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%\usepackage[utf8x]{inputenc}    % For unicode character support
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\usepackage{colortbl}           % For coloured tables
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\usepackage{lastpage}           % Needed for total page number
\usepackage{seqsplit}           % Splits long words.
%\usepackage{opensans}          % Can't make this work so far. Shame. Would be lovely.
\usepackage[normalem]{ulem}     % For underlining links
% Most of the following are not required for the majority
% of cheat sheets but are needed for some symbol support.
\usepackage{amsmath}            % Symbols
\usepackage{MnSymbol}           % Symbols
\usepackage{wasysym}            % Symbols
%\usepackage[english,german,french,spanish,italian]{babel}              % Languages

% Document Info
\author{aly cha}
\pdfinfo{
  /Title (bio110.pdf)
  /Creator (Cheatography)
  /Author (aly cha)
  /Subject (bio110 Cheat Sheet)
}

% Lengths and widths
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% Commands
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% Header and Footer
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\fancyhead{} % Set header to blank
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\fancyhead[L]{
\noindent
\begin{multicols}{3}
\begin{tabulary}{5.8cm}{C}
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    \vspace{-7pt}
    {\parbox{\dimexpr\textwidth-2\fboxsep\relax}{\noindent
        \hspace*{-6pt}\includegraphics[width=5.8cm]{/web/www.cheatography.com/public/images/cheatography_logo.pdf}}
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\columnbreak
\begin{tabulary}{11cm}{L}
    \vspace{-2pt}\large{\bf{\textcolor{DarkBackground}{\textrm{bio110 Cheat Sheet}}}} \\
    \normalsize{by \textcolor{DarkBackground}{aly cha} via \textcolor{DarkBackground}{\uline{cheatography.com/165428/cs/34640/}}}
\end{tabulary}
\end{multicols}}

\fancyfoot[L]{ \footnotesize
\noindent
\begin{multicols}{3}
\begin{tabulary}{5.8cm}{LL}
  \SetRowColor{FootBackground}
  \mymulticolumn{2}{p{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cheatographer}}  \\
  \vspace{-2pt}aly cha \\
  \uline{cheatography.com/aly-cha} \\
  \end{tabulary}
\vfill
\columnbreak
\begin{tabulary}{5.8cm}{L}
  \SetRowColor{FootBackground}
  \mymulticolumn{1}{p{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cheat Sheet}}  \\
   \vspace{-2pt}Not Yet Published.\\
   Updated 17th October, 2022.\\
   Page {\thepage} of \pageref{LastPage}.
\end{tabulary}
\vfill
\columnbreak
\begin{tabulary}{5.8cm}{L}
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  \mymulticolumn{1}{p{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Sponsor}}  \\
  \SetRowColor{white}
  \vspace{-5pt}
  %\includegraphics[width=48px,height=48px]{dave.jpeg}
  Measure your website readability!\\
  www.readability-score.com
\end{tabulary}
\end{multicols}}




\begin{document}
\raggedright
\raggedcolumns

% Set font size to small. Switch to any value
% from this page to resize cheat sheet text:
% www.emerson.emory.edu/services/latex/latex_169.html
\footnotesize % Small font.

\begin{multicols*}{4}

\begin{tabularx}{3.833cm}{x{1.16722 cm} x{2.26578 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{3.833cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Bonds and Polarity}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{electronegativity}} & atom's attraction for electrons in a covalent bond (higher when atom more strongly pulls shares electron towards oneself) \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 5)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
{\bf{polarity}} & {\emph{polar}} when electrons are shared unequally because an atom is more electronegative \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 4)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{hydrogen bonds}} & form when H covalentaly bounds to electronegative atom is also attracted to another electronegative atom -{}- electronegative partners are usually O or N in living cells \tn 
% Row Count 16 (+ 7)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{3.833cm}{x{1.30454 cm} x{2.12846 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{3.833cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Mendel and the Gene}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{phenotype}} & outward appearance \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
{\bf{genotypes}} & allele combination \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 1)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{progeny}} & descendant, offspring \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 1)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
{\bf{Complete dominance}} & dominant allele masks recessive allele \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 2)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{incomplete dominance}} & blending of phenotypes ie pink flower from red and white \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 3)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
{\bf{codominance}} & two dominant alleles affect the phenotype in distinct, separate ways \tn 
% Row Count 11 (+ 3)
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{epistasis}} & traits determined by two or more genes, one gene can alter phenotypic expression of gene at separate locus \tn 
% Row Count 16 (+ 5)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{3.833cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{polar covalent bonds in water}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{- polar due to electronegativity of oxygen \newline % Row Count 1 (+ 1)
- uneven distribution of charge \newline % Row Count 2 (+ 1)
- polarity allows water molecules to form  \newline % Row Count 3 (+ 1)
  hydrogen bonds% Row Count 4 (+ 1)
} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{3.833cm}{x{1.51052 cm} x{1.92248 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{3.833cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Properties of Water}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Cohesive behaviour & bring water up roots of plants, surface tension \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 3)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
ability to moderate temperature & high specific heat capacity due to hydrogen bonds \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 3)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
expansion upon freezing & ice is less dense than water, floats \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 2)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
versatility as a solvent & polar dissolves polar \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 2)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{3.833cm}{x{0.92691 cm} x{2.50609 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{3.833cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Isomers}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{structural}} & different covalent arrangements \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
{\bf{Cis-Trans}} & same covalent bonds, differ in spatial arrangements \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 2)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{enantiomers}} & mirror images of each other \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 2)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{3.833cm}{x{1.51052 cm} x{1.92248 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{3.833cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{microscopy}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
light microscope & most used in laboratories today \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
scanning electron miscroscope & useful for studying the topography of a specimen \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 3)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
transmission electron microscope & used to study internal structure of cells \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 2)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{3.833cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Inheritance of Diseases (memorize)}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{{\bf{Autosomal Dominant}}: huntington disease, achrondoplasia} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{{\bf{Autosomal Recessive}}: Cystic fibrosis, Tay-Sachs, Sickle cell anemia} \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 2)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{{\bf{X-Linked Recessive}}: colour blindness, Duchenne muscular dystrophy, Hemophilia} \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 2)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{3.833cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Carbohydrates}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{- sugars and polymers of sugars \newline % Row Count 1 (+ 1)
- usually made from multiples of CH2O \newline % Row Count 2 (+ 1)
- built from {\emph{monosaccharides}}% Row Count 3 (+ 1)
} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{3.833cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Lipids}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{- does not form polymers \newline % Row Count 1 (+ 1)
- {\emph{hydrophobic}} \newline % Row Count 2 (+ 1)
- mostly non-polar (hydrocarbons) \newline % Row Count 3 (+ 1)
- includers fats, phospholipids, steroids% Row Count 4 (+ 1)
} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{3.833cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Proteins}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{- made from {\emph{amino acid chains}} that are  \newline % Row Count 1 (+ 1)
  joined from {\emph{peptide bonds}} (carboxyl  \newline % Row Count 2 (+ 1)
  group to amino groups) \newline % Row Count 3 (+ 1)
- catalyze rxns, structure support,  \newline % Row Count 4 (+ 1)
  transport, defense, movement% Row Count 5 (+ 1)
} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{water molecule is released each time a peptide bond is formed (dehydration synthesis)}  \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{3.833cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Phospholipids}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{- hydro{\bf{philic}} head \newline % Row Count 1 (+ 1)
- hydro{\bf{phobic}} tail \newline % Row Count 2 (+ 1)
- amphipathic (having hydrophilic and phobic  \newline % Row Count 3 (+ 1)
  parts \newline % Row Count 4 (+ 1)
- spontaneously self-assemble into bilayer  \newline % Row Count 5 (+ 1)
  when added to water% Row Count 6 (+ 1)
} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{3.833cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{sickle cell anemia}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{- crescent shaped exterior \newline % Row Count 1 (+ 1)
- abnormal interactions with other sickle-cells reducing capacity to carry oxygen% Row Count 3 (+ 2)
} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{3.833cm}{x{0.92691 cm} x{2.50609 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{3.833cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{plants and some algae}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{sporophyte}} & diploid cell that makes haploid spores by meiosis \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
{\bf{gametophyte}} & a haploid that spores grow into via mitosis \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 2)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{3.833cm}}{- haploid cells grow by mitosis into haploid multicellular organisms \newline - haploid adults produce gametes by mitosis}  \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{3.833cm}{p{0.75526 cm} x{2.67774 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{3.833cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{amino acid types}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\seqsplit{hydrophobic} & carbon rich side chains(in many membrane bound proteins) \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\seqsplit{hydrophilic} & hydrogen bonds \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 2)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
charged & work well with oppositely charged amino acids or other molecules \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 3)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{3.833cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{endosymbiont theory}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{modern eukaryotic cells evolved from prokaryotic cells that were engulfed by bigger prokaryotic cells. consistent with theory that all organisms arose from a single common ancestor% Row Count 4 (+ 4)
} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{3.833cm}{x{1.33887 cm} x{2.09413 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{3.833cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{other cell structures}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
peroxisome & contain enzymes that remove hydrogen atoms from various substrates and transfer them to oxygen \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 4)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
centrosomes and centrioles & help organize microtubule assembly in animal cells \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 3)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{3.833cm}{x{1.0299 cm} x{2.4031 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{3.833cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{dna replication}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
SSB Proteins & keeps dna from coming apart (reannealing) \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\seqsplit{topoisomerase} & prevent dna from uncoiling \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 2)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
helicase & breaks apart the hydrogen bonds to separate the DNA strands \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 3)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
DNA polymerase & replicates DNA to build a new one \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 2)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Ligase & puts together the DNA strands \tn 
% Row Count 11 (+ 2)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
primase & builds primers (made of RNA) for polymerase to build on \tn 
% Row Count 13 (+ 2)
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
okazaki fragments & sequences of DNA neucleotides on the lagging strand that will later be bonded together by ligase \tn 
% Row Count 17 (+ 4)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{3.833cm}{x{0.99557 cm} x{2.43743 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{3.833cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{the nucleus}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
basic functions & contains most of cell's genes \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
nuclear envelope & double membrane, each membran consists of a lipid bilayer \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 3)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
nuclear pores & regulate entry and exit of molecules \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 2)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
nuclear lamina & maintains shape of nucleus (composed of protein filaments) \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 3)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{3.833cm}{p{0.44629 cm} x{2.98671 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{3.833cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{endoplasmic reticulum}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\seqsplit{smooth} & synthesis lipids, metabolize carbohydrates, detoxifies poisons, stores calcium ions \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 3)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
rough & site for protein synthesis, produces transport vesiclres that distribute lipids and proteins to other components of the system \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 4)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{3.833cm}}{- accounts for half of total membrane in the cell \newline - continuous with nuclear envelope}  \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{3.833cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{ATP}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{p{3.833cm}}{\vspace{1px}\centerline{\includegraphics[width=5.1cm]{/web/www.cheatography.com/public/uploads/aly-cha_1665705428_Screenshot 2022-10-13 195624.png}}} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{3.833cm}{x{0.92691 cm} x{2.50609 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{3.833cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{golgi apparatus and lysosomes}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
gogli apparatus & processes and modifies proteins from ER to ship to target locations \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 3)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
lysosomes & compartment of enzymes, hydrolyzes proteins, fats, polysaccharides, nucleic acids, work best in acidic environments \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 4)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{3.833cm}{p{0.78959 cm} x{2.64341 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{3.833cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{meiosis cell cycle}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
prophase I & chromosomes condense, crossing over (synapsis) takes place \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\seqsplit{metaphase} I & tetrads align in center of the cell \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 2)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
anaphase I & chromosome migrate to opposite sides, chromatids are still joined by centromeres \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 3)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\seqsplit{telophase} I & cytokinesis occurs, two daughter haploid cells are formed \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 2)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
prophase II & chromosomes move towards center \tn 
% Row Count 11 (+ 2)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
\seqsplit{Metaphase} II & chromosomes aligned at center, centromeres facing opposite directions \tn 
% Row Count 14 (+ 3)
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
anaphase II & chromatids separated, move towards poles \tn 
% Row Count 16 (+ 2)
% Row 7
\SetRowColor{white}
\seqsplit{telophase} II & cytokinesis divides into four nuclei, nuclear membrane develops, four daughter cells or gametes are produced \tn 
% Row Count 20 (+ 4)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{3.833cm}}{whole process ends with four haploid daughter cells}  \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{3.833cm}{x{1.13289 cm} x{2.30011 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{3.833cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Abnormal Chromosome numbers}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{Aneuploidy}} & when nondisjunction occurs in the fertilization of gametes \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 3)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
{\bf{monosomic zygote}} & zygote only has one copy of a particular chromosome \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 2)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{trisomic}} & zygote has three copies of a chromosome (down syndrome) \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 3)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{3.833cm}{x{1.40753 cm} x{2.02547 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{3.833cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Aneuploidy of Sex Chromosomes}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
XXX & healthy, no unusual physical features \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
XXY (klinefelter syndrome) & extra X chromosome in males \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 2)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Monosomy (turner syndrome) & produces XO females who are infertile \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 2)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{3.833cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{cell cycle clock}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{p{3.833cm}}{\vspace{1px}\centerline{\includegraphics[width=5.1cm]{/web/www.cheatography.com/public/uploads/aly-cha_1665796365_Screenshot 2022-10-14 211145.png}}} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{3.833cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{animal cell}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{p{3.833cm}}{\vspace{1px}\centerline{\includegraphics[width=5.1cm]{/web/www.cheatography.com/public/uploads/aly-cha_1665707873_Screenshot 2022-10-13 203715.png}}} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{3.833cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{plant cell}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{p{3.833cm}}{\vspace{1px}\centerline{\includegraphics[width=5.1cm]{/web/www.cheatography.com/public/uploads/aly-cha_1665707968_Screenshot 2022-10-13 203846.png}}} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{3.833cm}{p{0.78959 cm} x{2.64341 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{3.833cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{cell cycle in mitosis}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\seqsplit{interphase} & centrosomes have formed, chromosomes aren't seen clearly \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
prophase & chromosomes condense, mitotic spindle starts to form, microtubules lengthen moving centrosomes away from each other \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 4)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\seqsplit{prometaphase} & nuclear envelope fragments, kinetochore formed on centromeres \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 3)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\seqsplit{metaphase} & chromosomes align in the center of the cell \tn 
% Row Count 11 (+ 2)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
anaphase & chromosomes are split and sister chromatids move to opposite poles \tn 
% Row Count 14 (+ 3)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
\seqsplit{telophase} & fibers disappear and membrane reforms around each set \tn 
% Row Count 16 (+ 2)
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\seqsplit{cytokinesis} & cleavage of cell and its contants divide into 2 \tn 
% Row Count 18 (+ 2)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{3.833cm}}{cancer occurs when cells don't properly respond to control mechanisms (uncontrolled mitosis)}  \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{3.833cm}{x{1.7165 cm} x{1.7165 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{3.833cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{subphases of interphase}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
G1 checkpoint & growth phase: can continue on to other phases once receives go ahead at this stage \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 5)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
S phase & duplication of DNA \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 1)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
cyclins and cycli-deependent Kinases (Cdk) & always present but fluctuate during cell cycle based on concentrations of cyclin \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 4)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
G2 & final subphase, more growth and protein synthesis \tn 
% Row Count 13 (+ 3)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Maturation promoting factor (MPF) & cyclin-Cdk complex that triggers cell passage past G2 phase into M phase \tn 
% Row Count 17 (+ 4)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
M checkpoint & won't enter anaphase unless chromosomes are all attatched to spindle microtubules at kinetechores, may delay anaphase to ensure daughter cells receive correct \# of chromosomes \tn 
% Row Count 26 (+ 9)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{3.833cm}}{cells grow in all three subphases of interphase but chromosomes are only duplicated during S phase}  \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{3.833cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Sources of genetic variation}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{- crossing over during prophase I \newline % Row Count 1 (+ 1)
- independent assortment of chromosomes \newline % Row Count 2 (+ 1)
- Random fertilization% Row Count 3 (+ 1)
} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{3.833cm}{x{1.06423 cm} x{2.36877 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{3.833cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Mutations}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{nondisjunction}} & problem during meiosis that results intoo mayn or too few chromosomes: {\emph{down syndrome (trisomy)}} \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 4)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
{\bf{deletion}} & portion of chromosomes are lost, caused by viruses or chemicals \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 3)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{duplication}} & gene sequence is repeted one or more times within one or more chromosomes \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 3)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
{\bf{inversion}} & certain gene segments become free and then are reversed \tn 
% Row Count 13 (+ 3)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{translocation}} & part of the chromosome changes places with another part \tn 
% Row Count 16 (+ 3)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{3.833cm}{x{1.54485 cm} x{1.88815 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{3.833cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{DNA features}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
nucleotide & phosphate group, 5 carbon sugar, nitrogenous base \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 3)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
nitrogenous base & adenine, guanine, thynine, cytosine \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 2)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
phosphate group between 5' and 3' & deoxynucleotides \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 2)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
phosphodiester bonds & phosphate group of one nucleotide bonds to the 3/ oxygen of another nucleotide \tn 
% Row Count 11 (+ 4)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
5' to 3' & on top (watson), runs 3' to 5' on bottom(crick) \tn 
% Row Count 14 (+ 3)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
bonds between the two strands & non covalent hydrogen bonds with complimentary base (base pairs) \tn 
% Row Count 17 (+ 3)
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
pyrimidines & thynin and adenine, single ring structure \tn 
% Row Count 19 (+ 2)
% Row 7
\SetRowColor{white}
purines & guanin and cytosine, double rings \tn 
% Row Count 21 (+ 2)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{3.833cm}}{- 2 types of nucleic acids (DNA and RNA) \newline - DNA provides directions for its own replication \newline - DNA, RNA, protein}  \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{3.833cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{nondisjunction}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{p{3.833cm}}{\vspace{1px}\centerline{\includegraphics[width=5.1cm]{/web/www.cheatography.com/public/uploads/aly-cha_1665699181_Screenshot 2022-10-13 180911.png}}} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}


% That's all folks
\end{multicols*}

\end{document}