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\author{ajschwecks}
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  /Title (astronomy.pdf)
  /Creator (Cheatography)
  /Author (ajschwecks)
  /Subject (Astronomy Cheat Sheet)
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    \vspace{-2pt}\large{\bf{\textcolor{DarkBackground}{\textrm{Astronomy Cheat Sheet}}}} \\
    \normalsize{by \textcolor{DarkBackground}{ajschwecks} via \textcolor{DarkBackground}{\uline{cheatography.com/20252/cs/3080/}}}
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  \mymulticolumn{2}{p{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cheatographer}}  \\
  \vspace{-2pt}ajschwecks \\
  \uline{cheatography.com/ajschwecks} \\
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  \mymulticolumn{1}{p{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cheat Sheet}}  \\
   \vspace{-2pt}Not Yet Published.\\
   Updated 13th May, 2016.\\
   Page {\thepage} of \pageref{LastPage}.
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  Measure your website readability!\\
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\begin{multicols*}{4}

\begin{tabularx}{3.833cm}{X}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Everything}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{How does critical density relate to universe? \newline % Row Count 1 (+ 1)
	⁃	Basically how much matter is there per cubic cm \newline % Row Count 3 (+ 2)
	⁃	If enough, enough gravity to recollpase \newline % Row Count 4 (+ 1)
	⁃	If not, Universe could go on expanding forever \newline % Row Count 6 (+ 2)
	⁃	Dark energy - seals the fate of the universe and an expansive body \newline % Row Count 8 (+ 2)
Accretion \newline % Row Count 9 (+ 1)
	⁃	Binary star: material could fall of companion onto pair star \newline % Row Count 11 (+ 2)
	⁃	doesn't fall straight in, spirals in and forms disk around the star \newline % Row Count 13 (+ 2)
	⁃	accretion disk ... holding pattern until it falls into star \newline % Row Count 15 (+ 2)
Milky Way size \newline % Row Count 16 (+ 1)
	⁃	100k light year across \newline % Row Count 17 (+ 1)
How do we detect exosolar planets? \newline % Row Count 18 (+ 1)
	⁃	same as binary stars \newline % Row Count 19 (+ 1)
	⁃	direct detection: take a picture, hard because light gets swamped \newline % Row Count 21 (+ 2)
	⁃	transit method: if things are lined up, exoplanet will cross in front of star and block a portion of light (very tiny) \newline % Row Count 24 (+ 3)
	⁃	spectroscopic method: cross star, but doesn't block light \newline % Row Count 26 (+ 2)
	⁃	star wobbles a little bit due to the gravity of the star (doppler shift) \newline % Row Count 28 (+ 2)
Cosmic module principal \newline % Row Count 29 (+ 1)
	⁃	the universe is the same every and in all direction (does not differ greatly anywhere) \newline % Row Count 31 (+ 2)
} \tn 
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\vfill
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Everything (cont)}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{	⁃	helps explain the structure of the universe \newline % Row Count 1 (+ 1)
Brahe \newline % Row Count 2 (+ 1)
	⁃	made telescope obvs to measure positions of planets \newline % Row Count 4 (+ 2)
Copernicus \newline % Row Count 5 (+ 1)
	⁃	first to say heliocentric \newline % Row Count 6 (+ 1)
Keplar \newline % Row Count 7 (+ 1)
	⁃	mathematical laws for the orbits \newline % Row Count 8 (+ 1)
	⁃	used bra he's precise measurements \newline % Row Count 9 (+ 1)
	⁃	ellipses and speed change as they changed distant \newline % Row Count 11 (+ 2)
Galileo \newline % Row Count 12 (+ 1)
	⁃	telescopic discoveries for keplar support \newline % Row Count 13 (+ 1)
	⁃	TONS OF TELESCOPE OBSERVATION \newline % Row Count 14 (+ 1)
Spiral structure \newline % Row Count 15 (+ 1)
	⁃	spiral galaxies \newline % Row Count 16 (+ 1)
	⁃	waves of higher and lower density that travel through disk \newline % Row Count 18 (+ 2)
	⁃	higher density = spiral arms light up as stars form \newline % Row Count 20 (+ 2)
Finding mass of a star \newline % Row Count 21 (+ 1)
	⁃	in binary = easy \newline % Row Count 22 (+ 1)
	⁃	in not binary = not easy \newline % Row Count 23 (+ 1)
	⁃	infer in comparison to other stars \newline % Row Count 24 (+ 1)
Doppler effect \newline % Row Count 25 (+ 1)
	⁃	change in frequency or wavelength due to the relative motion of the   source and observer \newline % Row Count 27 (+ 2)
xray binary \newline % Row Count 28 (+ 1)
	⁃	exist and due to transfer of energy from of one star to next, X-ray flares% Row Count 30 (+ 2)
} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Still Everything}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{•	baryonic and non baryonic WIMPS \newline % Row Count 1 (+ 1)
	⁃	baryonic suggestions are incomplete \newline % Row Count 2 (+ 1)
	⁃	baryons are what we are made of (all atoms) \newline % Row Count 3 (+ 1)
	⁃	non baryonic: things that are not made out of what we are made of (dark matter) \newline % Row Count 5 (+ 2)
•	cepheids \newline % Row Count 6 (+ 1)
	⁃	stage of the stars life after the main sequence \newline % Row Count 8 (+ 2)
	⁃	variable stars \newline % Row Count 9 (+ 1)
	⁃	They have very particular patterns of change and variability \newline % Row Count 11 (+ 2)
	⁃	luminosity is related to the period \newline % Row Count 12 (+ 1)
•	pulsars and neutron stars \newline % Row Count 13 (+ 1)
	⁃	pulsars are neutron stars \newline % Row Count 14 (+ 1)
	⁃	connected by very strong magnetic fields \newline % Row Count 15 (+ 1)
	⁃	rotate very quickly \newline % Row Count 16 (+ 1)
	⁃	if you tried to take normal stars and spin them that fast, they would pull apart \newline % Row Count 18 (+ 2)
	⁃	radio waves are most common, optical light too and xray \newline % Row Count 20 (+ 2)
•	nova explosions and xray binary explosions \newline % Row Count 21 (+ 1)
	⁃	very similar \newline % Row Count 22 (+ 1)
	⁃	dump material onto surface of star = surface explosion  \newline % Row Count 24 (+ 2)
•	young medium and old clusters when they turn off main sequence \newline % Row Count 26 (+ 2)
	⁃	for the sun, 10 billion years it turns on to main sequence \newline % Row Count 28 (+ 2)
•	Low mass \newline % Row Count 29 (+ 1)
	⁃	eject nebula, end up in white dawrf \newline % Row Count 30 (+ 1)
} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Still Everything (cont)}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{•	Galileo's experiment with velocity and acceleration \newline % Row Count 2 (+ 2)
	⁃	rolled balls down a plain (demonstration in class) \newline % Row Count 4 (+ 2)
•	Hubble relation explain age of universe \newline % Row Count 5 (+ 1)
	⁃	Several ways to think about it \newline % Row Count 6 (+ 1)
	⁃	universe is expansion, hubble relation tells rate of expansion \newline % Row Count 8 (+ 2)
	⁃	calculate how long ago expansion started which tells us distant \newline % Row Count 10 (+ 2)
•	Equilibrium in stars \newline % Row Count 11 (+ 1)
	⁃	Gravitational and Hydrostatic equilibrium \newline % Row Count 12 (+ 1)
	⁃	acts like a gas or a fluid \newline % Row Count 13 (+ 1)
	⁃	Gravity tries to make the star contract \newline % Row Count 14 (+ 1)
	⁃	Pressure is center is trying to slow down contraction \newline % Row Count 16 (+ 2)
•	Era's of the Universe \newline % Row Count 17 (+ 1)
	⁃	First less than a second, particle era \newline % Row Count 18 (+ 1)
	⁃	particles are being created or destroyed \newline % Row Count 19 (+ 1)
	⁃	five minutes \newline % Row Count 20 (+ 1)
	⁃	nucleosynthesis \newline % Row Count 21 (+ 1)
	⁃	first 400k years, when universe becomes transparent \newline % Row Count 23 (+ 2)
	⁃	radiation can flow freely throughout universe \newline % Row Count 25 (+ 2)
	⁃	after that, stars begin to form \newline % Row Count 26 (+ 1)
	⁃	cosmic microwave background \newline % Row Count 27 (+ 1)
•	Hubble relationship in graph form \newline % Row Count 28 (+ 1)
	⁃	Velocity x Distant \newline % Row Count 29 (+ 1)
	⁃	Straight line = hubble constant% Row Count 30 (+ 1)
} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Moar}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{•	1000 exoplanets \newline % Row Count 1 (+ 1)
	•	Standard candle \newline % Row Count 2 (+ 1)
	⁃	object who's luminosity before you measure the distant \newline % Row Count 4 (+ 2)
	•	Greenhouse effect \newline % Row Count 5 (+ 1)
	⁃	CO2 concentration in atmosphere increase, plants grow larger \newline % Row Count 7 (+ 2)
	⁃	Plant grows larger, removes CO2, puts out O2 = NEGATIVE FEEDBACK \newline % Row Count 9 (+ 2)
	⁃	Ice is a good reflector of sunlight, water is good absorber \newline % Row Count 11 (+ 2)
	⁃	Temperature of earth rises, ice melts, less reflected and more absorbed \newline % Row Count 13 (+ 2)
	⁃	warm the earth, melt more ice, make warmer = POSITIVE FEEDBACK \newline % Row Count 15 (+ 2)
	•	Bootstrapping \newline % Row Count 16 (+ 1)
	⁃	process of starting with one set of distance measurements and using it to progress \newline % Row Count 18 (+ 2)
	⁃	measuring parallax using radar inside solar system by using size of earth's orbit \newline % Row Count 20 (+ 2)
	⁃	once measured parallax, measure stars and clusters \newline % Row Count 22 (+ 2)
	•	What is hubble constant? \newline % Row Count 23 (+ 1)
	⁃	70 km/sec/Mpc \newline % Row Count 24 (+ 1)
	⁃	velocity for every km away from us, moving 70x that fast away from us \newline % Row Count 26 (+ 2)
	•	Interactions of light and matter in respect to radiation \newline % Row Count 28 (+ 2)
	⁃	light can scatter off of matter (blue sky) \newline % Row Count 29 (+ 1)
	⁃	absorb light (photons disappear) \newline % Row Count 30 (+ 1)
} \tn 
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\vfill
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{	⁃	produce light and photons (excite atoms in a gas) \newline % Row Count 2 (+ 2)
	⁃	bend light (refraction) \newline % Row Count 3 (+ 1)
	•	Equilibrium of stars \newline % Row Count 4 (+ 1)
	⁃	amount of energy created = energy flowing out of star \newline % Row Count 6 (+ 2)
	⁃	have to stay in balance or star will heat up or cool down and mess up star \newline % Row Count 8 (+ 2)
	•	Filaments (cluster of galaxies) \newline % Row Count 9 (+ 1)
	⁃	3d spider web = filaments are lines and thread of web \newline % Row Count 11 (+ 2)
	⁃	basically where galaxies and stars are heavily concentrated \newline % Row Count 13 (+ 2)
	•	Wiens law / Greenhouse \newline % Row Count 14 (+ 1)
	⁃	wavelength at which most of the radiation comes out = temperature \newline % Row Count 16 (+ 2)
	⁃	our atmosphere absorbs infrared, radiation gets trapped but sun's radiation (sunlight) reaches the earth \newline % Row Count 19 (+ 3)
	⁃	earth heats up because infrared is being trapped \newline % Row Count 21 (+ 2)
	•	Dark matter evidence \newline % Row Count 22 (+ 1)
	⁃	measured velocity of objects orbiting milky way \newline % Row Count 24 (+ 2)
	⁃	how much mass do you need/gravity to keep object in orbit \newline % Row Count 26 (+ 2)
	⁃	not enough present, has to be something else that has mass \newline % Row Count 28 (+ 2)
	⁃	gravitational lensing \newline % Row Count 29 (+ 1)
	⁃	light bends under influence of gravity \newline % Row Count 30 (+ 1)
} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Moar (cont)}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{	⁃	gravity distorts images more than there is present, must have dark matter \newline % Row Count 2 (+ 2)
	⁃	clusters of galaxies are filled with hot gas \newline % Row Count 3 (+ 1)
	⁃	why doesn't it escape? moving very fast \newline % Row Count 4 (+ 1)
	⁃	more gravity than should be present% Row Count 5 (+ 1)
} \tn 
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\begin{tabularx}{3.833cm}{X}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Moarrr}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{•	Dark energy existence \newline % Row Count 1 (+ 1)
	⁃	universe is accelerating \newline % Row Count 2 (+ 1)
	⁃	shouldn't be accelerating unless acted on by separate force \newline % Row Count 4 (+ 2)
	•	Energy sources \newline % Row Count 5 (+ 1)
	⁃	Certain labs will help explain \newline % Row Count 6 (+ 1)
	⁃	Release gravitational energy to create heat \newline % Row Count 7 (+ 1)
	⁃	waterfall, gravity pulls water down which creates electrical energy \newline % Row Count 9 (+ 2)
	⁃	Chemical energy -{}-\textgreater{} heat \newline % Row Count 10 (+ 1)
	⁃	burning \newline % Row Count 11 (+ 1)
	⁃	nuclear energy \newline % Row Count 12 (+ 1)
	⁃	nuclear reactions to create heat or kinetic \newline % Row Count 13 (+ 1)
	⁃	kinetic energy \newline % Row Count 14 (+ 1)
	⁃	motion energy \newline % Row Count 15 (+ 1)
	⁃	potential energy \newline % Row Count 16 (+ 1)
	⁃	springs \newline % Row Count 17 (+ 1)
	•	Motions of spiral galaxy \newline % Row Count 18 (+ 1)
	⁃	motions in disk are orderly \newline % Row Count 19 (+ 1)
	⁃	motions in bulge are random and spontaneous \newline % Row Count 20 (+ 1)
	•	Measuring composition \newline % Row Count 21 (+ 1)
	⁃	spectral lines \newline % Row Count 22 (+ 1)
	•	Black holes and time \newline % Row Count 23 (+ 1)
	⁃	all clocks slow down when nearing a black hole \newline % Row Count 25 (+ 2)
	⁃	distorts time \newline % Row Count 26 (+ 1)
	•	Black hole at the center of a galaxy \newline % Row Count 27 (+ 1)
	⁃	orbit of stars \newline % Row Count 28 (+ 1)
	⁃	something dark with TONS of mass at center \newline % Row Count 29 (+ 1)
	⁃	no light being emitted at center \newline % Row Count 30 (+ 1)
} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{	•	schwarzchild radius \newline % Row Count 1 (+ 1)
	⁃	radius from which light cannot escape \newline % Row Count 2 (+ 1)
	•	Olber's paradox \newline % Row Count 3 (+ 1)
	⁃	if universe is infinite in space and time, if i go out in a  direction, i will eventually hit a bright star \newline % Row Count 6 (+ 3)
	⁃	sky should be bright, then \newline % Row Count 7 (+ 1)
	⁃	the universe is finite in time, i.e. BIG BANG  \newline % Row Count 9 (+ 2)
	•	matter vs antimatter \newline % Row Count 10 (+ 1)
	⁃	antimatter exists, we see it during nuclear reaction \newline % Row Count 12 (+ 2)
	⁃	counterpart to matter with opposite charges \newline % Row Count 13 (+ 1)
	⁃	very limited in nature \newline % Row Count 14 (+ 1)
	⁃	weird because in physics b/c antimatter and matter should be equal \newline % Row Count 16 (+ 2)
	•	andromeda nebula? \newline % Row Count 17 (+ 1)
	⁃	didn't know it was a galaxy, classified as nebulae \newline % Row Count 19 (+ 2)
	⁃	hubble discovered that it was far away and as big as our Milky Way \newline % Row Count 21 (+ 2)
	•	High Mass vs Low Mass \newline % Row Count 22 (+ 1)
	⁃	High mass ends in supernovae explosions \newline % Row Count 23 (+ 1)
	⁃	Low Mass turn into white dwarf \newline % Row Count 24 (+ 1)
	⁃	Binary stars can gain matter from other stars \newline % Row Count 26 (+ 2)
	•	CDMS lab searches \newline % Row Count 27 (+ 1)
	⁃	One of the ways we look for dark matter \newline % Row Count 28 (+ 1)
	•	Telescopes \newline % Row Count 29 (+ 1)
	⁃	size goes up, collecting area goes up\textasciicircum{}2 \newline % Row Count 30 (+ 1)
} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{	⁃	bigger telescope = better resolution% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
} \tn 
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% That's all folks
\end{multicols*}

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