\documentclass[10pt,a4paper]{article}

% Packages
\usepackage{fancyhdr}           % For header and footer
\usepackage{multicol}           % Allows multicols in tables
\usepackage{tabularx}           % Intelligent column widths
\usepackage{tabulary}           % Used in header and footer
\usepackage{hhline}             % Border under tables
\usepackage{graphicx}           % For images
\usepackage{xcolor}             % For hex colours
%\usepackage[utf8x]{inputenc}    % For unicode character support
\usepackage[T1]{fontenc}        % Without this we get weird character replacements
\usepackage{colortbl}           % For coloured tables
\usepackage{setspace}           % For line height
\usepackage{lastpage}           % Needed for total page number
\usepackage{seqsplit}           % Splits long words.
%\usepackage{opensans}          % Can't make this work so far. Shame. Would be lovely.
\usepackage[normalem]{ulem}     % For underlining links
% Most of the following are not required for the majority
% of cheat sheets but are needed for some symbol support.
\usepackage{amsmath}            % Symbols
\usepackage{MnSymbol}           % Symbols
\usepackage{wasysym}            % Symbols
%\usepackage[english,german,french,spanish,italian]{babel}              % Languages

% Document Info
\author{akschool}
\pdfinfo{
  /Title (cs2340-exam2.pdf)
  /Creator (Cheatography)
  /Author (akschool)
  /Subject (cs2340\_exam2 Cheat Sheet)
}

% Lengths and widths
\addtolength{\textwidth}{6cm}
\addtolength{\textheight}{-1cm}
\addtolength{\hoffset}{-3cm}
\addtolength{\voffset}{-2cm}
\setlength{\tabcolsep}{0.2cm} % Space between columns
\setlength{\headsep}{-12pt} % Reduce space between header and content
\setlength{\headheight}{85pt} % If less, LaTeX automatically increases it
\renewcommand{\footrulewidth}{0pt} % Remove footer line
\renewcommand{\headrulewidth}{0pt} % Remove header line
\renewcommand{\seqinsert}{\ifmmode\allowbreak\else\-\fi} % Hyphens in seqsplit
% This two commands together give roughly
% the right line height in the tables
\renewcommand{\arraystretch}{1.3}
\onehalfspacing

% Commands
\newcommand{\SetRowColor}[1]{\noalign{\gdef\RowColorName{#1}}\rowcolor{\RowColorName}} % Shortcut for row colour
\newcommand{\mymulticolumn}[3]{\multicolumn{#1}{>{\columncolor{\RowColorName}}#2}{#3}} % For coloured multi-cols
\newcolumntype{x}[1]{>{\raggedright}p{#1}} % New column types for ragged-right paragraph columns
\newcommand{\tn}{\tabularnewline} % Required as custom column type in use

% Font and Colours
\definecolor{HeadBackground}{HTML}{333333}
\definecolor{FootBackground}{HTML}{666666}
\definecolor{TextColor}{HTML}{333333}
\definecolor{DarkBackground}{HTML}{A3A3A3}
\definecolor{LightBackground}{HTML}{F3F3F3}
\renewcommand{\familydefault}{\sfdefault}
\color{TextColor}

% Header and Footer
\pagestyle{fancy}
\fancyhead{} % Set header to blank
\fancyfoot{} % Set footer to blank
\fancyhead[L]{
\noindent
\begin{multicols}{3}
\begin{tabulary}{5.8cm}{C}
    \SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
    \vspace{-7pt}
    {\parbox{\dimexpr\textwidth-2\fboxsep\relax}{\noindent
        \hspace*{-6pt}\includegraphics[width=5.8cm]{/web/www.cheatography.com/public/images/cheatography_logo.pdf}}
    }
\end{tabulary}
\columnbreak
\begin{tabulary}{11cm}{L}
    \vspace{-2pt}\large{\bf{\textcolor{DarkBackground}{\textrm{cs2340\_exam2 Cheat Sheet}}}} \\
    \normalsize{by \textcolor{DarkBackground}{akschool} via \textcolor{DarkBackground}{\uline{cheatography.com/144347/cs/30976/}}}
\end{tabulary}
\end{multicols}}

\fancyfoot[L]{ \footnotesize
\noindent
\begin{multicols}{3}
\begin{tabulary}{5.8cm}{LL}
  \SetRowColor{FootBackground}
  \mymulticolumn{2}{p{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cheatographer}}  \\
  \vspace{-2pt}akschool \\
  \uline{cheatography.com/akschool} \\
  \end{tabulary}
\vfill
\columnbreak
\begin{tabulary}{5.8cm}{L}
  \SetRowColor{FootBackground}
  \mymulticolumn{1}{p{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cheat Sheet}}  \\
   \vspace{-2pt}Not Yet Published.\\
   Updated 2nd March, 2022.\\
   Page {\thepage} of \pageref{LastPage}.
\end{tabulary}
\vfill
\columnbreak
\begin{tabulary}{5.8cm}{L}
  \SetRowColor{FootBackground}
  \mymulticolumn{1}{p{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Sponsor}}  \\
  \SetRowColor{white}
  \vspace{-5pt}
  %\includegraphics[width=48px,height=48px]{dave.jpeg}
  Measure your website readability!\\
  www.readability-score.com
\end{tabulary}
\end{multicols}}




\begin{document}
\raggedright
\raggedcolumns

% Set font size to small. Switch to any value
% from this page to resize cheat sheet text:
% www.emerson.emory.edu/services/latex/latex_169.html
\footnotesize % Small font.

\begin{multicols*}{3}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{0.82386 cm} x{1.87657 cm} x{1.87657 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Test-Driven Development}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{5.377cm}}{Failure vs Fault vs Error} \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
 & Failure & Observable incorrect behavior, ex. a+b vs a*b \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 3)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & Fault (bug): & Related to the code. Failure IFF fault \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 3)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
 & Error & Cause of a fault. Usually human error (conceptual, typo, etc.) \tn 
% Row Count 11 (+ 4)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\seqsplit{Verification} & Testing (test cases), Static Verification (all possible inputs), \seqsplit{Inspection/review/walkthrough}, Formal proof &  \tn 
% Row Count 18 (+ 7)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
\seqsplit{Granularity:} & Unit Testing -\textgreater{} Integration Testing -\textgreater{} System testing -\textgreater{} Acceptance testing -\textgreater{} Regression testing &  \tn 
% Row Count 25 (+ 7)
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
within org & Developers testing -\textgreater{} Alpha testing & outside org: Beta testing -\textgreater{} Product release \tn 
% Row Count 28 (+ 3)
% Row 7
\SetRowColor{white}
what is tdd & Write tests -\textgreater{} write functional code -\textgreater{} refactor & "Make it Fail, Make it Work, Make it Better" \tn 
% Row Count 31 (+ 3)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\vfill
\columnbreak
\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{0.82386 cm} x{1.87657 cm} x{1.87657 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Test-Driven Development (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 8
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Why TDD & Provides incremental specification, avoid regression errors &  \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 4)
% Row 9
\SetRowColor{white}
\seqsplit{Structure} of tests & Set fixture, invoke, check, cleanup &  \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 3)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}---}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{1.46464 cm} x{1.55618 cm} x{1.55618 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Teamwork Considerations}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{5.377cm}}{People are most important asset} \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
Critical factors in people management & Consistency, respect, inclusion &  \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 4)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Factors influencing team working & Group composition, Group cohesiveness, Group \seqsplit{communications}, Group organization &  \tn 
% Row Count 12 (+ 7)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
 & Group composition & \seqsplit{Task-oriented}, \seqsplit{self-oriented}, \seqsplit{interaction-oriented} \tn 
% Row Count 16 (+ 4)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Hitchhiker: & Take credit for team's work w/o contributing &  \tn 
% Row Count 20 (+ 4)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
Couch potato & Willing to work, but drag their feet &  \tn 
% Row Count 23 (+ 3)
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{5.377cm}}{Absorbing leads to couch potatoes / hitchhikers} \tn 
% Row Count 24 (+ 1)
% Row 7
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{5.377cm}}{- Mirroring reflects consequences onto hitchhikers} \tn 
% Row Count 25 (+ 1)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}---}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{0.96117 cm} x{1.78503 cm} x{1.8308 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Sequence Robustness}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
GUI \seqsplit{prototype} -\textgreater{} Code & Dynamic & Static \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 3)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
 & Use Case Model -\textgreater{} Robustness diagram -\textgreater{} Sequence Diagram & Domain Model -\textgreater{} Class Diagram \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 4)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{5.377cm}}{Robustness diagrams bridge the "what/how" gap} \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 1)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{5.377cm}}{Notation} \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 1)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & Boundary Class & a user interface or API class to external system \tn 
% Row Count 12 (+ 3)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
 & Entity Class & a class from the domain model \tn 
% Row Count 14 (+ 2)
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & Controller Class & a class representing business logic or logical software function \tn 
% Row Count 18 (+ 4)
% Row 7
\SetRowColor{white}
Valid \seqsplit{relationships} & Nouns\textless{}-\textgreater{}Verbs, Verbs\textless{}-\textgreater{}Verbs & Nouns!-\textgreater{}nouns \tn 
% Row Count 21 (+ 3)
% Row 8
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & valid ex: Actor-\textgreater{}Boundary, Boundary\textless{}-\textgreater{}Controller, entity-\textgreater{}controller &  \tn 
% Row Count 26 (+ 5)
% Row 9
\SetRowColor{white}
 & invalid ex: actor-\textgreater{}controller/entity, boundary-\textgreater{}entity, entity\textless{}-\textgreater{}entity, boundary\textless{}-\textgreater{}boundary &  \tn 
% Row Count 33 (+ 7)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\vfill
\columnbreak
\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{0.96117 cm} x{1.78503 cm} x{1.8308 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Sequence Robustness (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 10
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{5.377cm}}{Robustness analysis guidelines:} \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 11
\SetRowColor{white}
 & Make a boundary object for each screen \& name them well &  \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 4)
% Row 12
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & Usually not real controller objects, but rather logical software functions &  \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 5)
% Row 13
\SetRowColor{white}
 & Direction of arrows not important &  \tn 
% Row Count 13 (+ 3)
% Row 14
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & \seqsplit{Boundary/entity} classes -\textgreater{} object instances, controllers -\textgreater{} messages &  \tn 
% Row Count 18 (+ 5)
% Row 15
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{5.377cm}}{Sequence Diagrams} \tn 
% Row Count 19 (+ 1)
% Row 16
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & SD shows how objects within system interact & SSD shows how actors interact w system \tn 
% Row Count 22 (+ 3)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}---}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{p{0.4577 cm} x{1.8308 cm} x{2.2885 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Design Class Diagrams}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{5.377cm}}{Domain model shows real-world concepts, DCD shows software entities} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{5.377cm}}{Class attributes} \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 1)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & Full format & visibility name : type multiplicity = default \{property-string\} \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 4)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
 & Visibility marks & + (public), - (private), \# (protected) \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 2)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & Attributes assumed private if no visibility is given &  \tn 
% Row Count 13 (+ 4)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
 & Operations assumed public if no visibility is given &  \tn 
% Row Count 17 (+ 4)
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{5.377cm}}{Attribution text vs association line} \tn 
% Row Count 18 (+ 1)
% Row 7
\SetRowColor{white}
 & {\bf{{[}IMAGE HERE{]}}} &  \tn 
% Row Count 19 (+ 1)
% Row 8
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & Guideline & Use the attribute text notation for data type objects and the association line notation for others \tn 
% Row Count 24 (+ 5)
% Row 9
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{5.377cm}}{Two ways to show collection attributes} \tn 
% Row Count 25 (+ 1)
% Row 10
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & {\bf{{[}IMAGE HERE{]}}} &  \tn 
% Row Count 26 (+ 1)
% Row 11
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{5.377cm}}{Note symbol: can represent UML note or comment, UML constraint, or Method body} \tn 
% Row Count 28 (+ 2)
% Row 12
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{5.377cm}}{Operations and Methods:} \tn 
% Row Count 29 (+ 1)
% Row 13
\SetRowColor{white}
 & Operation syntax, UML1: & visibility name (parameter-list) : return-type = default \{property-string\} \tn 
% Row Count 33 (+ 4)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\vfill
\columnbreak
\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{p{0.4577 cm} x{1.8308 cm} x{2.2885 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Design Class Diagrams (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 14
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & Operations are usually assumed public if no visibility is shown &  \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 4)
% Row 15
\SetRowColor{white}
 & Operations to access attributes are often excluded &  \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 4)
% Row 16
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{5.377cm}}{UML keywords:} \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 1)
% Row 17
\SetRowColor{white}
 & «actor»: & classifier is an actor, ex: in class diagram, above classifier name \tn 
% Row Count 13 (+ 4)
% Row 18
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & «interface» & classifier is an interface, ex: in class diagram, above classifier name \tn 
% Row Count 17 (+ 4)
% Row 19
\SetRowColor{white}
 & \{abstract\} & abstract element; can't be instantiated, ex: in class diagrams, after classifier name or operation name \tn 
% Row Count 23 (+ 6)
% Row 20
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & \{ordered\} & a set of objects have some imposed order, ex: in class diagrams, at an association end \tn 
% Row Count 28 (+ 5)
% Row 21
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{5.377cm}}{Dependency:} \tn 
% Row Count 29 (+ 1)
% Row 22
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & {\bf{{[}IMAGE HERE{]}}} &  \tn 
% Row Count 30 (+ 1)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\vfill
\columnbreak
\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{p{0.4577 cm} x{1.8308 cm} x{2.2885 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Design Class Diagrams (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 23
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & dependency labels are optional & ex: \textless{}\textless{}call\textgreater{}\textgreater{} and \textless{}\textless{}create\textgreater{}\textgreater{} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 24
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{5.377cm}}{Interfaces, Inheritance, Abstract class, Composition, Aggregation} \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 2)
% Row 25
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & {\bf{{[}IMAGE HERE{]}}} &  \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 1)
% Row 26
\SetRowColor{white}
 & Aggregation & "has-part" association relationship, exists w/o parent \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 3)
% Row 27
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & Composition & whole-part association relationship, needs parent to exist \tn 
% Row Count 11 (+ 3)
% Row 28
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{5.377cm}}{Constraints (3 ways)} \tn 
% Row Count 12 (+ 1)
% Row 29
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & {\bf{{[}IMAGE HERE{]}}} &  \tn 
% Row Count 13 (+ 1)
% Row 30
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{5.377cm}}{Utility class} \tn 
% Row Count 14 (+ 1)
% Row 31
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & {\bf{{[}CODE HERE{]}}} &  \tn 
% Row Count 15 (+ 1)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}---}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{1.55618 cm} x{1.51041 cm} x{1.51041 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Mapping designs to code}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\seqsplit{Class-Responsibility-Collaboration} (CRC) & \seqsplit{Brainstorming} tool used in OOD. CRC cards are usually created from index cards. &  \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 7)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
CRUFT & useless, redundant, or poorly written code &  \tn 
% Row Count 11 (+ 4)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Don't Repeat Yourself (DRY) & Every piece of knowledge must have a single, unambiguous, \seqsplit{authoritative} \seqsplit{representation} within a system &  \tn 
% Row Count 19 (+ 8)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{5.377cm}}{Separation of concerns (SOC)} \tn 
% Row Count 20 (+ 1)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & Design principle for separating a computer &  \tn 
% Row Count 24 (+ 4)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
 & Concern is a set of information that affects the code of a computer program &  \tn 
% Row Count 30 (+ 6)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\vfill
\columnbreak
\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{1.55618 cm} x{1.51041 cm} x{1.51041 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Mapping designs to code (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{5.377cm}}{You Aren't Gonna Need It (YAGNI)} \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 7
\SetRowColor{white}
 & A programmer should not add \seqsplit{functionality} until deemed necessary &  \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 5)
% Row 8
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & "do the simplest thing that could possibly work" &  \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 4)
% Row 9
\SetRowColor{white}
 & Must be used in combination with several other practices, such as continuous refactoring, unit testing and continuous integration &  \tn 
% Row Count 20 (+ 10)
% Row 10
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Collection Classes: & One-to-many \seqsplit{relationships} are common. & E.g., a Sale must maintain visibility to a group of many \seqsplit{SalesLineItem} instances \tn 
% Row Count 27 (+ 7)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}---}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{p{0.50347 cm} x{2.05965 cm} x{2.01388 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Object visibility}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\seqsplit{Visibility} & the ability of one object to see or have reference to another &  \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 4)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{5.377cm}}{Attribute visibility: B is an attribute of A} \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 1)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & Relatively permanent visibility &  \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 2)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
 & Common form of visibility in OO systems &  \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 3)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{5.377cm}}{Parameter visibility: B is a parameter of a method in A} \tn 
% Row Count 12 (+ 2)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
 & Relatively temporary visibility &  \tn 
% Row Count 14 (+ 2)
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & Common to transform parameter visibility into attribute visibility &  \tn 
% Row Count 18 (+ 4)
% Row 7
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{5.377cm}}{Local visibility: B is a (non-parameter) local object in a method of A} \tn 
% Row Count 20 (+ 2)
% Row 8
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & Relatively temporary visibility &  \tn 
% Row Count 22 (+ 2)
% Row 9
\SetRowColor{white}
 & Two methods: & - Create a new local instance and assign it to a local variable. \tn 
% Row Count 26 (+ 4)
% Row 10
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 &  & - Assign the returning object from a method invocation to a local variable. \tn 
% Row Count 31 (+ 5)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\vfill
\columnbreak
\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{p{0.50347 cm} x{2.05965 cm} x{2.01388 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Object visibility (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 11
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{5.377cm}}{Global visibility: B is globally visible} \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 12
\SetRowColor{white}
 & Preferred method to achieve global visibility is to use the Singleton pattern. &  \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 5)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}---}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{p{0.4177 cm} x{1.16956 cm} x{1.29487 cm} x{1.29487 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{4}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Code smells}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
code smell & \seqsplit{quick-to-spot} surface indication that something is wrong with your code &  &  \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 7)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{4}{x{5.377cm}}{usually found during examining \& refactoring} \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 1)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{4}{x{5.377cm}}{usually caused by rushed design and a disregard for technical debt} \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 2)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
 & technical debt & the amount of work you create when you try to save time upfront &  \tn 
% Row Count 16 (+ 6)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & right way vs fast way &  &  \tn 
% Row Count 18 (+ 2)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{4}{x{5.377cm}}{Types} \tn 
% Row Count 19 (+ 1)
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & Bloaters & long method, large class, long parameter list (\textgreater{}=3,4), data clumps (ex: RGB always together) &  \tn 
% Row Count 27 (+ 8)
% Row 7
\SetRowColor{white}
 & \seqsplit{Object-Orientation} Abusers & Switch statements, Refused Bequest (inherit methods but unused or redefined) &  \tn 
% Row Count 34 (+ 7)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\vfill
\columnbreak
\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{p{0.4177 cm} x{1.16956 cm} x{1.29487 cm} x{1.29487 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{4}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Code smells (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 8
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & Change Preventers &  &  \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 9
\SetRowColor{white}
 &  & Divergent Change (many changes to single class from copy-paste) &  \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 6)
% Row 10
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 &  & Shotgun surgery (many small changes to many classes from too much coupling, too little cohesion) &  \tn 
% Row Count 16 (+ 8)
% Row 11
\SetRowColor{white}
 & \seqsplit{Dispensables} & Lazy class (doesn't do enough), Data class (only fields + \seqsplit{getters/setters)}, Duplicated code &  \tn 
% Row Count 24 (+ 8)
% Row 12
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & Couplers &  &  \tn 
% Row Count 25 (+ 1)
% Row 13
\SetRowColor{white}
 &  & Feature envy & A method that seems more interested in a class other than the one it is in \tn 
% Row Count 32 (+ 7)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\vfill
\columnbreak
\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{p{0.4177 cm} x{1.16956 cm} x{1.29487 cm} x{1.29487 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{4}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Code smells (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 14
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 &  & \seqsplit{Inappropriate} intimacy & Classes know too much about each other's private parts (tightly coupled) \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 6)
% Row 15
\SetRowColor{white}
 &  & Middle man: & class performs one action delegating work to other class \tn 
% Row Count 11 (+ 5)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}----}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{1.8308 cm} x{2.2885 cm} p{0.4577 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Responsibility-driven design}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
responsibility & Obligation to perform a task or know information &  \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 3)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{5.377cm}}{Behavior (doing) vs data (knowing)} \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 1)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Methods vs \seqsplit{responsibilities} & methods fulfill responsibilities &  \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 2)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
 & Responsibilities are implemented by means of methods that either act alone or collaborate with other methods and objects &  \tn 
% Row Count 12 (+ 6)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}---}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{p{0.73232 cm} x{1.92234 cm} x{1.92234 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{GRASP: {[}spell out{]}}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{5.377cm}}{Who is responsible for creating a new instance of a class?} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
 & Rules: Assign class B to create class A if: &  \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 3)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 &  & B contains or aggregates A \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 2)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
 &  & B records A \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 1)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 &  & B closely uses A \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 1)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
 &  & B has the initializing data for A (B is an Expert with respect to creating A) \tn 
% Row Count 14 (+ 5)
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & If \textgreater{}1 option, prefer aggregation &  \tn 
% Row Count 16 (+ 2)
% Row 7
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{5.377cm}}{1. Creator -\textgreater{} Low coupling:} \tn 
% Row Count 17 (+ 1)
% Row 8
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & Guideline 1 & A composite object is an excellent candidate to make its parts \tn 
% Row Count 21 (+ 4)
% Row 9
\SetRowColor{white}
 & Guideline 2 & Look at the class that has the initializing data \tn 
% Row Count 24 (+ 3)
% Row 10
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 &  & E.g., a Payment instance must be initialized with the Sale total. Hence, Sale is a candidate creator of Payment \tn 
% Row Count 31 (+ 7)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\vfill
\columnbreak
\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{p{0.73232 cm} x{1.92234 cm} x{1.92234 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{GRASP: {[}spell out{]} (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 11
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & Guideline 3 & In case of complex rules consider delegation of creation to a helper class \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 5)
% Row 12
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{5.377cm}}{2. Information Expert -\textgreater{} Low coupling, high cohesion, reduce feature envy} \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 2)
% Row 13
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & Assign a responsibility to the class that has the information necessary to fulfill the responsibility &  \tn 
% Row Count 14 (+ 7)
% Row 14
\SetRowColor{white}
 & Many "partial" information experts may collaborate in a task &  \tn 
% Row Count 18 (+ 4)
% Row 15
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
3. Low \seqsplit{Coupling} & Assign \seqsplit{responsibilities} so that coupling remains as low as possible. &  \tn 
% Row Count 23 (+ 5)
% Row 16
\SetRowColor{white}
 & High to low: &  \tn 
% Row Count 24 (+ 1)
% Row 17
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 &  & ***Content coupling: one class modifies another (branch into middle of routine, modifies code) \tn 
% Row Count 31 (+ 7)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\vfill
\columnbreak
\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{p{0.73232 cm} x{1.92234 cm} x{1.92234 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{GRASP: {[}spell out{]} (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 18
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 &  & **Common coupling: share common (global) data \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 3)
% Row 19
\SetRowColor{white}
 &  & **Control coupling: use a method parameter (by passing some kind of flag) to control a different method \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 7)
% Row 20
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 &  & Stamp/Data coupling: passing complex data or structures between modules(\& use primitives when possible) \tn 
% Row Count 17 (+ 7)
% Row 21
\SetRowColor{white}
 &  & Uncoupled: no relationship \tn 
% Row Count 19 (+ 2)
% Row 22
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 &  & *** DO NOT DO THIS!!! \tn 
% Row Count 21 (+ 2)
% Row 23
\SetRowColor{white}
 &  & ** TRY HARD NOT TO DO THIS! \tn 
% Row Count 23 (+ 2)
% Row 24
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & Common forms of coupling: &  \tn 
% Row Count 25 (+ 2)
% Row 25
\SetRowColor{white}
 &  & TypeX has an attribute that refers to TypeY \tn 
% Row Count 28 (+ 3)
% Row 26
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 &  & TypeX calls on services of TypeY \tn 
% Row Count 30 (+ 2)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\vfill
\columnbreak
\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{p{0.73232 cm} x{1.92234 cm} x{1.92234 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{GRASP: {[}spell out{]} (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 27
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 &  & TypeX has a method that refers to TypeY \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 3)
% Row 28
\SetRowColor{white}
 &  & TypeX is a subclass of TypeY \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 2)
% Row 29
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 &  & TypeY is an interface and TypeX implements it \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 3)
% Row 30
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{5.377cm}}{4. Controller} \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 1)
% Row 31
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & UI objects should not have responsibility for fulfilling system events &  \tn 
% Row Count 14 (+ 5)
% Row 32
\SetRowColor{white}
 & Delegates work to other objects \& coordinate / control the activity &  \tn 
% Row Count 19 (+ 5)
% Row 33
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & Assign responsibility to a class that: &  \tn 
% Row Count 22 (+ 3)
% Row 34
\SetRowColor{white}
 &  & Represents the overall System ( Façade Controller ) \tn 
% Row Count 26 (+ 4)
% Row 35
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 &  & Represents a Use Case scenario where the event occurs (\textless{}usecase name\textgreater{}Handler, \textless{}ucn\textgreater{}Coordinator, \textless{}ucn\textgreater{}Session) \tn 
% Row Count 33 (+ 7)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\vfill
\columnbreak
\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{p{0.73232 cm} x{1.92234 cm} x{1.92234 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{GRASP: {[}spell out{]} (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 36
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{5.377cm}}{5. High Cohesion: Objects should not do many unrelated things} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 37
\SetRowColor{white}
 & High to low &  \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 1)
% Row 38
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 &  & \seqsplit{***Coincidental:} unrelated functions \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 3)
% Row 39
\SetRowColor{white}
 &  & Logical: multiple logic sections \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 2)
% Row 40
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 &  & Temporal: related by phases of an operation \tn 
% Row Count 11 (+ 3)
% Row 41
\SetRowColor{white}
 &  & Procedural: required ordering of tasks (addIngredients, mix, bake) \tn 
% Row Count 16 (+ 5)
% Row 42
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 &  & \seqsplit{Communicational:} operates on same data set \tn 
% Row Count 19 (+ 3)
% Row 43
\SetRowColor{white}
 &  & Functional: all essential elements for a single function are in same module (takeOff, fly, land) \tn 
% Row Count 25 (+ 6)
% Row 44
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 &  & *** DO NOT DO THIS UNLESS UNAVOIDABLE!! \tn 
% Row Count 28 (+ 3)
% Row 45
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{5.377cm}}{Refactoring:} \tn 
% Row Count 29 (+ 1)
% Row 46
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & Goal: Keep program readable, understandable, and maintainable &  \tn 
% Row Count 33 (+ 4)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\vfill
\columnbreak
\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{p{0.73232 cm} x{1.92234 cm} x{1.92234 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{GRASP: {[}spell out{]} (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 47
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & Preserve behavior by using tests & Ex: rename, extract method, move method, replace temp w query \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 4)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}---}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{p{0.64078 cm} x{2.56312 cm} x{1.3731 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{SOLID: {[}spell out{]}}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{5.377cm}}{S: Single Responsibility Principle} \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
 & Each class should have a single overriding responsibility (High Cohesion) -\textgreater{} many small classes \textgreater{} one big class &  \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 6)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & Each class has one reason why it should change &  \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 3)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{5.377cm}}{O: Open/Closed Principle} \tn 
% Row Count 11 (+ 1)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & Objects are open for extension but closed for modification &  \tn 
% Row Count 14 (+ 3)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
 & Extension via inheritance, polymorphism &  \tn 
% Row Count 16 (+ 2)
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{5.377cm}}{L: Liskov Substitution Principle} \tn 
% Row Count 17 (+ 1)
% Row 7
\SetRowColor{white}
 & Subclasses should be substitutable for their base classes &  \tn 
% Row Count 20 (+ 3)
% Row 8
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & class that implements an interface must be able to substitute any reference throughout the code that implements the same interface &  \tn 
% Row Count 26 (+ 6)
% Row 9
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{5.377cm}}{I: Interface Segregation Principle} \tn 
% Row Count 27 (+ 1)
% Row 10
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & Use several small interfaces vs one larger multipurpose one &  \tn 
% Row Count 30 (+ 3)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\vfill
\columnbreak
\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{p{0.64078 cm} x{2.56312 cm} x{1.3731 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{SOLID: {[}spell out{]} (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 11
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & Don't make clients depend on interfaces they don't use (Athlete -\textgreater{} SwimmingAthlete, JumpingAthlete) &  \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 5)
% Row 12
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{5.377cm}}{D: Dependency Inversion Principle} \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 1)
% Row 13
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & High-level modules should not depend on low-level modules. Both should depend on abstractions. &  \tn 
% Row Count 11 (+ 5)
% Row 14
\SetRowColor{white}
 & Abstractions should not depend on details.  Details should depend on abstractions (writeJava; writeJavaScript -\textgreater{} develop() calls writeJava, writeJavaScript) &  \tn 
% Row Count 19 (+ 8)
% Row 15
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
ISP vs LSP & ISP: parent \textless{}-\textgreater{} client & LSP: parent \textless{}-\textgreater{} child \tn 
% Row Count 21 (+ 2)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}---}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}


% That's all folks
\end{multicols*}

\end{document}