wave only occupies one plane the wave is said to be plane polarised.} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Light from a lamp is unpolarised. \{\{nl\}\}However, with a polarising filter it can be plane polarised.} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{If two 'crossed' filters are used then no light will be transmitted.} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Applications of polarisation}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Polarised sunglasses: these contain lenses with polarising filters that only transmit vertically polarised light.\{\{nl\}\}When light is reflected from a reflective surface with water, it undergoes partial plane polarisation (a proportion of the reflected light will oscillate more in the horizontal plane than the vertical plane).} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Polaroid photography: work in a similar way to polarised sunglasses.\{\{nl\}\}They are useful for capturing intensified colour and reducing glare on bright days. They also enable photographers to take photos of objects underwater.} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Polarisation of Radio \& Microwaves Signals: Radio and television services are broadcast either horizontally- or vertically-polarised.\{\{nl\}\}Therefore, the reception aerial needs to be mounted horizontal or vertical, where its orientation will depend on the transmitter it is pointing towards and the polarity of the services being broadcast.} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{p{5.377cm}}{\vspace{1px}\centerline{\includegraphics[width=5.1cm]{/web/www.cheatography.com/public/uploads/amstoffel_1709494578_polarisation of waves.png}}} \tn 
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% That's all folks
\end{multicols*}

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