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\author{Amber.Farmer}
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  /Title (chapter-6.pdf)
  /Creator (Cheatography)
  /Author (Amber.Farmer)
  /Subject (Chapter 6 Cheat Sheet)
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        \hspace*{-6pt}\includegraphics[width=5.8cm]{/web/www.cheatography.com/public/images/cheatography_logo.pdf}}
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    \vspace{-2pt}\large{\bf{\textcolor{DarkBackground}{\textrm{Chapter 6 Cheat Sheet}}}} \\
    \normalsize{by \textcolor{DarkBackground}{Amber.Farmer} via \textcolor{DarkBackground}{\uline{cheatography.com/88867/cs/20318/}}}
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  \mymulticolumn{2}{p{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cheatographer}}  \\
  \vspace{-2pt}Amber.Farmer \\
  \uline{cheatography.com/amber-farmer} \\
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  \mymulticolumn{1}{p{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cheat Sheet}}  \\
   \vspace{-2pt}Not Yet Published.\\
   Updated 27th August, 2019.\\
   Page {\thepage} of \pageref{LastPage}.
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  %\includegraphics[width=48px,height=48px]{dave.jpeg}
  Measure your website readability!\\
  www.readability-score.com
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{6.1 Primary Functions of Skeleton}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Components of Skeletal System:}} \newline % Row Count 1 (+ 1)
- Include all bones in the body \newline % Row Count 2 (+ 1)
- Cartilage, joints, ligaments, connective tissue (stabilize or connect bone) \newline % Row Count 4 (+ 2)
{\bf{Functions:}} \newline % Row Count 5 (+ 1)
{\bf{1. Support}} - structural support for the entire body. \newline % Row Count 7 (+ 2)
Soft tissue attachment and organs.  \newline % Row Count 8 (+ 1)
{\bf{2. Storage}} - {\emph{Yellow bone marrow}} stores lipids for energy reserves and mineral reserves for calcium and phosphorus ions held in calcium salts found in bone. \newline % Row Count 12 (+ 4)
{\bf{3. Blood Cell Production}} - red cells, white cells and other blood products are produced in the {\emph{red bone marrow}}.  \newline % Row Count 15 (+ 3)
{\bf{4. Protection}} - Protects tissues and soft organs by surrounding them with the skeleton. (ex. ribs protect heart/lungs, skull protects brain) \newline % Row Count 18 (+ 3)
{\bf{5. Leverage}} - Bones function as levers to move the body with directional force.% Row Count 20 (+ 2)
} \tn 
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{6.2 Features of a Long Bone}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Features:}} \newline % Row Count 1 (+ 1)
-The {\bf{diaphysis}} is the central shaft that surrounds the {\bf{marrow cavity}} (or {\emph{medullary cavity}}) which is the center filled with {\bf{bone marrow}} \newline % Row Count 4 (+ 3)
- The {\bf{epiphysis}} covered with articular cartilage. Articulate with an adjacent bone at a joint.  \newline % Row Count 6 (+ 2)
- {\bf{Spongy Bone}} Network of bony rods or struts separated by space. Only located in the {\emph{Epiphysis}} (The interlaced rods are known as trabecular). Red Bone marrow fills the holes between trabeculae. Red marrow is in this section. \newline % Row Count 11 (+ 5)
- {\bf{Compact}} Densely packed. Forms wall of the diaphysis, is composed of osteons.   \newline % Row Count 13 (+ 2)
-{\bf{Marrow Cavity}} Soft fatty tissue. stores lipids and produces blood cell products. Yellow marrow and red marrow are located in the marrow cavity and Red marrow is found here. \newline % Row Count 17 (+ 4)
{\bf{ Coverings:}} \newline % Row Count 18 (+ 1)
- Outer surface is covered by {\bf{periosteum}} \newline % Row Count 19 (+ 1)
\textgreater{} Inner cellular layer \newline % Row Count 20 (+ 1)
\textgreater{} Outer firbous layer - osolates bone from the surrounding tissue and forms attachments with fibers of {\emph{tendons}} and {\emph{ligaments}} \newline % Row Count 23 (+ 3)
- Inner surfaces and spongy bone of marrow cavity covered by {\bf{endosteum}}  \newline % Row Count 25 (+ 2)
\textgreater{} functions during bone growth and repair% Row Count 26 (+ 1)
} \tn 
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{6.3 Bone Formation}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{- Embryonic development of bone: \newline % Row Count 1 (+ 1)
\textgreater{} begins at week six of cartilaginous formation and replaced with bone (process called {\bf{ossification}}) \newline % Row Count 4 (+ 3)
- Two types: \newline % Row Count 5 (+ 1)
1. {\bf{Intramembranous Ossification}} \newline % Row Count 6 (+ 1)
2. {\bf{ Endochondral Ossification}} \newline % Row Count 7 (+ 1)
{\bf{Calcification}} occurs during ossification and can also occur in other tissues besides bone.  \newline % Row Count 9 (+ 2)
{\bf{Osteogenesis:}} ({\emph{ossification}} - bone tissue formation) \newline % Row Count 11 (+ 2)
Stages: \newline % Row Count 12 (+ 1)
\textgreater{}Bone formation - begins in 2nd month of development \newline % Row Count 14 (+ 2)
\textgreater{} Postnatal bone growth - until early adulthood \newline % Row Count 15 (+ 1)
\textgreater{} Bone remodeling and repair - lifelong% Row Count 16 (+ 1)
} \tn 
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{pg 150-151 classify bone fracture}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Open vs. Closed}} Open projects through the skin. More risk of infection \newline % Row Count 2 (+ 2)
		                  Closed internal. Only seen in x-rays \newline % Row Count 4 (+ 2)
{\bf{Transverse}} break at right angle. Fracture of ulna- break a bone shaft across  \newline % Row Count 6 (+ 2)
                          its long axis \newline % Row Count 7 (+ 1)
{\bf{Displaced vs. non-displaced}}  \newline % Row Count 8 (+ 1)
              Displace-produce new bone and abnormal bone arrangements-  \newline % Row Count 10 (+ 2)
 snaps  \newline % Row Count 11 (+ 1)
                    in 2 or more places,  \newline % Row Count 12 (+ 1)
              Non-displace- retain normal alignments of the bone fragments- breaks  \newline % Row Count 14 (+ 2)
                        all the way through, but does not move \newline % Row Count 16 (+ 2)
{\emph{Compression}}* vertebra under extreme pressure. Often caused by osteoporosis \newline % Row Count 18 (+ 2)
{\bf{Spiral}} twisting stresses that spreads along the bone \newline % Row Count 20 (+ 2)
{\bf{Epiphyseal}} along the growth plate \newline % Row Count 21 (+ 1)
{\bf{Comminuted}}shattered the affected into a multitude of bony fragments \newline % Row Count 23 (+ 2)
{\bf{Greenstick}}only 1 side of the shaft is broken. Normally happens in children% Row Count 25 (+ 2)
} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{7.1 Distinguish the functions of muscle tissue}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Movement}}- pull on tendons that move the bones.  \newline % Row Count 2 (+ 2)
{\bf{Posture}}- continuous muscle contraction maintains body posture. Helps one sit up without falling over  \newline % Row Count 5 (+ 3)
{\bf{Support}} – Abdominal wall and pelvic cavity floor composed of skeletal muscle. Support the weight of our visceral organs and shield our internal tissues from injury \newline % Row Count 9 (+ 4)
{\bf{Protection}} encircle opening of digestive and urinary tracts. Volunteering control over swallowing, defecating and urinating \newline % Row Count 12 (+ 3)
{\bf{Thermoregulation}}- muscles contractions uses energy which generate heat% Row Count 14 (+ 2)
} \tn 
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{7.2 anatomical organization of skeletal muscle}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Connective tissues}}- {\emph{Epimysium}} layer of collagen fiber that covers the entire muscle, separates the muscle from the surrounding tissues and organs. {\emph{Perimysium}} divides the muscle into compartments aka fascicles. Contain bld vessel and nerve supply fascicles.{\emph{Endomysium}} covers each muscle fibers and ties fibers together. Contains capillaries and nerve fibers.  \newline % Row Count 8 (+ 8)
-Collagen fibers from all 3 layers come together to form  \newline % Row Count 10 (+ 2)
{\bf{Tendon}}- bundle of fibers. Attaches muscle to bones \newline % Row Count 12 (+ 2)
{\bf{Aponeurosis}} Broad sheet of fibers. Connects muscles to each other. \newline % Row Count 14 (+ 2)
{\bf{ Organ, fascicle, fibers}} \newline % Row Count 15 (+ 1)
Fascicles or bundles of muscles fibers \newline % Row Count 16 (+ 1)
Fibers each cell in the skeletal muscle tissue is a single fiber \newline % Row Count 18 (+ 2)
{\bf{A-band, I-band, H-band, Z-line, M-line}} \newline % Row Count 19 (+ 1)
Z- marks the boundary at the end of each sarcomere (basic factional unit of muscle fiber-array of thick and thin filaments) . Strands of protein connect the z lines to the thick filament to maintain alignment \newline % Row Count 24 (+ 5)
M- located in the center of each sarcomere. Made of protein that connect central portions of the thick filaments \newline % Row Count 27 (+ 3)
A- darker region running length of filaments. Includes zone of overlap containing both thin and thick filaments \newline % Row Count 30 (+ 3)
} \tn 
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\vfill
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{7.2 anatomical organization of skeletal muscle (cont)}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{I- light region containing the thin filaments. Includes the z line \newline % Row Count 2 (+ 2)
H- when fibers is relaxed only contains thick filaments. Includes m line and light regions on either side \newline % Row Count 5 (+ 3)
{\bf{ Thick vs. thin filament}} \newline % Row Count 6 (+ 1)
Actin molecules are found in thin filaments. Extend inward towards the center of the sarcomere, they overlap thick  \newline % Row Count 9 (+ 3)
Myosis molecules are found in thick filaments% Row Count 10 (+ 1)
} \tn 
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{7.6 ways muscles obtain energy}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{-{\bf{Anaerobic ATP production}}(Does not require Oxygen)-  Breaks glucose down to pyruvate. Occurs in the cytoplasm of the cell. Can still provide ATP when mitochondria are limited by low oxygen levels. Yields 2 ATP per glucose. This is where you get lactic acid in your muscles.  \newline % Row Count 6 (+ 6)
\_ {\bf{Aerobic ATP Production}}(Needs Oxygen)-  95\% of resting muscle cells use this type of ATP. This occurs in the Mitochondria. Breaks down organic substrates through a series of chemical reactions. The end product of breaking down organic substances are ATP, water and carbon dioxide. (you get 15 ATP produced per pyruvate to enter the citric acid cycle.)% Row Count 14 (+ 8)
} \tn 
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Muscle Contraction}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{1. Nervous System Signal:}} \newline % Row Count 1 (+ 1)
\textgreater{} Sends an action potential down an axon of a neuron (nerve cell). \newline % Row Count 3 (+ 2)
\textgreater{} At axons end or terminal switch to a chemical messenger. \newline % Row Count 5 (+ 2)
\textgreater{} Acetylcholine Release -{}-{}-\textgreater{} crosses synaptic cleft.  \newline % Row Count 7 (+ 2)
{\bf{2. Muscle Release Calcium:}} \newline % Row Count 8 (+ 1)
\textgreater{} motor end fo the muscle cell has received the acetylcholine signal. \newline % Row Count 10 (+ 2)
\textgreater{} Muscle cell sends an action potential down muscle cell.  \newline % Row Count 12 (+ 2)
\textgreater{} This shock releases calcium from the sacroplasmic reticulum (sarcolemma, t tubules, transverse tubules) \newline % Row Count 15 (+ 3)
**3. Contraction (Sliding Filament Theory):  \newline % Row Count 16 (+ 1)
\textgreater{} Calcium Binds troponin  \newline % Row Count 17 (+ 1)
\textgreater{}Troponin changes shape and moves tropomyosine out of the way to open the actin myosine (active) binding sites \newline % Row Count 20 (+ 3)
\textgreater{} myosine heads do a powerstroke mostion by grabbing onto the exposed actin sites and pulling. \newline % Row Count 22 (+ 2)
{\bf{4. Relase:}} \newline % Row Count 23 (+ 1)
\textgreater{}ATP gets hydrolized into a ADP + P \newline % Row Count 24 (+ 1)
\textgreater{} the hydrolization releases energy \newline % Row Count 25 (+ 1)
\textgreater{} calcium is stored back into the sacroplasmic reticulum \newline % Row Count 27 (+ 2)
\textgreater{} Acetylcholine is broken down with acetylcholinestrase (if this is turned off you become paralyzed).% Row Count 30 (+ 3)
} \tn 
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\end{tabularx}
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{7.5 Isotonic and Isometric}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{-{\bf{Isotonic Contraction}}- Tension rises and the skeletal muscle's length changes. Tension remains constant until relaxing  {\bf{Example}} Push-ups. Movement/shortening of the muscle. \newline % Row Count 4 (+ 4)
-{\bf{Isometric}}-  Muscle Length stats the same. Tension produced does not exceed the load. There is no movement required. {\bf{Example}} holding yourself in a plank or pushing against a wall.  \newline % Row Count 8 (+ 4)
-{\bf{Incomplete Tetanus}} Producing almost peak tension during rapid cycles of contraction and relaxation. {\bf{Example}} Charlie horse.  \newline % Row Count 11 (+ 3)
-{\bf{Summation}}-  Addition of one muscle twitch to another. Causes a more powerful contraction. Causes a second stimulus to arrive before the relaxation phase has ended. {\bf{Example}} working out.  \newline % Row Count 15 (+ 4)
-{\bf{Complete Tetanus}}-  Occurs when rate of stimulation increased until relaxation phase is eliminated. Produces maximum tension and continuous contraction. Results in high calcium ion concentration in the cytosol. {\bf{Example}} Fight or Flight response adrenaline rush.  \newline % Row Count 21 (+ 6)
-{\bf{Small Motor unit}}-  sustained muscular contraction. Lower threshold for activation. {\bf{Example}} upright posture \newline % Row Count 24 (+ 3)
-{\bf{Large Motor unit}}- Generate more force, but have sparce mitochondria there for easily fatigued. {\bf{Example}} Jumping.% Row Count 27 (+ 3)
} \tn 
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{6.2 Bone Charateristics \& Classifications}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Characteristics:}} \newline % Row Count 1 (+ 1)
-Supports connective tissue containing cells in a matrix  \newline % Row Count 3 (+ 2)
-Cells are called {\bf{osteocytes}} \newline % Row Count 4 (+ 1)
- The matrix contains: {\bf{Calcium Salts}} in the form of calcium phosphate (which makes up 2/3 the weight of bone) \& {\bf{Extracellular Protein Fibers}} (about 1/3 the weight of the bone). \newline % Row Count 8 (+ 4)
{\bf{Bone Categories:}} \newline % Row Count 9 (+ 1)
{\bf{1. Long Bone}} - Longer than they are wide (ex. femur and humerus) \newline % Row Count 11 (+ 2)
{\bf{2. Short Bone}} - wide as they are short (ex. wrist and ankle) \newline % Row Count 13 (+ 2)
{\bf{3. Flat Bones}} - Thin, broad, and light (ex. parietal bones in skull, ribs and shoulder blades) \newline % Row Count 15 (+ 2)
{\bf{4. Irregular Bones}} - Don't fit in any other category (ex. vertebrae, sacrum) \newline % Row Count 17 (+ 2)
{\bf{Bone Characteristics}} \newline % Row Count 18 (+ 1)
{\bf{5. Compact Bones}} - Densely packed (ex. form the diaphysis) \newline % Row Count 20 (+ 2)
{\bf{6. Spongy Bone}} - Projection of bones separated by space (ex. on all bones)% Row Count 22 (+ 2)
} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{3}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{6.2 Types of Bone Cells}}  \tn
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{\bf{Osteoblasts}} & {\bf{Osteocytes}} & {\bf{Osteoclasts}} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 1
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- Produce new bone through a process called {\bf{ossification}} & - Most abundant cells in bone. & - secrete acid and enzymes that dissolve the matrix \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 5)
% Row 2
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 & mature cells that maintain bone structure by recycling calcium salts & - process releases minerals through {\emph{osteolysis}} or {\emph{resorption}} \tn 
% Row Count 13 (+ 6)
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{6.3 Intramembanous Ossification}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{ Membrane bone develops from fibrous membrane (forms flat bone like clavicles, cranial bones, and mandible)}} \newline % Row Count 3 (+ 3)
-Occurs during fetal development where bone develops within sheets of connective tissue.  \newline % Row Count 5 (+ 2)
- Starts in a {\bf{ossification center}} \newline % Row Count 6 (+ 1)
- Osteoblasts differentiate from connective tissue stem cells and form new calcified bone matrix. \newline % Row Count 8 (+ 2)
- Bone matrix formation extends outward \newline % Row Count 9 (+ 1)
- Osteoblasts surrounded by the matrix change into osteocytes \newline % Row Count 11 (+ 2)
- Blood vessels grow into area and are trapped within the developing bone. \newline % Row Count 13 (+ 2)
- Bone remodeling produces osteons of compact bone  \newline % Row Count 15 (+ 2)
\textgreater{}Results are flat bones like the cranial bone and clavicles.% Row Count 17 (+ 2)
} \tn 
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{6.4 Bone remodeling and associated hormones}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Bone resorption and deposit}}- Osteoclast is the erode the bone from the inside that gets absorbed by the body. Osteoblast is deposit from the outer bone-injury \newline % Row Count 4 (+ 4)
{\bf{Osteoclasts and Osteoblast}}- clast most abundant cell in body. Maintain bone structure by recycling calcium salts. Continually remove matrix. BLAST- continually build matrix \newline % Row Count 8 (+ 4)
{\bf{Vitamin D}}- Released by the skin. Increases blood calcium levels. It allows the intestines to absorb calcium. Without Vitamin D we can not absorb calcium \newline % Row Count 12 (+ 4)
{\bf{Calcitrol}}- Released by the kidneys. increases calcium levels in the blood. Stimulates osteoclasts. (Hollowing out the bone)  \newline % Row Count 15 (+ 3)
{\bf{Parathyroid Hormone}}- Parathyroid Increased blood calcium. Stimulate Osteoclasts.  \newline % Row Count 17 (+ 2)
{\bf{Calcitonin}}-released by the thyroid.  Lowers calcium levels in the body fluids. Released by osteoblasts. (Bricks building a wall.)% Row Count 20 (+ 3)
} \tn 
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{6.5 Homeostatic imbalances of Integumentary system}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{-{\bf{Osteopenia}}- Bones become thinner and more weaker as a normal part of aging. (Everyone becomes slightly ostepenic as we age). People start to lose the mass of their bones between the ages of 30 and 40. Once it begins women lose roughly 8\% of their bone mass while men lose about 3\% per decade. "Not all parts of the skeleton are equally affected" \newline % Row Count 8 (+ 8)
-{\bf{Osteoporosis}}- That reduces bone mass so much that normal function is compromised. The difference between the normal oseopenia of aging and osteoporosis is a matter of degree "Sex Hormones". Over the age of 45, an estimated 29\% of women and 18\% of men have osteoporosis. Women get it early because of menopause. Men get it at a much later age because they still produce sex hormones \newline % Row Count 16 (+ 8)
-{\bf{Osteomalacia}}- Softening of bones dues to demineraliztion. (low levels of calcium, phosphate or vitamin D. Could also be increase in calcium resorption out of bone.)  This would just be a Calcium deficiency.  \newline % Row Count 21 (+ 5)
-{\bf{Arthritis}}-  Damage to synovial lining of joints. It causes grinding and further damage during articulation. Cortisone shots can decrease the inflammation.  \newline % Row Count 25 (+ 4)
-{\bf{Rheumatoid Arthritis}}- It is an auto-immune disorder. This is where your immune system improperly attacks the body's own tissue. It is treatable with immunosuppressants, in addition to cortlicosteriods.  \newline % Row Count 30 (+ 5)
} \tn 
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\vfill
\columnbreak
\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{6.5 Homeostatic imbalances of Integumentary system (cont)}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{-{\bf{Rickets}}- Disease where lack of calcium,phosphate or vitamin D prevents proper bone {\bf{development}}, leaving bones weak and deformed. Usually in children.% Row Count 4 (+ 4)
} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{1.94103 cm} x{3.03597 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{6.10 Structures and functions of synovial joints}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{Plane Joints}}- & Plane joints have flattened or slightly curved surfaces that slide across on another. The amount of movement in this joint is very slight. Ex: The hip bone and the joints at the end of the clavicles. \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 9)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
{\bf{Hinge Joint}}- & Hinge joint permits the angular motion in a single plane. Ex: Joints at the elbow, knee, and ankle. \tn 
% Row Count 14 (+ 5)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{Condylar Joint}}- & Condylar joint has an oval articular face that nestles within a depression on the opposing surface. Ex: The joints between the phalanges of the fingers within the metacarpal bones. \tn 
% Row Count 22 (+ 8)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
{\bf{Saddle Joint}}- & Saddle joint have articular faces that fit together like a rider in a saddle. Ex: The carpometacarpal joint at the base of the thumb. \tn 
% Row Count 28 (+ 6)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{Pivot Joint}}- & Pivot joint only permits rotation. Ex: The joint between the atlas and axis. \tn 
% Row Count 32 (+ 4)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\vfill
\columnbreak
\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{1.94103 cm} x{3.03597 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{6.10 Structures and functions of synovial joints (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{Ball-and-socket Joint}}- & Ball-and-socket joint has a round head of one bone rests within a cup-shaped depression in another. Ex: The joints at the shoulder and hips. \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 6)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{Synovial joints are free movement joints. The structure of these joints is complex and is bound by a joint capsule and they contain synovial fluid. Since the structure of these joints allow them to move more freely there are many motions these joints can make such as plane (gliding), hinge, condylar, saddle, pivot, or ball-and-socket.}  \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{6.9 Movements allowed by joints}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{-{\bf{Synarthrosis}}- Immovable joints. Joints are fused together. "Syn-" Together, "Arthr-" Joint, "-osis" Condition.  \newline % Row Count 3 (+ 3)
Classification of Synarthrosis joints \newline % Row Count 4 (+ 1)
{\bf{Suture}}- Connects skull bones with dense connective tissue \newline % Row Count 6 (+ 2)
{\bf{Gomphosis}}- A Ligament binding each tooth in the socket. \newline % Row Count 8 (+ 2)
{\bf{Synchondrosis}}- A hyaline carilaginous connection between the first pair of ribs anad the sternum (all other rib-sternum joins are synovial) \newline % Row Count 11 (+ 3)
-{\bf{Amphiarthroses}}- Limited Movement. condition where a joint is a both movable and immovable. (A joint that is slightly movable) "Amphi-" both, "Arthr-" Joint, "-osis" Condition.  \newline % Row Count 15 (+ 4)
Classification of Amphiarthroses joints \newline % Row Count 16 (+ 1)
{\bf{Syndesmosis}}- Fibrous joint connected by a ligament, attaches tibia to fibula and radius to ulna. \newline % Row Count 19 (+ 3)
{\bf{Symphysis}}- bones separated by fibrocartilage pad, between the pubic areas of coxal bones as well as intervertebral discs. \newline % Row Count 22 (+ 3)
-{\bf{Diarthroses (Synovial Joints)}}- Freely movable joints. Joints can move two ways (back and forth). These are movable joints. Most common joints. Covered in Synovial Fluid. \newline % Row Count 26 (+ 4)
-{\bf{Flexion}}-  The movement in the anterior-posterior or sagittal. plane that decreases the angle between articulating bones. \newline % Row Count 29 (+ 3)
-{\bf{Extension}}- Occurs in the same plane as flexion, but it increeases the angle between articulating bones. \newline % Row Count 32 (+ 3)
} \tn 
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\vfill
\columnbreak
\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{6.9 Movements allowed by joints (cont)}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{-{\bf{Abduction}}-Movement {\emph{away}} from the from the body in the frontal plane. {\bf{Example}} swinging the upper lib to the side is abduction of the limb.  \newline % Row Count 3 (+ 3)
-{\bf{Adduction}}- Moving the swinging body part back to the anatomical position. {\bf{Example}} Throwing a ball and bringing your arm back to your side.  \newline % Row Count 6 (+ 3)
-{\bf{Circumduction}}- Moving your limb in a 360 degree circle. {\bf{Example}} drawing a circle with your leg or arm.  \newline % Row Count 9 (+ 3)
-{\bf{ Rotation}}- involes turing around the longitudinal axis of the body or limb. {\bf{Example}} turning your head left and right. \newline % Row Count 12 (+ 3)
-{\bf{Pronation}}-  Moving your palm from facing the front to facing the back.  \newline % Row Count 14 (+ 2)
-{\bf{Supination}}- Moves palm from facing the back to facing the front.  \newline % Row Count 16 (+ 2)
{\bf{Example}} you use pronation and supination when you turn a doorknob.  \newline % Row Count 18 (+ 2)
-{\bf{Inversion}}- Twisting motion of the foot that turns the sole inward, elevating the medial edge of the sole.  \newline % Row Count 21 (+ 3)
-{\bf{Eversion}}- Twisting motion of the foot that turn the sole outward, lowering the medial edge of the sole. \newline % Row Count 24 (+ 3)
-{\bf{Plantar flexion}}-  Extension at the ankle. {\bf{Example}} Pointing the foot downward. \newline % Row Count 26 (+ 2)
-{\bf{Dorsifelxion}}- {\emph{flexing}} of the foot. {\bf{Example}} point the toes up to your face.% Row Count 28 (+ 2)
} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{2.4885 cm} x{2.4885 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{6.2 Structure \& Function of Compact/Spongy Bone}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{Compact}} ({\emph{Dense Bone}}) & {\bf{Spongy}} ({\emph{Cancellous Bone}}) \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
{\bf{Structure}}- covers all bones surface except the articular surface or joint capsules. & {\bf{Sturcture}} - No osteons (osteons - contain the cell matrix), also lighter than compact bone which reduces muscle effort to move bone. Interlacing network of bony rods ({\bf{trabeculae}}) seperated by spaces. Contain osteocytes, lacunae, and canaluculi. Also has red bone marrow between trabeculae. \tn 
% Row Count 17 (+ 15)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{Function}} - can tolerate a lot of stress due to being more dense and solid. Tolerates more on the ends vs. the center. Forms the wall of the diaphysis & {\bf{Function}} - found in the epiphysis where stress is handled by the joints. Lines the marrow cavity. \tn 
% Row Count 25 (+ 8)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{6.2 Structure \& Function of Compact/Spongy Bone}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Osteons}}: \newline % Row Count 1 (+ 1)
- Unit that makes up compact bone ({\emph{Haversian System}})  \newline % Row Count 3 (+ 2)
- {\bf{Lamillae}} ({\emph{Haversian Canal}})  hollow tubes of the bone matrix ,which are calcified, are placed outside but next to each other to form rings similar to those of a trees growth rings. \newline % Row Count 7 (+ 4)
- {\bf{Lacuna}} are holes between the lamillae  \newline % Row Count 8 (+ 1)
- {\bf{Osteocytes}}({\emph{bone cells}}) are the red blood cells located in the lacuna \newline % Row Count 10 (+ 2)
- {\bf{Perforating Canals}} are the pathways for blood to be linked to other vessels in the periosteum and marrow cavity.  \newline % Row Count 13 (+ 3)
- {\bf{Canalculi}} are hair like fiber channels connecting lacuna to each other and the central canal blood vessels for nutrient/waste exhange. The contain cytoplasmic extensions of the osteocytes and radiate through the matrix. \newline % Row Count 18 (+ 5)
- {\bf{Trabeculae}} are rods formed by the lamellae that create the support network of bones.% Row Count 20 (+ 2)
} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{6.3 Endochondrial Ossification}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Endochondrial Ossification - process of formation for most bones, begins with hyaline cartilage models, and completed in five steps.} \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 3)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Step 1:}} {\emph{Chondrocytes enlarge and surrounding matrix begins to calcify.}} This is because chondrocytes are cut off from nutrients and begin to die whichs slows diffusion.} \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 4)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Step 2:}} - {\emph{Bone formation starts at the shaft surface.}} Blood vessels grow around edges, invade the perichondrium where perichondrium cells differentiate into osteoblasts and then new osteoblasts produce bone matrix.} \tn 
% Row Count 12 (+ 5)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Step 3:}} {\emph{blood vessels invade inner region of cartilage.}} Migrating fibroblasts differentiate into osteoblasts, new osteoblasts form spongy bone at primary ossification center, bone then develops toward each end filling the shaft with spongy bone.} \tn 
% Row Count 18 (+ 6)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Step 4:}} {\emph{Osetoclasts begin to break down spongy bone in center of bone.}} To form the marrow cavity {\bf{epiphyseal catilages}} or {\bf{epiphyseal plates}} on the ends of bone enlarge which increase length of bone.} \tn 
% Row Count 23 (+ 5)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Step 5:}} {\emph{centers of the epiphysis begin to calcify.}} Secondary ossification centers form as blood vessels and osetoblasts enter, epiphysis fill with spongy bone, bone grows in length from the epiphyseal cartialges forming {\bf{articular cartilage}}, bone of shaft and epihysis seperated by epiphyseal cartilage.} \tn 
% Row Count 30 (+ 7)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{6.9 Classify Major Categories of Joints (FIX)}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Three major types of joints:}} \newline % Row Count 1 (+ 1)
{\bf{Fibrous:}} \newline % Row Count 2 (+ 1)
\textgreater{} usually connected by dense connective tissue and this connective tissue is rich in collagen fibers. \newline % Row Count 5 (+ 3)
\textgreater{}  immovable and typically interlocks with irregular edges. \newline % Row Count 7 (+ 2)
\textgreater{} divided into three subcategories called suture, syndesmoses and gomphosis. \newline % Row Count 9 (+ 2)
- {\bf{Suture}} - Fibrous connection plus interlocked surfaces. (Between the bones of the skull) \newline % Row Count 11 (+ 2)
-{\bf{Synchrondrosis}} - Inter postion of cartilage bridge or place (between first of ribs and the sternum). \newline % Row Count 14 (+ 3)
-{\bf{Gomphosis}}- found at the articulation between the sockets of the maxilla and the teeth. This fibrous tissue connects the socket and tooth with the periodontal ligament.  \newline % Row Count 18 (+ 4)
{\bf{Cartilagenous:}} \newline % Row Count 19 (+ 1)
\textgreater{} connected fibrocartilage or hyaline cartilage. This type of fibrous joint allows more movement but still less than the synovial joint.  \newline % Row Count 22 (+ 3)
- {\bf{Primary}} - example of the primary or synchondroses joint is a epiphysial growth platers. \newline % Row Count 24 (+ 2)
- {\bf{ Secondary}} - an example of the secondary or symphyses is intervertebral discs and pubic symphysis. \newline % Row Count 27 (+ 3)
{\bf{Synovial:}} \newline % Row Count 28 (+ 1)
\textgreater{} the most common of joints and allows the most movement  \newline % Row Count 30 (+ 2)
} \tn 
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\vfill
\columnbreak
\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{6.9 Classify Major Categories of Joints (FIX) (cont)}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\textgreater{} This type has a synovial cavity and is connected by dense irregular connective tissue that forms an articular capsule surrounding the bones articulating surfaces. \newline % Row Count 4 (+ 4)
\textgreater{} connects bones with a fibrous joints capsule that is continuous with the periosteum. The joint capsule constitutes the boundary of the synovial cavity and surrounds the bones articulating surface. These cavities are filled with synovial fluid and examples of these are knees or elbows.% Row Count 10 (+ 6)
} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{6.11 Factors that influence joint stability}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{There are many factors that affect joints stability; those factors are if the bones of the joints interlock, how deep the joint sits, if there are ligaments or smaller bones supporting that joint, and the amount of mobility available in the joint.  \newline % Row Count 5 (+ 5)
An example of the mobility factor: The shoulder has a wide range of mobility and is more likely to be dislocated then other joints.  \newline % Row Count 8 (+ 3)
An example of ligaments and smaller bones supporting factor: The kneecap \newline % Row Count 10 (+ 2)
An example of how deep a joint sits factor: The hip \newline % Row Count 12 (+ 2)
An example of interlocking bones factor: The elbow% Row Count 13 (+ 1)
} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Sliding Filament Theory}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Role Calcium:}} \newline % Row Count 1 (+ 1)
- contractions starts with the arrival of calcium ions within the zone of overlap, they then bind to troponin.  \newline % Row Count 4 (+ 3)
{\bf{Troponin:}} \newline % Row Count 5 (+ 1)
- when calcium binds to troponin to weakening the bond between actin and the troponin-tropomyosine complex. \newline % Row Count 8 (+ 3)
{\bf{Tropomyosine:}} \newline % Row Count 9 (+ 1)
-Tropomyosine is moved out of the way exposing the actin sites. \newline % Row Count 11 (+ 2)
{\bf{Actin:}} \newline % Row Count 12 (+ 1)
- Actin is exposed during the weakening of the bond between troponin and tropomyosine. Then myosine heads are able to grab onto the exposed actin forming a cross bridge. \newline % Row Count 16 (+ 4)
{\bf{Myosine:}} \newline % Row Count 17 (+ 1)
- Myosine heads are able to grab onto the actin sites (this is called a cross bridge because stored energy is pulling the myosine head toward the m line) and pull along them to conract the muscles. This is called a powerstroke motion and as a result the bound ADP and phosphate groups are released.  \newline % Row Count 23 (+ 6)
{\bf{ATP:}}  \newline % Row Count 24 (+ 1)
- when another ATP binds to the myosine head the link between myosine and the active site on the actin molecule is broken. This exposes the active site allowing the next myosine head to form another cross bridge. \newline % Row Count 29 (+ 5)
{\bf{Myosine Reactivation:}}  \newline % Row Count 30 (+ 1)
} \tn 
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\vfill
\columnbreak
\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Sliding Filament Theory (cont)}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{- occurs when the free myosine head splits the ATP into ADP + P. The energy released is used to recock the myosine head.% Row Count 3 (+ 3)
} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{1.89126 cm} x{3.08574 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{SLO 8.7 Differentiate the types of muscle fibers.}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{There are three different types of muscle fibers. They are categorized by how fast some fibers contract relative to others and how fibers produce ATP. The three main types of skeletal muscle fibers are slow oxidative (SO), fast oxidative (FO), and fast glycolytic (FG).} \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 6)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
{\bf{Slow oxidative (SO)-}} & These fibers contract relatively slowly and use aerobic respiration. \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 3)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{Fast oxidative (FO)-}} & These fibers have fast contractions and primarily use aerobic respiration. They may switch to anaerobic respiration (glycolysis) and fatigue more quickly then SO fibers. \tn 
% Row Count 17 (+ 8)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
{\bf{Fast glycolytic (FG)-}} & These fibers have fast contractions and primarily use anaerobic glycolysis. These fibers fatigue more quickly than others. \tn 
% Row Count 23 (+ 6)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{1.74195 cm} x{3.23505 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{SLO 8.8 homeostatic imbalances of muscular system.}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{In the muscular system, when homeostasis is not maintained, diseases and disorders start to develop. The four most common examples of homeostatic imbalances of the muscular system are botulism, tetanus, hernias, and myasthenia gravis.} \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 5)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
{\bf{Botulism-}} & This is a disease that happens when foods contaminated with a bacterial toxin are consumed. This toxin prevents the release of Ach at the axon terminals, which leads to a potentially fatal muscular paralysis. \tn 
% Row Count 13 (+ 8)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{Tetanus-}} & This is a disease that happens when body tissues are exposed to a bacteria called Clostridium tetani. This is usually done by being punctured or scraped by rusty metal where this bacteria flourishes. This bacteria releases a powerful toxin that affects the central nervous system. The result is a sustained and powerful contraction of skeletal muscles throughout the body. \tn 
% Row Count 28 (+ 15)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
{\bf{Hernias-}} & This is a disease that happens when an organ pushes through a muscle that holds it in place. The result is the appearance of a bulge because of a area of weakened muscle. \tn 
% Row Count 35 (+ 7)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\vfill
\columnbreak
\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{1.74195 cm} x{3.23505 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{SLO 8.8 homeostatic imbalances of muscular system. (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{Myasthenia gravis-}} & This is an autoimmune disease that causes progressive muscular paralysis. This disease results in the loss of Ach receptors at the motor end plate. \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 6)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{1.64241 cm} x{3.33459 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Powerpoint : Homeostatic Imbalances of Joints}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Sprain & stretched or torn ligaments \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
Strain & stretched or torn muscles or tendons \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 2)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Rheumastism & any disease marked by inflammation and pain in the joints, muscles, or firbouse tissue, especially rheumatoid arthritis \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 5)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
Rheumatoid Arthritis & relatively uncommon and is an auto-immune disease \tn 
% Row Count 11 (+ 2)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\seqsplit{Osteoarthritis} & far more common and results from wear/tear on the joints, as well as another other damage to the articular cartilage \tn 
% Row Count 16 (+ 5)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}


% That's all folks
\end{multicols*}

\end{document}