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% Document Info
\author{ally\_rose}
\pdfinfo{
  /Title (skeletal-system.pdf)
  /Creator (Cheatography)
  /Author (ally\_rose)
  /Subject (Skeletal System Cheat Sheet)
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\noindent
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    {\parbox{\dimexpr\textwidth-2\fboxsep\relax}{\noindent
        \hspace*{-6pt}\includegraphics[width=5.8cm]{/web/www.cheatography.com/public/images/cheatography_logo.pdf}}
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\begin{tabulary}{11cm}{L}
    \vspace{-2pt}\large{\bf{\textcolor{DarkBackground}{\textrm{Skeletal System Cheat Sheet}}}} \\
    \normalsize{by \textcolor{DarkBackground}{ally\_rose} via \textcolor{DarkBackground}{\uline{cheatography.com/144074/cs/30942/}}}
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\noindent
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  \mymulticolumn{2}{p{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cheatographer}}  \\
  \vspace{-2pt}ally\_rose \\
  \uline{cheatography.com/ally-rose} \\
  \end{tabulary}
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  \mymulticolumn{1}{p{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cheat Sheet}}  \\
   \vspace{-2pt}Published 28th February, 2022.\\
   Updated 28th February, 2022.\\
   Page {\thepage} of \pageref{LastPage}.
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  %\includegraphics[width=48px,height=48px]{dave.jpeg}
  Measure your website readability!\\
  www.readability-score.com
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\begin{multicols*}{3}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{7 Functions of Bones}}  \tn
% Row 0
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Support} \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Bones provide Framework that supports the body and cradles its soft organs} \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 2)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Protection} \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 1)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Fused bones of the skull protect the brain} \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 1)
% Row 4
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Anchorage} \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 1)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Skeletal muscles which attach to bones by tendons use bones as levers to move} \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 2)
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Mineral Storage} \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 1)
% Row 7
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Bone stores calcium and phosphate} \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 1)
% Row 8
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Blood cell formation} \tn 
% Row Count 11 (+ 1)
% Row 9
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Hematopoiesis occurs in the red marrow of certain bones} \tn 
% Row Count 13 (+ 2)
% Row 10
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Fat storage} \tn 
% Row Count 14 (+ 1)
% Row 11
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{A source of energy for the body. Is stored as yellow marrow in cavities of long bone} \tn 
% Row Count 16 (+ 2)
% Row 12
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Hormone production (osteocalcin)} \tn 
% Row Count 17 (+ 1)
% Row 13
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Hormone that helps to regulate insulin secretion, glucose homeostasis and energy expenditure} \tn 
% Row Count 19 (+ 2)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Types of bone cells and their derivation}}  \tn
% Row 0
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Osteoprogenitor Cells} \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Stem cells.} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 1)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Osteoblasts} \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 1)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Matrix synthesizing cell. Responsible for bone growth} \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 2)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Osteocyte} \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 1)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{mature bone cell. Monitors and maintains the mineralized bone matrix} \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 2)
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{osteoclast} \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 1)
% Row 7
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Bone-resorbing cell} \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 1)
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\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{2.4885 cm} x{2.4885 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Types of Bone Fractures}}  \tn
% Row 0
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Comminuted & Compression \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
Bone fragments into three or more pieces & Bone is crushed \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 2)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Spiral & Epiphyseal \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 1)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
Ragged break occurs when excessive twisting force are applied & separates from the diaphysis along the spiphyseal plate \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 4)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Depression & Greenstick \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 1)
% Row 5
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Broken bone portion is pressed inward & Bone break is incomplete, much in the way a green twig breaks \tn 
% Row Count 13 (+ 4)
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{1.55618 cm} x{1.51041 cm} x{1.51041 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Classification of Joints}}  \tn
% Row 0
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Fibrous & \seqsplit{Cartilaginous} & synovial \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
Adjoining bones united by collagen fibers. Suture (short fibers)- immobile Syndesomosis (long fibers) slightly movable and immobile & Adjoining bone nited by cartilage: Syncondrosis (hyaline) immobile Symphysis \seqsplit{(fibrocartilage)} Slightly movable & Adjoingin bone covered with articular cartilage. Areas: Plane, hinge, Pivot, condylar, saddle, ball and socket \tn 
% Row Count 12 (+ 11)
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{2.4885 cm} x{2.4885 cm} }
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Axial Skeleton Vs. Appendicular Skeleton}}  \tn
% Row 0
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Axial & Appendicular Skeleton \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 1
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Long axis of the body and includes the bones of the skull, vertebral column, and rib cage & Bones of the upper and lower limbs and the girdles \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 5)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
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\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Compact and Spongy Bone}}  \tn
% Row 0
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{compact Bone} \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 1
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{External layer of the bone, is dense and looks smooth and solid to the naked eye} \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 2)
% Row 2
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Spongy bone} \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 1)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Honeycomb like structure inside of compact bone that is called trabeculae and its filled with red and yellow marrow} \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 3)
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Part of Long bone Explination}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Epiphelysis is another name for the bone end of the long bone. When someone is growing, their Epiphyseal plate works to extend the bone. (this mostly happens in adolescent years). When someone gets to the age where this stops, the epiphyseal line forms which is basically the remnant of the epiphyseal plate% Row Count 7 (+ 7)
} \tn 
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{2.4885 cm} x{2.4885 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Chemical Composition of Bone}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Organic Components & Inorganic components \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
Bone cells and osteoid- allow it to resist tension (stretch) & Mineral salts- allow to resist compression \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 3)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
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\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Postnatal Bone Growth}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{1) Resting Zone 2) Proliferation Zone: cartilage cells undergo mitosis 3) Hypertrophic Zone: Older cartilage cells enlarge 4) Calcification Zone: Matrix becomes calcified; cartilage cells die; matrix begins deteriorating 5) Ossification Zone: New bone is forming% Row Count 6 (+ 6)
} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
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\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{1.73926 cm} x{1.69349 cm} x{1.14425 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Fibrous Joints}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Suture & Sundesmosis & Gomphosis \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
Joint held together with very short, \seqsplit{interconnecting} fivers & joint held together by a ligament. Fibrous tissue can vary in length but is longer than in suture & peg in socket fibrous joint \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 7)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}---}
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\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{range of motions allowed by Synovial joint}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Nonaxial movement: Gliding uniaxial movement ( movement in one lace) Biaxial movement (movement in two lanes. multiracial (movement in or around all three places space and axes% Row Count 4 (+ 4)
} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
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\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Long Bone}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Structure of long bone} \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Shaft, bone ends, membranes} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 1)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Diaphysis} \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 1)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Shaft: forms the long axis of the bone that surrounds the medullary cavity, which contains no bone tissue, but yellow bone marrow} \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 3)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Epiphyses} \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 1)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{The bone ends: outer shell of compact bone that forms the epiphysis exterior and the interior contains spongy bone. Thin layer of hyaline cartilage covers the joint surface which cushions opposite ends of the bones} \tn 
% Row Count 12 (+ 5)
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Membranes} \tn 
% Row Count 13 (+ 1)
% Row 7
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Periosteum. covers the external surface of the bone and contains lots of nerve vessels which why it makes breaking a bone so painful} \tn 
% Row Count 16 (+ 3)
% Row 8
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Endosteum} \tn 
% Row Count 17 (+ 1)
% Row 9
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{covers the internal bone surface. it covers the trabeculae of spongy bone and lines the canals that pass through the compact bone} \tn 
% Row Count 20 (+ 3)
% Row 10
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Nutrient Foramen} \tn 
% Row Count 21 (+ 1)
% Row 11
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Nutrient artery runs inward to supply the bone marrow and the spongy bone} \tn 
% Row Count 23 (+ 2)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{2.4885 cm} x{2.4885 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Bone Growth}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Endochondral ossification & Intramembranous ossification \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
bone develops by replacing hyaline cartilage which leads to endochondral bone & a bone develops from a fibrous membrane and theh bone is called a membranous bone \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 5)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{How the bone Grows Fetus to adolescence}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{1) Bone collar forms around the diaphysis of the hyaline cartilage model 2) Cartilage calcifies in the Center of the diaphysis and then develops cavities 3) the periosteal bud invades the internal cavities and spongy bone forms 4) The diaphysis elongates and a medullary cavity forms. Secondary ossification centers appears in the epiphyses 5) The epiphyses ossify when ossification is complete, hyaline cartilage remains only in teh epiphyses plates and articular cartilage% Row Count 10 (+ 10)
} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
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\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Synovial Joint}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{articular cartilage} \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{glassy smooth hyaline cartilage covers the opposing bone surface} \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 2)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Joint cavity} \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 1)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{contains a small amount of synovial fluid} \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 1)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Articular capsule} \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 1)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{enclosed by a two layered joint capsule. A tough external fibrous slayer composed of dense irregular connective tissue that is continuous with the periostea of the articulating bone} \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 4)
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{reinforcing ligaments} \tn 
% Row Count 11 (+ 1)
% Row 7
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{reinforced and strengthen by a number of sandlike ligaments.} \tn 
% Row Count 13 (+ 2)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}


% That's all folks
\end{multicols*}

\end{document}